Курс римского частного права

Cesare Sanfilippo
Professore emerito nell’Università di Catania

Rubbettino, 1996

Istituzioni
di diritto romano

Nona edizione

Curata ed aggiornata da
A l e s s a n d r o C o r b i n o e A n t o n i n o M e t r o

НОРМА
ИНФРАМ

Москва, 2024

Курс римского
частного права

Перевод с итальянского

Под общей редакцией профессора
Д. В. Д о ж д е в а

Институт государства и права Российской академии наук

Учебник

Чезаре Санфилиппо

ÓÄÊ
347(075.8)
ÁÁÊ
67.3ÿ73
Ñ34

Ñâåäåíèÿ îá àâòîðå

×åçàðå Ñàíôèëèïïî (1911—2001), âûäàþùèéñÿ èòàëüÿíñêèé ðîìàíèñò, àâòîð
ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî âñåì îáëàñòÿì ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà; ó÷åíèê
îäíîãî èç îñíîâàòåëåé ñîâðåìåííîé íàóêè ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà Ñ. Ðèêêîáîíî; ïðåïîäàâàë
ðèìñêîå ïðàâî â óíèâåðñèòåòàõ Êàìåðèíî, Ìåññèíû è Êàòàíèè, äåêàí þðèäè÷åñêîãî
ôàêóëüòåòà è ðåêòîð óíèâåðñèòåòà ã. Êàòàíèÿ â 1950—1974 ãã. Åäèíñòâåííûé èòàëüÿí-
ñêèé ðåêòîð, èçáðàííûé â Ïîñòîÿííûé êîìèòåò Êîíôåðåíöèè ðåêòîðîâ åâðîïåéñêèõ
óíèâåðñèòåòîâ â 1974 ã. Â 1950 ã. âìåñòå ñ À. Ãóàðèíî îñíîâàë æóðíàë «IURA», îäíî
èç ñàìûõ ïðåñòèæíûõ ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé ïî ðèìñêîìó ïðàâó.
 1957 ã. íàãðàæäåí çîëîòîé ìåäàëüþ «Çà çàñëóãè â îáðàçîâàíèè è êóëüòóðå», â 1958 ã.
óäîñòîåí çâàíèÿ Êàâàëåðà Áîëüøîãî Êðåñòà çà çàñëóãè ïåðåä Ðåñïóáëèêîé.

Ïåðåâîä ñ èòàëüÿíñêîãî è ñîñòàâëåíèå óêàçàòåëÿ ëàòèíñêèõ òåðìèíîâ
È. È. Ìàõàíüêîâà

Àâòîð ïðåäèñëîâèÿ è ïðèìå÷àíèé Ä. Â. Äîæäåâ

Ñàíôèëèïïî ×.
Ñ34
Êóðñ ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà : ó÷åáíèê / ×åçàðå Ñàíôèëèï-
ïî ; [ïåð. ñ èòàë. È. È. Ìàõàíüêîâà] ; ïîä îáù. ðåä. Ä. Â. Äîæ-
äåâà. — Ìîñêâà : Íîðìà : ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, 2024. — 464 ñ.

ISBN 978-5-91768-994-4 (Íîðìà)
ISBN 978-5-16-014785-7 (ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-107291-2 (ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, online)

Ó÷åáíèê ïðîôåññîðà ×. Ñàíôèëèïïî ïåðåâåäåí ñ 9-ãî, èñïðàâëåííîãî è
äîïîëíåííîãî èçäàíèÿ, ïîäãîòîâëåííîãî À. Êîðáèíî è À. Ìåòðî (Èòàëèÿ,
Êàòàíçàðî, Ìåññèíà, 1996). Ó÷åáíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ëó÷øèõ óíèâåðñèòåò-
ñêèõ êóðñîâ, â êîòîðîì èçëîæåíû îñíîâû äîãìû ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà.
Îí äàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î åâðîïåéñêîì ñòàíäàðòå âóçîâñêîãî ó÷åáíèêà ïî
ðèìñêîìó ïðàâó. Îõâàòûâàÿ âñå îòðàñëè äàííîé äèñöèïëèíû, ó÷åáíèê îòðà-
æàåò îñíîâíûå äîñòèæåíèÿ ñîâðåìåííîé çàïàäíîé ðîìàíèñòèêè. Èíôîðìà-
öèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ â ó÷åáíèêå, äîñòàòî÷íî ÷åòêî ðàñïàäàåòñÿ íà îáó÷àþ-
ùóþ è ñïðàâî÷íóþ. Ïî òàêîìó ó÷åáíèêó ìîæåò ó÷èòüñÿ è íà÷èíàþùèé ñòó-
äåíò, åãî ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòü è îïûòíûé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü.
Ó÷åáíèê ñíàáæåí ïîäðîáíûì óêàçàòåëåì ëàòèíñêèõ þðèäè÷åñêèõ òåðìè-
íîâ è âûðàæåíèé ñ ïåðåâîäîì íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Ýòî ñâîåîáðàçíûé ó÷åáíûé
ñëîâàðü ëàòèíñêîé þðèäè÷åñêîé òåðìèíîëîãèè.
Äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ, àñïèðàíòîâ è ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé âûñøèõ þðèäè÷åñêèõ ó÷åá-
íûõ çàâåäåíèé. Èçäàíèå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íåñîìíåííûé èíòåðåñ äëÿ ñïåöèàëè-
ñòîâ ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó è âñåîáùåé èñòîðèè ïðàâà.

