Английский язык для криминалистов (English for Forensic Science)

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ КРИМИНАЛИСТОВ
ENGLISH FOR FORENSIC 
SCIENCE
О.Н. АНЮШЕНКОВА
Москва
ИНФРА-М
2025
УЧЕБНИК
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ 
БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ФИНАНСОВЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПРИ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ»
КАФЕДРА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА И  ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

УДК 811.111+343.98(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1:67.52я73 
 
А74
Анюшенкова О.Н.
А74  
Английский язык для криминалистов (English for Forensic 
Science) : учебник / О.Н. Анюшенкова. — Москва : ИНФРА-М, 
2025. — 527 с. — (Высшее образование). 
ISBN 978-5-16-020526-7 (print)
ISBN 978-5-16-113181-7 (online)
Целью данного учебника является развитие навыков устной речи и чтения профессионально-направленной литературы на английском языке 
студентов, изучающих дисциплину «Криминалистика».
Соответствует требованиям федеральных государственных образовательных стандартов высшего образования последнего поколения.
Также может быть рекомендован всем интересующимся данной темой. 
Предназначен как для использования на практических занятиях, так и для 
самостоятельной работы. 
УДК 811.111+343.98(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1:67.52я73
ISBN 978-5-16-020526-7 (print)
ISBN 978-5-16-113181-7 (online)
А в т о р:
Анюшенкова О.Н., старший преподаватель кафедры английского 
языка и профессиональной коммуникации Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
Аревкина В.Т., кандидат филологических наук, доцент, заведующий 
кафедрой иностранных языков Научно-исследовательского центра 
«Строительство»;
Гусева Н.В., кандидат педагогических наук, старший преподаватель 
кафедры романских языков Военного университета имени князя Александра Невского Министерства обороны Российской Федерации
© Анюшенкова О.Н., 2025

Contents
Предисловие........................................................................................................ 10
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
Part I
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE
Unit 1.	
WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?.....................................................................................13
Unit 2.	
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE............................................18
Unit 3.	
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN RUSSIA.......................24
Unit 4.	
AREAS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE....................................................................................28
Unit 5.	
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE..............................33
Unit 6.	
FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND SERVICES.............37
Unit 7.	
FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY ADMINISTRATION........................................41
Unit 8.	
FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY SERVICES.........................................................45
Unit 9.	
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES WITH FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORIES...........49
Unit 10.	 ACCESS TO LABORATORY SERVICES.........................................................................53
Unit 11.	 THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST EDUCATION AND TRAINING 
OF FORENSIC SCIENTISTS IN RUSSIA........................................................................57
Unit 12.	 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS NEEDED IN FORENSIC SCIENCE..............................60
Part II
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Unit 1.	
FIRST ON THE SCENE, PLAN OF ACTION, PRELIMINARY SURVEY..................64
Unit 2.	
PHOTOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING.............................................................................68
Unit 3.	
CHAIN OF CUSTODY.......................................................................................................71
Unit 4.	
CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND EVIDENCE COLLECTION........................................75
Unit 5.	
SUBMISSION OF EVIDENCE TO THE LABORATORY.............................................78
Unit 6.	
SAFETY IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION..............................................................82
Unit 7.	
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) IN CRIME SCENE 
INVESTIGATION.................................................................................................................87
Unit 8.	
TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SCENE INVESTIGATION.............90
Part III
THE NATURE OF EVIDENCE
Unit 1.	
WHAT IS EVIDENCE?........................................................................................................94
	
Text A. Kinds of Evidence................................................................................................................95
	
Text B. Levels of Evidence...............................................................................................................97
Unit 2.	
THE FOUNDATION OF EVIDENCE: TRANSFER AND PERSISTENCE.............. 100

Unit 3.	
KEY CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC EVIDENCE ANALYSIS......................................... 104
	
Text A. Contamination and Identity, Class, and Individualization................................104
	
Text B. Known and Questioned Items, Relationships and Context, 
Comparison of Evidence and Controls...................................................................................106
Unit 4.	
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS IN EVIDENCE ANALYSIS............................ 110
ANALYTICAL TOOLS
Part I
MICROSCOPY
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPY.......................................................................... 113
	
Text A. The Microscope.................................................................................................................114
	
Text B. The Lens and Compound Magnifying Systems....................................................116
	
