Автоматизация машиностроения. = Machine-Building Automation

АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ 
МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ
MACHINE-BUILDING 
AUTOMATION
Учебное пособие
4-е издание, переработанное
Москва
Издательство «ФЛИНТА»
2025

УДК 811.111+621(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1+34.4я73
А22
Пособие подготовлено на кафедре
«Иностранные языки и профессиональная коммуникация»
ФГБОУ ВО «Пензенский государственный университет» ГУ
Рец ен зен ты:
канд. пед. наук, доцент, зав. циклом иностранных языков
Пензенской государственной технологической академии
О.Н. Ясаревская;
канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
военного учебно-научного центра сухопутных войск
«Общевойсковая академия вооруженных сил
Российской Федерации» (филиал, г. Пенза)
Т.В. Ханжина
Автоматизация 
машиностроения. 
= 
Machine-Building
А22 Automation  : учеб. пособие / Л.В.  Аристова, О.С.  Воячек, 
Т.Н.  Кондрашина, С.А.  Кокурина; при участии Г.Б. Моисеевой, Ю.В.  Шепелевой  ; под ред. Т.Н. Кондрашиной.  —            
            -       -             -       -     -      - 
4-е изд., перераб. — Москва : ФЛИНТА, 2025. — 204 с. — ISBN
978-5-9765-1201-6. — Текст : электронный.
Пособие содержит тексты для чтения, составленные на материале из оригинальных источников и способствующие развитию навыков изучающего и ознакомительного чтения, а также формированию 
коммуникативной компетенции в сфере профессионального общения. Тексты сопровождаются упражнениями и заданиями для тренировки фонетических, лексических, грамматических и коммуникативных навыков.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов машиностроительных специальностей.
УДК 811.111+621(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1+34.4я73
ISBN 978-5-9765-1201-6 
© Коллектив авторов, 2025
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2025

Contents
UNIT 1. 
From Mechanization to Automation ................................................4
UNIT 2. 
From the History of Automation ....................................................15
UNIT 3. 
Modern Development of Automation ............................................26
UNIT 4. 
Theoretical Principles of Automation ............................................38
UNIT 5. 
The Principle of Feedback Control ................................................48
UNIT 6. 
The Principle of Machine Programming .......................................58
UNIT 7. 
Computer-Controlled Industry .......................................................69
UNIT 8. 
From CAD / CAM to CIM ............................................................81
UNIT 9. 
Numerical Control as a Form of Programmable Automation ........92
UNIT 10. Development of Industrial Robotics ............................................103
UNIT 11. Robot Manipulator Design ..........................................................112
UNIT 12. Robot Programming Methods ......................................................121
UNIT 13. Manufacturing Applications of Industrial Robots .......................130
UNIT 14. The Functions of Automated Production Lines ...........................143
UNIT 15. Automated Assembly Machines ..................................................152
UNIT 16. Automated Assembly Lines .........................................................161
UNIT 17. Flexible Automation ....................................................................171
UNIT 18. Manufacturing Automation ..........................................................180
Supplementary Texts ......................................................................................191

U nit  1
FROM MECHANIZATION TO AUTOMATION
Vocabulary
1. technology — технология; техника; технические средства
 
technology of automation (= automation technology) — автоматизированная техника; автоматизированные технические средства; технические средства автоматизации
2. to evolve — эволюционировать; развиваться
3. replacement — замещение, замена
4. to power  — приводить в действие; служить приводным двигателем
 
power — сила; мощность; энергия
5. to drive — приводить в движение; приводить в действие
 
driving force — движущая сила
6. tool — инструмент; станок
7. to develop — создавать; развивать; совершенствовать; разрабатывать
 
development — развитие; сооружение; разработка; усовершенствование
8. wheel — колесо; маховик
9. lever — рычаг; рукоятка
10. pulley — блок; шкив
11. muscle — мускул; сила
12. to magnify — увеличивать; усиливать
13. extension — расширение; распространение; продолжение
14. to operate — работать; управлять
15. mill — мельница
16. trip-hammer — рычажный молот
17. to assemble — собирать; монтировать
 
assembly — сборка; узел; агрегат
18. sail — парус; крыло ветряной мельницы

19. engine — машина; двигатель
 
steam engine — паровая машина
 
analytical engine — аналитическая машина
20. loom — ткацкий станок
21. pattern — рисунок, узор; образец
22. shuttle — челнок
23. thread — нитка, нить
24. to punch — пробивать; перфорировать
25. ancestor — предок, прародитель
26. tape — лента
27. data — данные; информация
28. to process — обрабатывать
29. precursor — предшественник; предвестник
Vocabulary exercises
I.	
Consult a dictionary and mind the pronunciation of the 
following words:
1. muscle, 2. mechanization, 3. undoubtedly, 4. wheel, 5. machine, 
6. source, 7. mathematician, 8. arithmetic, 9. data, 10. programming, 
11. processing.
II.	 Read and translate the words of the same stem:
1. mechanism — mechanization — mechanical — mechanically
2. automation — automatic — automated — automatically
3. history — historic — prehistoric
4. to operate — operation — operator
5. to react — reaction — reactor
6. to power — power — powered — powerful
7. to program  — program  — programmable  — programming  — 
programmer
8. to control — control — controlling — controlled
9. to process — process — processing — processor