ÓÄÊ 347(075.8)
ÁÁÊ 67.3ÿ73

© Sanfilippo Cesare, 1996
© Ìàõàíüêîâ È. È., ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê,
© ñîñòàâëåíèå óêàçàòåëÿ, 2007
© Äîæäåâ Ä. Â., ïðåäèñëîâèå, ïðèìå÷àíèÿ, 2007

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ä. Â. Äîæäåâ. Ïðåäèñëîâèå ......................................................................17

Ïðåäèñëîâèå ê äåâÿòîìó èçäàíèþ ............................................................28

Ïðåäèñëîâèå ê òðåòüåìó èçäàíèþ .............................................................29

Ââåäåíèå

Ãëàâà I. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå çàìå÷àíèÿ ......................................................33

§ 1. Îáùåñòâî, ãîñóäàðñòâî, ïðàâî ...................................................33
§ 2. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ þðèäè÷åñêèõ íîðì ...........................................35
§ 3. Ïðàâî â ñóáúåêòèâíîì ñìûñëå ...................................................37

Ãëàâà II. Èçó÷åíèå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà ..........................................................39

§ 4. Çíà÷åíèå è öåëè èçó÷åíèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà ..............................39
§ 5. Ïðåäìåò è ñîäåðæàíèå êóðñà .....................................................41
§ 6. Ïåðèîäû èñòîðèè ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà ............................................45
§ 7. Èñòî÷íèêè ïîçíàíèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà .......................................56

×àñòü I. Îáùèå ñâåäåíèÿ

Ãëàâà I. Ðèìñêèé ïðàâîïîðÿäîê ...............................................................59

§ 8.
Èñòî÷íèêè âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ......................................................59
§ 9.
Ðàçëè÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ òåðìèíà «ius» ..........................................61
§ 10. Ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ îáúåêòèâíîãî ïðàâà ........................................62
§ 11. Ñóáúåêòèâíûå ïðàâà è îáÿçàííîñòè. Ïðèîáðåòåíèå,
óòðàòà, ïåðåäà÷à ïðàâ. Ïðàâîâîå îæèäàíèå ............................69

Ãëàâà II. Ñóáúåêòû ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà ..........................................................73

§ 12. Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëè÷íîñòü .............................................................73
§ 13. Ïðàâîñïîñîáíîñòü .....................................................................73
§ 14. Êàòåãîðèè ñóáúåêòîâ. Ôèçè÷åñêèå è þðèäè÷åñêèå ëèöà ......75
§ 15. Òðåáîâàíèÿ ê þðèäè÷åñêîé ïðàâîñïîñîáíîñòè
ôèçè÷åñêèõ ëèö. Ôèçè÷åñêîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå:
âîçíèêíîâåíèå è ïðåêðàùåíèå. Ñïîñîáû äîêàçàòåëüñòâà .....75
§ 16. Status personae (ëè÷íûé ñòàòóñ) ................................................77
§ 17. Ïðè÷èíû îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïðàâîñïîñîáíîñòè
ôèçè÷åñêèõ ëèö â ÷àñòíîì ïðàâå.
Ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà ...............................................78

