Гистология, цитология и эмбриология. Атлас учебных препаратов = Histology, Cytology, Embryology. Atlas of practice preparations

УДК [611.018+611.013](084.4)(075.8)-054.6
ББК 28.0я6я73
 
З-62
Ре ц е н з е н т ы: заведующий кафедрой гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии учреждения образования «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет» кандидат 
медицинских наук, доцент Т.М. Студеникина
Все права на данное издание защищены. Воспроизведение всей книги или любой ее  
части не может быть осуществлено без разрешения издательства.
ISBN 978-985-06-3482-5 
© Зиматкин С.М., 2023
 
© Оформление. УП «Издательство “Вышэйшая школа”», 2023
Зиматкин, С. М.
З-62 
Гистология, цитология и эмбриология. Атлас учебных препа 
ратов = Histology, Cytology, Embryology. Atlas of practice 
preparations : учебное пособие / С. М. Зиматкин. – Минск : Вышэйшая школа, 2023. – 98 с. : ил.
ISBN 978-985-06-3482-5.
Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с типовой учебной программой. 
Представлено более 300 цифровых цветных микрофотографий всех основных и 
демонстрационных гистологических препаратов, изучаемых в учреждениях высшего медицинского образования, с необходимыми обозначениями и описанием. 
Приведены базовые электронограммы с краткой характеристикой. Издание может 
использоваться при подготовке к лабораторным занятиям, экзамену, при изучении 
медико-биологических и клинических дисциплин. 
Для иностранных студентов учреждений высшего образования по медицинским специальностям.
УДК [611.018+611.013](084.4)(075.8)-054.6
ББК 28.0я6я73

Preface
Histology, Cytology and Embryology is a fundamental science forming 
the basis of medical knowledge. It is built upon visual images – microscopic 
views of cells, tissues and organs. The major part (over 70%) of classroom-based time of the discipline is spared for practical classes aimed to 
students’ investigating educational histological preparations. The tasks that 
student have to do are really complicated. There are plenty of national and 
foreign textbooks and educational manuals in Histology, Cytology and Embryology for students of medical universities; among these are the books 
by the author of this Atlas. However, the multicolor atlases of practice histological preparations, vital for practical classes in the discipline, are still 
lacking. Russian atlases available are of poor quality, they are too massive, 
expensive and inconvenient for use. 
The intention of the Atlas was to create as best as one can a simple, 
comprehensible and easily demonstrational manual in Histology, Cytology 
and Embryo logy designed to help the students in investigating histological 
preparations. It provides original high-quality digital multicolor micrographs 
(taken at various magnifi cations) of basic and demonstration histological 
preparations to be investigated by students of Belarusian medical universities. In addition, the Atlas contains histological preparations of the developing organs obtained from the dead fetuses and newborn human beings. 
They are all manufactured at the Department of Histology, Cytology and 
Embryology of the Grodno State Medical University under the supervision 
and at personal participation of Professor Ya.R. Matsuk. Beyond that, the 
author expresses profound gratitude to the English translator Yanina Razvodovskaya for the correction of the text and laboratory assistant of the 
Department T.V. Klimut for technical assistance in the course of preparing 
the Atlas for publication. 
In addition, the Atlas contains main educational electron micrographs 
from the Atlas by Eliseev (1970) which are considered to be the basic 
 educational electronograms and are used at the examination in Histology, 
Cytology and Embryology. 
To avoid overlapping with the existing textbooks and educational manuals in the discipline, the well-known fi gures, schemes and text information 
blocks are not included into the Atlas.
The Atlas can help the students in independently investigating histological preparations in laboratory classes, and particularly in making up 
missed classes as well as in getting ready for fi nal lessons and examination in Histology, Cytology and Embryology. In the long view, it can be used 
in studying various biological, medical and clinical disciplines as well.
The Atlas is intended to fi ll the gap in the medical education courseware with demonstration educational manuals. Considering a high cost of 
full-color printing, the introduced micrographs are arranged in an effi cient 
and space-saving manner in order to minimize the Atlas size. As a result, 
we have created an Atlas which is very space effective, convenient for students and comparatively inexpensive. The Atlas is highly competitive with 
the world analogues, though it is created based on the domestic educational 
preparations investigated by students in practical classes in accordance 
with our academic programme. 
We hope that this Atlas will be useful for students and improve the effectiveness and quality of training at medical universities. 
Professor S.M. Zimatkin

Introduction
The Atlas is designed in accordance with the current standard academic programme and curricular in Histology, Cytology and Embryology 
for the students of medical universities, principally for the Faculties of General Medicine. It represents high-quality digital micrographs (taken at various magnifi cations) of all basic and demonstration domestic histological 
preparations to be investigated by the students of medical universities. 
All the pictures are original, i.e. taken by the author personally using the 
microscope Axioscop 2 plus (Zeiss) and digital video camera Leica DFC 
320 (Germany). All the micrographs have accurate focus control and color 
reproduction of the images as well as optimal size of pictures for better 
comprehension depending on the information load of the illustrated object. 
The micrographs are grouped in accordance with topics covered by the 
discipline syllabus. They are supplied with all necessary descriptions and 
notations in a format which is very convenient for students’ perception. The 
educational material is in full accordance with the students’ Manual in the 
discipline which provides fi gures and descriptions of similar educational 
histological preparations. The preparations which are included into fi nal 
lessons are labeled with *, those included into fi nal exam tests – labeled 
with **, for students of the pediatric faculty – labeled with ped. 