Text C. Refractive Index and Its Significance........................................................................118
Unit 2.	
POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS......... 121
Unit 3.	
OTHER MICROSCOPICAL METHODS...................................................................... 126
Part II
LIGHT AND MATTER
Unit 1.	
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION............................................................................. 130
Unit 2.	
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY............................................................................................ 135
Unit 3.	
MASS SPECTROMETRY................................................................................................ 139
	
Text A. Sample Introduction.......................................................................................................139
	
Text B. Separation of Ions............................................................................................................141
Unit 4.	
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY........................................................................................... 144
Part III
SEPARATION METHODS
Unit 1.	
LIQUID PHASE EXTRACTION..................................................................................... 148
Unit 2.	
SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION (SPE)............................................................................ 151
Unit 3.	
CHROMATOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 154
Unit 4.	
ELECTROPHORESIS....................................................................................................... 157
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Part I
PATHOLOGY
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 161
Unit 2.	
CORONERS AND MEDICAL EXAMINERS............................................................... 165
Unit 3.	
THE POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION (AUTOPSY)................................................ 170
	
Text A. Classification of Trauma.................................................................................................170
	
Text B. Other Evidence Collected..............................................................................................172
Unit 4.	
DETERMINING TIME SINCE DEATH (POST-MORTEM INTERVAL).................. 176
Unit 5.	
LABORATORY ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 179

Part II
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ODONTOLOGY
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 182
Unit 2.	
THE HUMAN SKELETON.............................................................................................. 185
Unit 3.	
COLLECTING HUMAN REMAINS.............................................................................. 191
Unit 4.	
ANALYSIS OF SKELETAL MATERIALS..................................................................... 194
Unit 5.	
ODONTOLOGY............................................................................................................... 197
Unit 6.	
INTERPRETATIONS........................................................................................................ 201
Part III
ENTOMOLOGY
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 204
Unit 2.	
INSECTS AND THEIR BIOLOGY, LIFE CYCLES OF INSECTS.............................. 208
	
Text A. Insects and Their Biology..............................................................................................209
	
Text B. Life Cycles of Insects........................................................................................................210
Unit 3.	
COLLECTING INSECTS AT A CRIME SCENE.......................................................... 213
	
Text A. Collecting Insects at a Crime Scene and The Post-Mortem Interval............213
	
Text B. The Classification of Insects, Rearing Insects, DNA and Insects 
and Calculating a PMI....................................................................................................................215
Part IV
SEROLOGY AND BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 219
Unit 2.	
COLLECTION OF BODY FLUIDS................................................................................ 223
Unit 3.	
THE MAJOR BODY FLUIDS: BLOOD, SEMEN, SALIVA, URINE........................ 226
Unit 4.	
BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS (BPA)............................................................. 230
	
Text A. Terminology in BPA.........................................................................................................230
	
Text B. Determining Point-of-Origin and Documenting Bloodstains 
at the Scene.......................................................................................................................................232
Part V
DNA ANALYSIS
Unit 1.	
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 235
Unit 2.	
THE NATURE OF DNA.................................................................................................. 239
Unit 3.	
GENES AND THE GENETIC CODE............................................................................ 242
Unit 4.	
DNA TYPING OR DNA PROFILING........................................................................... 246
Unit 5.	
THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)........................................................ 249
Unit 6.	
SHORT TANDEM REPEATS (STRS)............................................................................ 253
Unit 7.	
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA)............................................................................ 256
Unit 8.	
COMPARISON OF DNA SAMPLES............................................................................ 259

Unit 9.	
INTERPRETATION OF DNA TYPING RESULTS...................................................... 262
Unit 10.	 DNA DATABASE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 
AND IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION....................................................................... 266
Part VI
FORENSIC HAIR EXAMINATIONS
Unit 1.	
HAIR................................................................................................................................... 268
	
Text A. Components of Hair........................................................................................................268
	
Text B. Growth of Hairs.................................................................................................................270
	
Text C. Hair Examination Process..............................................................................................271
	
Text D. Microanatomy of Hair.....................................................................................................272
	
Text E. Human Versus Non-Human Hairs, Body Area Determination 
and Ancestral Estimation..............................................................................................................274
	
Text F. Text Damage, Disease, and Treatments...................................................................276
	