§ 18.
À) Îáùåñòâåííîå îñóæäåíèå.
Ignominia (ïîçîð) è infamia (áåñ÷åñòüå) .................................79
§ 19.
Á) Addictio (ïðèñóæäåíèå âî âëàñòü èñòöó)
è ïåõèò (äîëãîâàÿ êàáàëà) .....................................................80
§ 20.
Â) Redemptio ab hostibus (âûêóï èç âðàæåñêîãî ïëåíà) ........80
§ 21.
Ã) Auctoramentum (ïîñòóïëåíèå â ãëàäèàòîðû) .....................80
§ 22.
Ä) Æåíùèíû ...........................................................................81
§ 23.
E) Êëàññû è ñîöèàëüíûé ñòàòóñ ...........................................81
§ 24.
Æ) Ðåëèãèÿ ..............................................................................82
§ 25. Äååñïîñîáíîñòü .........................................................................83
§ 26. Ïðè÷èíû, èñêëþ÷àþùèå èëè îãðàíè÷èâàþùèå
ñïîñîáíîñòü ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèÿ ëèö sui iuris
À) Âîçðàñò ...............................................................................84
§ 27.
Á) Æåíùèíû ...........................................................................86
§ 28.
Â) Áîëåçíü ...............................................................................86
§ 29.
Ã) Ðàñòî÷èòåëüñòâî .................................................................87
§ 30. Þðèäè÷åñêèå ëèöà. Ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà ............87
§ 31. Êîðïîðàöèè ...............................................................................88
§ 32. Ôîíäû ........................................................................................90

Ãëàâà III. Îáúåêòû ïðàâà. Èìóùåñòâî. Âåùè .........................................92
§ 33. Ïîíÿòèå «îáúåêò» ïðàâà. Âåùè ................................................92
§ 34. Ïîíÿòèå «èìóùåñòâî». Res corporales (âåùè òåëåñíûå)
è incorporales (áåñòåëåñíûå) ......................................................93
§ 35. Res mancipi (âåùè ìàíöèïèðóåìûå) è ïåñ mancipi
(íåìàíöèïèðóåìûå) ..................................................................94
§ 36. Res in patrimonio («âåùè â èìóùåñòâå») è extra patrimonium
(«âíå èìóùåñòâà»). Res quarum commercium non est
(âåùè, èçúÿòûå èç îáîðîòà) ......................................................96
§ 37. Res divini iuris (âåùè áîæåñòâåííîãî ïðàâà) ............................97
§ 38. Res humani iuris quarum commercium non est
(èçúÿòûå èç îáîðîòà ïðåäìåòû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ
ê ÷åëîâå÷åñêîìó ïðàâó) ............................................................98
§ 39. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ res in commercio
A) Äâèæèìûå è íåäâèæèìûå âåùè ......................................99
§ 40.
Á) Âåùè ðîäîâûå è âåùè èíäèâèäóàëüíî îïðåäåëåííûå.
Âåùè çàìåíèìûå è íåçàìåíèìûå .......................................100
§ 41.
Â) Âåùè ïîòðåáëÿåìûå è íåïîòðåáëÿåìûå ........................101
§ 42.
Ã) Âåùè äåëèìûå è íåäåëèìûå ...........................................101
§ 43.
Ä) Âåùè ïðîñòûå, ñîñòàâíûå è ñîáèðàòåëüíûå .................102
§ 44.
Å) Âåùè ãëàâíûå è ïîáî÷íûå .............................................103
§ 45. Ïëîäîíîñÿùèå âåùè. Ïëîäû .................................................104
§ 46. Impensae (çàòðàòû) ...................................................................105

Ãëàâà IV. Þðèäè÷åñêèå ôàêòû ..............................................................108
§ 47. Ïîíÿòèå è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ þðèäè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîâ .................108