 
Structural Components of Tissues
(Tissue Elements)
The shape of cells to the fullest extent corresponds to the functions performed.
Preparation 1.1. Muscle cells (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain):
spindle-like cells with oxyphilic, pink cytoplasm, and rod-shaped, basophilic, violet nuclei (×400)
Preparation 1.2. Nerve cells of the spinal cord (silver impregnation):
star-shaped cells (with processes) (×400)
Preparation 1.3. Cells of the liver (H&E stain):
polygonal (with many angles) cells with round nuclei in the center (×400)

Loose connective tissue is a good example of “tissue”. It is made of cells and their derivatives – 
intercellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fi bers.  
Preparation 1.4. Pellicle of loose connective tissue – cells and intercellular matrix (iron hematoxylin stain):
а – ×25; b – ×400
Cells are visible like spots. Between them, in the 
 intercellular matrix, the fi bers and homogenous 
ground substance are seen. 
The cells of different shape and their derivatives – fi bers (collagen – 
as thick fi bers, elastic – thin ones and branching) and the ground 
substance between them as the pale homogenous mass.
The main part of muscle fi bers are myosymplasts, containing a huge amount of cytoplasm and 
thousands of rod-shaped nuclei, located at the periphery of symplasts. Myosymplasts are a ground 
example of “symplasts” – cell derivatives, ‘supracellular structures’, formed by the cells fusion. 
Preparation 1.5*. Symplast. Striated muscle fi bers (iron hematoxylin stain):
а – ×25; b – ×400
Myosymplasts
Nuclei
а
b
  Preparation of the tongue, in its center the sections 
of muscle fi bers going in all three directions are 
seen. 
The longitudinally sectioned muscle fi ber (myosymplasts) with 
striations and numerous rod-shaped nuclei at the periphery are 
seen.
Cells
Collagen
fiber
Ground
substance
Elastic
fibers

 
Basic Cytology. Organelles and Inclusions 
of Cytoplasm
Cell’s organelles are seen well under electron microscopy, but they are revealed with great 
diffi culty by light microscopy. 
Preparation 2.1. Mitochondria in ascarid intestinal epithelial cells (acid fuchsin stain by the Altman method):
а – ×40; b – ×400
Layer of epithelial cells is seen as a ribbon. 
In cell cytoplasm mitochondria are seen as dark grains 
(black arrows) and microvilli compose the brush border 
(empty arrows).
Preparation 2.2*. Golgi complex in nerve cell of spinal ganglion (impregnation with osmium acid (two modifi cations)):
а – ×40; b – ×400
At the periphery of spinal ganglion nerve cells are seen. 
a
Cell nuclei
а

b
In the cytoplasm of neurons the fragments of Golgi complex are seen as grains, commas, and rings. They are situated 
around the light nucleus of the cell.
Preparation 2.3. Cell center in a fertilized oocyte (iron hematoxylin stain):
а – ×40; b – ×400
In an ascaride uterus cavity numerous round oocytes are 
seen.
In the cytoplasm of a fertilized oocyte the spots are 
seen – centrioles (black arrows) and the microtubules of 
mitotic spindle branching from them as sun rays, as well 
as chromosomes (empty arrows).
а

Inclusions are temporary structures of a cell, refl ecting its functional state at the moment of 
study. Fat and glycogen are the examples of trophic inclusions, melanin – pigment inclusion.
Preparation 2.4*. Fat inclusions in liver cells (Sudan Black stain):
а – ×40; б – ×400
а
b
Liver section is stained for detection of lipids.
In the cytoplasm of liver cells the black drops of stained 
fat are seen.
Preparation 2.5*. Glycogen inclusions in liver cells (carmine and hematoxylin stain):
а – ×40; b – ×400
Liver section is stained for detection of glycogen.
In the cytoplasm of liver cells the small pink granules of 
stained glycogen are seen.
Preparation 2.6*. Pigment inclusions (stainless preparation):
а – ×25; b – ×200
Numerous pigment cells of natural brown color are seen.
Pigment cells, melanocytes – cells with processes containing 
the small granules of pigment inclusion, melanin. They 
provide dark brown color to the skin, hair or iris.
а
а

 
Nucleus. Cell Cycle
In the onion root there are many dividing cells, in which the fi gures of mitosis are well seen.
Preparation 3.1*. Mitosis in plant cell (iron hematoxylin stain):
а – general view of onion root (×40); b – interphase cells and cells in different phases of mitosis (×400)
Preparation 3.2. Mitosis in animal cell (iron hematoxylin stain):
а – ×40; b – ×400
Section of an primitive animal liver with a darker cambial zone 
at the periphery where the dividing cells are situated.
Part of a cambial zone with dividing cells. In the 
center two cells in anaphase are shown by empty 
arrows. 
а
Interphase
cells
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
а