Text G. Comparison of Human Hairs.......................................................................................279
Unit 2.	
DNA AND HAIRS............................................................................................................ 282
CHEMICAL SCIENCE
Part I
ILLICIT DRUGS
Unit 1.	
CLASSIFICATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS....................................................................... 285
Unit 2.	
THE CONTROL OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
AND IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES............................................................................... 290
Unit 3.	
DRUG ANALYSIS............................................................................................................ 294
	
Text A. Introduction........................................................................................................................294
	
Text B. Drug Purity and Contamination..................................................................................294
	
Text C. Developing an Analytical Scheme.............................................................................295
Unit 4.	
CLANDESTINE DRUG LABORATORIES................................................................... 299
Part II
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
Unit 1.	
FORENSIC PHARMACOLOGY AND FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY........................ 303
Unit 2.	
PHARMACOKINETICS................................................................................................... 306
Unit 3.	
PHARMACODYNAMICS: DRUG ACTIONS............................................................. 309
Unit 4.	
IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS IN THE BODY.......................................................... 312
Unit 5.	
DRUG TESTING IN THE WORKPLACE..................................................................... 315
Unit 6.	
FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL.................................................. 318
Unit 7.	
MEASUREMENT OF ALCOHOL IN THE BODY...................................................... 321
Unit 8.	
FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING........................................................................................... 325
Unit 9.	
OPERATING VERSUS DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE 
AND DRUNK VERSUS DRUGGED DRIVING........................................................... 329

Part III
TEXTILE FIBERS
Unit 1.	
TEXTILE FIBERS AND YARNS..................................................................................... 332
Unit 2.	
FABRIC CONSTRUCTION............................................................................................. 336
Unit 3.	
FIBER CHARACTERISTICS AND FIBER MANUFACTURE.................................... 339
Unit 4.	
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 
OF MANUFACTURED FIBERS..................................................................................... 343
Unit 5.	
COLOR IN TEXTILES...................................................................................................... 348
	
Text A. Color Perception, Dyes and Pigments......................................................................348
	
Text B. Color Assessment in Forensic Science......................................................................349
Unit 6.	
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND INTERPRETATIONS............................................. 352
Part IV
PAINT ANALYSIS
Unit 1.	
WHAT IS PAINT?............................................................................................................ 356
Unit 2.	
COLLECTION OF PAINT EVIDENCE FROM CRIME SCENES............................. 359
Unit 3.	
ANALYSIS OF PAINT SAMPLES................................................................................. 362
Unit 4.	
INTERPRETATION OF PAINT ANALYSIS FINDINGS............................................ 365
Part V
SOIL AND GLASS
Unit 1.	
WHAT IS SOIL?................................................................................................................ 368
Unit 2.	
SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES............................................................. 371
Unit 3.	
ANALYSIS OF SOILS...................................................................................................... 374
Unit 4.	
WHAT IS GLASS?............................................................................................................ 377
Unit 5.	
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF GLASS..................................................................... 380
	
Text A. Introduction........................................................................................................................380
	
Text B. The Becke Line Immersion Method...........................................................................381
Unit 6.	
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS........................................................................... 384
Unit 7.	
THE EFFECTS OF PROJECTILES ON GLASS........................................................... 387
Unit 8.	
LAMP ANALYSIS............................................................................................................ 390
Part VI
FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS
Unit 1.	
WHAT IS FIRE?................................................................................................................ 393
Unit 2.	
RECOGNITION, COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FIRE SCENE 
EVIDENCE......................................................................................................................... 397
Unit 3.	
INTERPRETATION AND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE SCENE EVIDENCE.............. 400
Unit 4.	
EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES............................................................................... 403
Unit 5.	
ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSIVES......................................................................................... 406

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Part I
FRICTION RIDGE EXAMINATION
Unit 1.	
THE NATURAL-BORN CRIMINAL.............................................................................. 409
Unit 2.	
WHAT ARE FRICTION RIDGES?................................................................................. 413
Unit 3.	
COLLECTING PRINTS AT A CRIME SCENE............................................................. 417
Unit 4.	
PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION RIDGE ANALYSIS........................................................ 420
Unit 5.	
AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS (AFIS) 
AND IDENTIFICATION.................................................................................................. 424
Part II
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
	