6
Ñîäåðæàíèå

§ 48. Þðèäè÷åñêèå ôàêòû â ñòðîãîì ñìûñëå ñëîâà ......................109
§ 49. Èñòå÷åíèå âðåìåíè .................................................................109
§ 50. Îøèáêà .....................................................................................110
§ 51. Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ñäåëêà. Ïîíÿòèå è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ................112
§ 52. Ñóùåñòâåííûå ýëåìåíòû þðèäè÷åñêîé ñäåëêè ....................113
§ 53. Åñòåñòâåííûå ýëåìåíòû þðèäè÷åñêîé ñäåëêè ......................115
§ 54. Ïðèâõîäÿùèå ýëåìåíòû þðèäè÷åñêîé ñäåëêè .....................116
§ 55.
A) Candicio (óñëîâèå) ............................................................116
§ 56.
Á) Dies (ñðîê) ........................................................................121
§ 57.
Â) Modus (öåëåâîå íàçíà÷åíèå) ...........................................122
§ 58. Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ñäåëêà è ïîëíîìî÷èå ñóáúåêòà.
Ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâî ...................................................................123
§ 59. Íè÷òîæíîñòü è íåäåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü þðèäè÷åñêîé ñäåëêè ...125
§ 60. Ïðè÷èíû íè÷òîæíîñòè
À) Íåäååñïîñîáíîñòü ñóáúåêòîâ ..........................................128
§ 61.
Á) Íåïðèãîäíîñòü îáúåêòà ...................................................128
§ 62.
Â) Îòñóòñòâèå âîëè. Îøèáêà ...............................................128
§ 63.
Ã) Îòñóòñòâèå ôîðìû ...........................................................130
§ 64.
Ä) Îòñóòñòâèå îñíîâàíèÿ .....................................................131
§ 65. Ïðè÷èíû îñïîðèìîñòè ñäåëêè ...............................................131
§ 66.
À) Óãðîçà ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñèëû ................................................132
§ 67.
Á) Çëîé óìûñåë .....................................................................133
§ 68.
Â) Îøèáêà â îòíîøåíèè ìîòèâîâ ......................................134
§ 69. Êîíâàëèäàöèÿ þðèäè÷åñêèõ ñäåëîê ......................................134
§ 70. Íåçàêîííûå äåéñòâèÿ .............................................................135
§ 71. Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü ......................................................................137

Ãëàâà V. Çàùèòà ïðàâ .............................................................................140

§ 72. Ôóíêöèè ïðîöåññà. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ ...........................140
§ 73. Îáùèå ïîíÿòèÿ ........................................................................141
§ 74. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå ...........................................................143
§ 75. I. Legis actiones (èñêè ïî çàêîíó). Ñóäåáíûé ïðîöåññ ..........143
§ 76. Èñïîëíèòåëüíûå legis actiones .................................................146
§ 77. II. Ïðîöåññ «per formulas» («ïo ôîðìóëå») .............................148
§ 78. Ñòðîåíèå ôîðìóëû ..................................................................152
§ 79. Ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû ôîðìóëüíûõ èñêîâ .....................................155
§ 80. Ýêñòðàîðäèíàðíîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî ìàãèñòðàòà .....................157
§ 81. III. Cognitiones extra ordinem (ýêñòðàîðäèíàðíîå äîçíàíèå) 159
§ 82. Ïðîöåäóðà extra ordinem ..........................................................162

×àñòü II. Ïðàâà ëèö è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî

Ãëàâà I. Status libertatis (ñâîáîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå) .....................................163

§ 83. Liberi (ñâîáîäíûå) è servi (ðàáû) ............................................163
§ 84. Þðèäè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå ðàáîâ â ÷àñòíîì ïðàâå ................164

Ñîäåðæàíèå
7

§ 85. Ïðè÷èíû ðàáñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ................................................166
§ 86.
À) Ïðè÷èíû ðàáñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ,
íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñâÿçàííûå ñ ðîæäåíèåì .........................166
§ 87.
Á) Ïðè÷èíû ðàáñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ïîñëåäóþùèå ðîæäåíèþ
à) Ïëåí ...............................................................................166
§ 88.
á) Ïðè÷èíû ðàáñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïî ius civile ................167
§ 89. Ïðè÷èíû ïðåêðàùåíèÿ ðàáñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ
À) Öèâèëüíàÿ ìàíóìèññèÿ ..................................................168
§ 90.
Á) Ïðåòîðñêàÿ ìàíóìèññèÿ .................................................169
§ 91.
Â) Äðóãèå òèïû ìàíóìèññèè ...............................................170
§ 92. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ìàíóìèññèè ......................................................170
§ 93.
Ã) Ïðèîáðåòåíèå ñâîáîäû â ñèëó çàêîíîäàòåëüíîãî
ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ ........................................................................171
§ 94. Ïðàâî ïàòðîíàòà. Ïîíÿòèå è ñóùíîñòü .................................171
§ 95. Ïðåêðàùåíèå ïðàâà ïàòðîíàòà ...............................................172
§ 96. Ëèöà in mancipio (èëè in causa mancipii,
â ìàíöèïèðîâàííîì ñîñòîÿíèè) ............................................173
§ 97. Äðóãèå îñîáûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ,
îòðàæàþùèåñÿ íà status libertatis ëèö.
Îòñûëêà ê ïðåäûäóùåìó èçëîæåíèþ ....................................174