III.	 Read the phrases and give their Russian equivalents:
1. related field, 2. driving force, 3. early developments, 4. physical 
strength, 5. powered machines, 6. simple reaction motors, 7. major 
advance, 8. analytical engine, 9. to perform arithmetic.
IV.	 Choose some English equivalents for every russian word:
А. 1. сила, 2. управлять, 3. усовершенствование.
В. a. to direct, b. advance, c. power, d. to control, e. development, 
f. force, g. to operate, h. strength.
V.	 Match the synonyms and translate them:
А. 1. to magnify, 2. device, 3. to operate, 4. power, 5. to develop, 
6. engine, 7. to devise, 8. to obtain, 9. important, 10. to demonstrate, 11. data, 12. advance, 13. to drive.
В. a. machine, b. to control, c. to invent, d. information, e. instrument, f. force, g. to power, h. to expose, i. progress, j. to evolve, 
k. to strengthen, l. to receive, m. major.
VI.	 Read and translate the word combinations:
1. automation technology, 2.  stone tool, 3.  trip-hammer, 4.  power 
source, 5. windmill mechanism, 6. water power, 7. textiles patterns, 
8.  shuttle motion, 9.  card hole, 10.  data processing, 11.  powered 
machine development, 12.  programmable machine concept, 
13. automatic loom program, 14. automatic machine control.
VII.	Add the second word to complete the word combination:
1. industrial ...
2. mechanical ...
3. human ...
4. powered ...
5. complex ...
6. automatic ...
7. nuclear ...
8. digital ...
9. important ...
10. modern ...

Te x t  1 a
I.	
Read and translate the text:
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION
The technology of automation has evolved from the related 
field of mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial 
Revolution. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human (or 
animal) power with mechanical power of some form. The driving 
force behind mechanization has been humankind’s propensity 
to create tools and mechanical devices. Some of the important 
historical developments in mechanization and automation leading to 
modern automated systems are described here.
The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man’s 
attempts to direct his own physical strength under the control of 
human intelligence. Thousands of years were undoubtedly required 
for the development of simple mechanical devices and machines 
such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley, by which the power of 
human muscle could be magnified.
The next extension was the development of powered machines 
that did not require human strength to operate. Examples of these 
machines include waterwheels, windmills, and simple steamdriven devices. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed 
trip-hammers powered by flowing water and waterwheels. The 
early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered 
by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a rather complex 
assembly with its own built-in power source (a weight), was 
developed about 1335  in Europe. Windmills with mechanisms for 
automatically turning the sails were developed during the Middle 
Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine represented a 
major advance in the development of powered machines and marked 
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries 
since the introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines 
and machines have been devised that obtain their energy from 
steam, electricity, and chemical, mechanical, and nuclear sources.

Another important development in the history of automation 
was the Jacquard loom, which demonstrated the concept of a 
programmable machine. About 1801  the French inventor JosephMarie Jacquard devised an automatic loom capable of producing 
complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many 
shuttles of different coloured threads. The selection of the different 
patterns was determined by a program contained in steel cards in 
which holes were punched. These cards were the ancestors of the 
paper cards and tapes that control modern automatic machines. The 
concept of programming a machine was further developed later in 
the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, 
proposed a complex, mechanical “analytical engine” that could 
perform arithmetic and data processing. Although Babbage was 
never able to complete it, this device was the precursor of the 
modern digital computer.
II.	 Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. промышленная революция, 2.  исторические достижения, 
3. следующий шаг, 4. сложная конструкция (агрегат), 5. паровая 
машина, 6.  источник ядерной энергии, 7.  важное достижение, 
8. обработка информации.
III.	 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to different 
meanings of the underlined words:
1. a. The early tools were made of stone.
b. Modern tools are programmable machines.
2. a. Automation has developed from mechanization.
b. The first powered machines were developed during the 
Middle Ages.
3. a. The process of producing complex patterns in textiles could 
be realized by Jacquard loom in 1801.
b. Charles Babbage proposed to process data by means of his 
mechanical “analytical engine”.

4. a. Powered machines did not require human strength to 
operate.
b. The Jacquard loom was operated by means of a program 
contained in steel cards with punched holes.
IV.	 Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences:
1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human ... with 
mechanical power.
2. Simple mechanical ... were replaced by powered machines.
3. The Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing ... .
4. The mechanical clock represented a complex ... with its own 
built-in power source.
5. Windmills had ... for automatical turning the sails.
6. The Watt steam ... marked the beginning of the Industrial 
Revolution.
7. The Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a pro-grammable ... .
8. The “analytical engine” proposed by Charles Babbage was the 
precursor of the modern digital ... .
a. engine, b. power, c. devices, d. water, e. computer, f. mechanisms, 
g. assembly, h. machine.
Grammar Revision Exercises
I.	
Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ingforms” in different functions:
1. Mechanization had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution.
2. Simple mechanical devices magnifying the power of human 
muscle were developed hundreds of years ago.
3. The mechanical clock representing a complex assembly with its 
own built-in power source was designed in 1335 in Europe.

4. Windmills with mechanisms for turning the sails were created 
during the Middle Ages.
5. Devising the steam engine by James Watt marked the beginning 
of the Industrial Revolution.
6. Powered engines and machines obtaining their energy from 
mechanical, chemical, electrical and nuclear sources were being 
devised during two centuries.
7. The Jacquard automatic loom was capable of producing 
complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many 
shuttles.
8. The concept of programming a machine was developed in the 
19th century.
9. Mechanical data processing was proposed by Charles Babbage 
in the 19th century.
II.	 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ed-forms” 
in different functions:
1. The technology of automation has evolved from mechanization.
2. Many modern automated systems are derived from mechanical 
systems.
3. Thousands of years were required for the development of the 
wheel, the lever and the pulley.
4. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese devised trip-hammers 
powered by flowing water.
5. The early Greeks experimented with motors powered by steam.
6. The steam engine represented a major advance in the 
development of powered machines.
7. When invented in 1801 the Jacquard loom demonstrated the 
concept of a programmable machine.
8. In the Jacquard loom the selection of the pattern in textiles was 
determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes 
were punched.