What Is a Questioned Document?............................................................................................427
Unit 1.	
THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINER......................................................... 428
Unit 2.	
HANDWRITING COMPARISONS............................................................................... 431
Unit 3.	
PRINTED DOCUMENTS................................................................................................ 435
Unit 4.	
OTHER EXAMINATIONS PERFORMED BY DOCUMENT EXAMINERS........... 439
Part III
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Unit 1.	
FIREARMS......................................................................................................................... 443
Unit 2.	
ANATOMY OF AMMUNITION.................................................................................... 448
Unit 3.	
COLLECTION OF FIREARMS EVIDENCE................................................................. 453
Part VI
IMPRESSION EVIDENCE
Unit 1.	
TYPES OF IMPRESSION EVIDENCE.......................................................................... 456
Unit 2.	
FOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS......................................................................................... 459
Unit 3.	
INFORMATION THAT CAN BE DERIVED FROM FOOTWEAR 
IMPRESSIONS.................................................................................................................. 462
Unit 4.	
TIRE IMPRESSION EVIDENCE..................................................................................... 465
Unit 5.	
SERIAL NUMBER RESTORATION AND SIGNIFICANCE 
OF IMPRESSION EVIDENCE........................................................................................ 469
LAW AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
Unit 1.	
FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM................................ 473
Unit 2.	
THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS............................................................ 476
Unit 3.	
PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE: THE SUBPOENA................................................... 478
Unit 4.	
THE RULES OF EVIDENCE........................................................................................... 481
Unit 5.	
AUTHENTICATION OF EVIDENCE: THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY........................ 484
Unit 6.	
THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.............. 487

Unit 7.	
LABORATORY REPORTS.............................................................................................. 489
Unit 8.	
EXAMPLES OF ANALYSIS AND REPORTS.............................................................. 493
Unit 9.	
EXPERT TESTIMONY..................................................................................................... 496
Unit 10.	 GETTING INTO COURT, TESTIFYING, BEING A WITNESS 
AND AN EXPERT............................................................................................................ 500
Unit 11.	 CONSIDERATIONS FOR TESTIMONY...................................................................... 503
SUCCESSFUL CAREER PATHS 
IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
Unit 1.	
CAREER PLANNING....................................................................................................... 507
Unit 2.	
APPLYING FOR A JOB.................................................................................................. 512
	
Text A. Recruitment and Job Application Process..............................................................512
	
Text B. Finding the Ideal Job and Preparing for Interviews............................................514
	
Text C. Achieving Success in Job Interviews.........................................................................519
Unit 3.	
EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR ESSAY WRITING AND DELIVERING 
PRESENTATIONS............................................................................................................ 522
Список рекомендованной литературы......................................................... 526

Предисловие
Криминалистика — это наука, помогающая правоохранительным 
органам в установлении истины на суде, обеспечении справедливости 
и предотвращении преступлений. Это достигается путем изучения 
двух аспектов человеческой деятельности: преступной, включающей 
подготовку, совершение и сокрытие преступлений, и противоположной, направленной на обнаружение, раскрытие, расследование преступлений и судебные экспертизы в уголовных делах. В результате 
криминалистика изучает характерные закономерности, обусловливающие эти действия, формируя рекомендации для противодействия 
преступности, включая работу органов дознания, следствия, судов 
и экспертных учреждений. Следовательно, задача образовательных 
учреждений — подготовить высококвалифицированные кадры для 
работы в данной сфере.
Учебник «Английский язык для криминалистов» предлагает всеобъемлющее руководство для студентов-криминалистов, профессионалов и исследователей, желающих понимать и передавать терминологию данной профессиональной сферы на английском языке.
Учебник составлен по целевому и тематическому принципу. Текстовый материал и система упражнений, разработанные на высоком 
научно-методическом уровне, представляют собой прекрасную базу 
для развития навыков и умений основных видов речевой деятельности, систематизации и расширения словарного запаса обучаемых.
Основными целями данного учебника являются:
•
• формирование иноязычной профессиональной коммуникативной 
компетентности, необходимой для общения в профессиональной 
сфере;
•
• подготовка будущих специалистов к практическому использованию иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности;
•
• ознакомление учащихся с текстами по специальности, развитие 
навыков работы с текстами;
•
• помощь в овладении необходимым лексическим минимумом 
с целью активизации монологической и диалогической беседы 
по данным темам;
•
• расширение знаний учащихся о своей будущей профессии;
•
• стимулирование мотивации учащихся к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы 
на английском языке.