Ãëàâà II. Status civitatis (ãðàæäàíñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå) ..................................175
§ 98. Ïîíÿòèå è ñóùíîñòü ãðàæäàíñòâà ..........................................175
§ 99. Cives romani (ðèìñêèå ãðàæäàíå) ............................................176
§ 100. Latini (ëàòèíñêèå ãðàæäàíå) ..................................................177
§ 101. Peregrini (÷óæåñòðàíöû) .........................................................178

Ãëàâà III. Status familiae (ñåìåéíîå ñîñòîÿíèå) .....................................179
§ 102. Ñòðîåíèå ðèìñêîé ñåìüè ......................................................179
§ 103. Ïðèîáðåòåíèå è óòðàòà patria potestas
(îòöîâñêîé âëàñòè) ................................................................180
§ 104. Ëè÷íîå ñîäåðæàíèå patria potestas ........................................181
§ 105. Èìóùåñòâåííîå ñîäåðæàíèå patria potestas ..........................182

Ãëàâà IV. Áðàê ........................................................................................185
§ 106. Õàðàêòåð ðèìñêîãî áðàêà ......................................................185
§ 107. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå óñëîâèÿ áðàêà ..........................................186
§ 108. Ïîìîëâêà (sponsio) .................................................................188
§ 109. Manus. Conventio in manum (ïåðåõîä âî âëàñòü ìóæà) .........189
§ 110. Ðàñòîðæåíèå áðàêà
À) Îáúåêòèâíûå îñíîâàíèÿ ................................................190
§ 111.
Á) Ñóáúåêòèâíûå îñíîâàíèÿ
à) Ðàçâîä .........................................................................191
§ 112.
á) Âîëÿ patres familias (äîìîâëàäûê) ñóïðóãîâ .............193
§ 113. Èìóùåñòâåííûå îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñóïðóãàìè.
Ïðèäàíîå: ïîíÿòèå è ñïîñîáû óñòàíîâëåíèÿ .....................193

8
Ñîäåðæàíèå

§ 114. Ïðàâî ìóæà íà èìóùåñòâî, âõîäÿùåå â ïðèäàíîå .............194
§ 115. Âîçâðàò ïðèäàíîãî .................................................................195
§ 116. Ïðåäáðà÷íûé äàð ...................................................................196
§ 117. Âíåáðà÷íûå ñîþçû
À) Êîíêóáèíàò .....................................................................197
§ 118.
Á) Contubernium ....................................................................198

Ãëàâà V. Îòöîâñòâî .................................................................................199
§ 119. Äåòè çàêîííûå è ïîáî÷íûå ..................................................199
§ 120. Óçàêîíåííûå äåòè .................................................................199
§ 121. Ïðèåìíûå äåòè ......................................................................200

Ãëàâà VI. Ðîäñòâî è ñâîéñòâî .................................................................203
§ 122. Adgnatio è cognatio ..................................................................203
§ 123. Ëèíèè è ñòåïåíè ðîäñòâà .....................................................204
§ 124. Ñâîéñòâî .................................................................................204

Ãëàâà VII. Îïåêà è ïîïå÷èòåëüñòâî .......................................................206
§ 125. Ïîíÿòèå è èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå .......................................206
§ 126. Îïåêà íåñîâåðøåííîëåòíèõ. Èñòî÷íèêè îïåêè .................207
§ 127. Ïîëíîìî÷èÿ îïåêóíà ............................................................208
§ 128. Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü îïåêóíà ......................................................209
§ 129. Ñîâìåñòíàÿ îïåêà ..................................................................210
§ 130. Ïðåêðàùåíèå îïåêè ..............................................................211
§ 131. Tutela mulierum (îïåêà æåíùèí) ...........................................211
§ 132. Ïîïå÷èòåëüñòâî .....................................................................213

×àñòü III. Âåùíûå ïðàâà

Ãëàâà I. Ïðèðîäà âåùíûõ ïðàâ ..............................................................214
§ 133. Âåùíûå è îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííûå ïðàâà ....................................214
§ 134. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ âåùíûõ ïðàâ ..............................................215

Ãëàâà II. Ñîáñòâåííîñòü .........................................................................216
§ 135. Ïîíÿòèå ñîáñòâåííîñòè ........................................................216
§ 136. Îáúåêò ñîáñòâåííîñòè ...........................................................218
§ 137. Ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè ................................219
§ 138. Îáùàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü ............................................................221
§ 139. Ñïîñîáû ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòè ...............................223
§ 140. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûå ñïîñîáû ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ
À) Çàâëàäåíèå ......................................................................224
§ 141.
Á) Îáíàðóæåíèå êëàäà ........................................................225
§ 142.
Â) Ïðèðàùåíèå ....................................................................226
§ 143.
Ã) Ðå÷íûå íàíîñû ................................................................228
§ 144.
Ä) Ñëèÿíèå (confusio) è ñìåøåíèå (commixtio)
ìàòåðèàëîâ ...........................................................................228

Ñîäåðæàíèå
9

§ 145.
Å) Ïåðåðàáîòêà (specificatio) ................................................229
§ 146.
Æ) Ïðèñóæäåíèå (adiudicatio) .............................................230
§ 147.
Ç) Ïðèîáðåòåíèå ïëîäîâ .....................................................230
§ 148. Ïðîèçâîäíûå ñïîñîáû ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ
A) Mancipatio (ìàíöèïàöèÿ) ................................................231
§ 149.
Á) In iure cessio (ñóäåáíàÿ óñòóïêà) .....................................232
§ 150.
Â) Traditio (ïåðåäà÷à) ...........................................................233
§ 151.
Ã) Litis aestimatio (îöåíêà òÿæáû) .......................................234
§ 152.
Ä) Ëåãàò per vindicationem (ïîñðåäñòâîì èñòðåáîâàíèÿ) ...235
§ 153. Ïðèîáðåòåíèå ñîáñòâåííîñòè ïî äàâíîñòè .........................235
§ 154. Óòðàòà ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè .................................................239
§ 155. Çàùèòà ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè
A) Rei vindicatio (âèíäèêàöèÿ) ............................................240
§ 156.
Á) Actiones negativae (íåãàòîðíûå èñêè) .............................242
§ 157. Çàùèòà íåäâèæèìîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè
â îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ñîñåäñòâó
A) Actio finium regundorum (èñê îá óïîðÿäî÷åíèè ãðàíèö) 243
§ 158.
Á) Actio aquae pluviae arcendae
(èñê îá óäåðæàíèè äîæäåâîé âîäû) ...................................243
§ 159.
Â) Interdictum de glande legenda
(èíòåðäèêò o ñáîðå ïëîäîâ) ................................................244
§ 160.
Ã) Cautio damni infecti
(ãàðàíòèÿ íà ñëó÷àé ãðîçÿùåãî óùåðáà) ............................244
§ 161.
Ä) Operis novi nuntiatio
(èçâåùåíèå î ïðîèçâîäèìûõ âíîâü ðàáîòàõ) ....................245
§ 162.
E) Interdictum quod vi aut clam
(èíòåðäèêò î òîì, ÷òî ñäåëàíî íàñèëüñòâåííî
èëè âòàéíå) ..........................................................................245
§ 163.
Æ) Interdictum de arboribus caedendis
(èíòåðäèêò îá îáðåçêå äåðåâüåâ) ........................................245

Ãëàâà III. Âëàäåíèå .................................................................................246

§ 164. Ïîíÿòèå è ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû âëàäåíèÿ .................................246
§ 165. Ïðèîáðåòåíèå âëàäåíèÿ ........................................................248
§ 166. Ñîõðàíåíèå è óòðàòà âëàäåíèÿ .............................................250
§ 167. Àíîìàëüíûå ñëó÷àè âëàäåíèÿ ..............................................251
§ 168. Çàùèòà âëàäåíèÿ ....................................................................252
§ 169. Êâàçèâëàäåíèå è possessio iuris ..............................................253

Ãëàâà IV. Ñåðâèòóò .................................................................................254

§ 170. Ïîíÿòèå è îáùèå ïðèíöèïû ................................................254
§ 171. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ñåðâèòóòîâ ..................................................256
§ 172. Óñòàíîâëåíèå ñåðâèòóòà ........................................................258
§ 173. Ïðåêðàùåíèå ñåðâèòóòà ........................................................259
§ 174. Çàùèòà ñåðâèòóòîâ .................................................................260

10
Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ãëàâà V. Óçóôðóêò è àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðàâà ...............................................262

§ 175. Ïîíÿòèå è ñóùíîñòü óçóôðóêòà ...........................................262
§ 176. Óñòàíîâëåíèå óçóôðóêòà .......................................................264
§ 177. Ïðåêðàùåíèå óçóôðóêòà .......................................................264
§ 178. Çàùèòà óçóôðóêòà ..................................................................266
§ 179. Êâàçèóçóôðóêò .......................................................................266
§ 180. Ïîëüçîâàíèå ...........................................................................267
§ 181. Ïðîæèâàíèå ...........................................................................268
§ 182. Ðàáî÷àÿ ñèëà ðàáîâ è æèâîòíûõ ..........................................269

Ãëàâà VI. Ýìôèòåâñèñ è ñóïåðôèöèé .....................................................270

§ 183. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ýìôèòåâñèñà ...............................................270
§ 184. Ñòðóêòóðà è ðåæèì ýìôèòåâñèñà .........................................271
§ 185. Ïðàâî ñóïåðôèöèÿ ................................................................272

Ãëàâà VII. Çàëîã è èïîòåêà .....................................................................274

§ 186. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå .........................................................274
§ 187. Óñòàíîâëåíèå ïðàâà çàëîãà ...................................................275
§ 188. Ñîäåðæàíèå ïðàâà çàëîãà ......................................................276
§ 189. Ïðåêðàùåíèå ïðàâà çàëîãà ...................................................277

×àñòü IV. Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííûå ïðàâà

Ðàçäåë I. Îáùàÿ òåîðèÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ....................................................278

Ãëàâà I. Ïðèðîäà îáÿçàòåëüñòâà .............................................................278

§ 190. Ïîíÿòèå, ñîäåðæàíèå è îáúåêò îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ....................278
§ 191. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ è èõ èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå 280
§ 192. Obligationes civiles (îáÿçàòåëüñòâà öèâèëüíûå)
è honorariae (ïðåòîðñêèå) ......................................................281

Ãëàâà II. Èñòî÷íèêè îáÿçàòåëüñòâ .........................................................283

§ 193. Èñòî÷íèêè îáÿçàòåëüñòâ â ðàçíûå èñòîðè÷åñêèå ýïîõè ....283

Ãëàâà III. Ïåðåíîñ îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ............................................................285

§ 194. Èçíà÷àëüíàÿ íåïåðåõîäíîñòü îáÿçàòåëüñòâà
è ñðåäñòâà áîðüáû ñ íåé .......................................................285
§ 195. Íàñëåäñòâåííàÿ ïåðåõîäíîñòü ..............................................286

Ãëàâà IV. Ãàðàíòèè îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ...........................................................287

§ 196. Ïîíÿòèå è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ...................................................287
§ 197. Âåùíûå ãàðàíòèè ..................................................................287
§ 198. Ëè÷íûå ãàðàíòèè, ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìûå ñàìèì äîëæíèêîì ....287
§ 199. Ëè÷íûå ãàðàíòèè, ïðåäëîæåííûå òðåòüèì ëèöîì ..............288
§ 200. Ñåíàòóñêîíñóëüò Âåëëåÿ .......................................................290

Ñîäåðæàíèå
11

Ãëàâà V. Ïðåêðàùåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ......................................................291

§ 201. Ïîíÿòèå. Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ îñíîâàíèé ïðåêðàùåíèÿ ..........291
§ 202. Ïðåêðàùåíèå ipso iure
A) Solutio (èñïîëíåíèå) .......................................................292
§ 203.
Á) Acceptilatio ........................................................................293
§ 204.
Â) Contrarius consensus (îáðàòíîå ñîãëàñèå) .......................294
§ 205.
Ã) Ïðîùåíèå äîëãà ..............................................................294
§ 206.
Ä) Íîâàöèÿ ...........................................................................295
§ 207.
E) Litis contestatio ..................................................................295
§ 208.
Æ) Íåâîçìîæíîñòü èñïîëíåíèÿ .........................................295
§ 209.
Ç) Ñëèÿíèå ...........................................................................296
§ 210.
È) Ñìåðòü ñóáúåêòîâ ...........................................................296
§ 211.
Ê) Capitis deminutio äîëæíèêà .............................................296
§ 212.
Ë) Dies ad quem (îòñûëêà) ...................................................296
§ 213.
Ì) Ïðåêðàùàþùàÿ äàâíîñòü ..............................................296
§ 214.
Í) Çà÷åò ................................................................................297
§ 215.
Ïðåêðàùåíèå ope exceptionis ................................................297

Ãëàâà VI. Íåèñïîëíåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ...................................................299

§ 216. Ïðè÷èíû íåèñïîëíåíèÿ .......................................................299
§ 217. Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà íåèñïîëíåíèå .......................................299
§ 218. Îòìåíà ìîøåííè÷åñêèõ äåéñòâèé .......................................300
§ 219. Mora (ïðîñðî÷êà) ...................................................................301

Ãëàâà VII. Àíîìàëüíûå âèäû îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ............................................303

§ 220. Ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà ...........................................303
§ 221. Îòêëîíåíèÿ â ñâÿçè ñ ñóáúåêòàìè
À) Áëóæäàþùèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ...........................................303
§ 222.
Á) Îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ïðè ìíîæåñòâåííîñòè ñóáúåêòîâ .........303
§ 223. Îòêëîíåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ îáúåêòîì
À) Ðîäîâûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ...................................................306
§ 224.
Á) Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ......................................307
§ 225. Îòêëîíåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííûìè óçàìè.
Åñòåñòâåííûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà .................................................308

Ðàçäåë II. Îòäåëüíûå âèäû îáÿçàòåëüñòâ ..............................................310

Ãëàâà VIII. Îáÿçàòåëüñòâà, âîçíèêøèå èç çàêîííîãî äåéñòâèÿ .............310

§ 226. Ðàçâèòèå ó÷åíèÿ î contractus .................................................310
§ 227. Òåîðèÿ è êëàññèôèêàöèÿ êîíòðàêòîâ ..................................311
§ 228. Ðåàëüíûå êîíòðàêòû ..............................................................314
§ 229.
A) Fiducia ..............................................................................314
§ 230.
Á) Çàåì .................................................................................314
§ 231.
Â) Ïîêëàæà (õðàíåíèå) .......................................................315

12
Ñîäåðæàíèå

§ 232.
Ã) Ññóäà ................................................................................316
§ 233.
Ä) Çàëîã ................................................................................317
§ 234. Âåðáàëüíûå êîíòðàêòû .........................................................317
§ 235.
A) Stipulatio ...........................................................................317
§ 236.
Á) Dotis dictio ........................................................................320
§ 237.
Â) Promissio iurata liberti .......................................................320
§ 238.
Ã) Vadimonium è ðó÷àòåëüñòâî praes (ãàðàíòà) ...................320
§ 239. Ëèòåðàëüíûå êîíòðàêòû ........................................................321
§ 240.
A) Nomen transscripticium ......................................................321
§ 241.
Á) Õèðîãðàô è ñèíãðàô ......................................................322
§ 242. Êîíñåíñóàëüíûå êîíòðàêòû .................................................322
§ 243.
À) Êóïëÿ-ïðîäàæà ...............................................................323
§ 244.
Á) Locatio-conductio ..............................................................325
§ 245.
Â) Òîâàðèùåñòâî ..................................................................326
§ 246.
Ã) Ïîðó÷åíèå .......................................................................328
§ 247. Áåçûìÿííûå êîíòðàêòû ........................................................329
§ 248. Ïàêòû .....................................................................................332
§ 249. Èíûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà íà îñíîâàíèè çàêîííîãî àêòà.
Ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà ...........................................333
§ 250.
À) Âåäåíèå ÷óæèõ äåë .........................................................333
§ 251.
Á) Èñïîëíåíèå íåäîëæíîãî ...............................................335
§ 252.
Â) Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííûé ëåãàò (îòñûëêà) .............................335
§ 253.
Ã) Îáùàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü áåç äîãîâîðà ...............................335
§ 254.
Ä) Pollicitatio è votum ............................................................336

Ãëàâà IX. Îáÿçàòåëüñòâà, âîçíèêøèå èç íåçàêîííîãî äåéñòâèÿ ............337

§ 255. Ïîíÿòèå (îòñûëêà). Äåëèêòû ...............................................337
§ 256.
À) Êðàæà ...............................................................................338
§ 257.
Á) Ãðàáåæ .............................................................................340
§ 258.
Â) Íàíåñåíèå óùåðáà ..........................................................340
§ 259.
Ã) Iniuria (îáèäà) ..................................................................342
§ 260. Ïðåòîðñêèå äåëèêòû .............................................................343
§ 261. Òàê íàçûâàåìûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà quasi ex delicto ....................344

×àñòü V. Äàðåíèå

Ãëàâà I. Äàðåíèå inter vivos .....................................................................346

§ 262. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................346
§ 263. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ..........................................................................346
§ 264. Îòçûâ ......................................................................................348

Ãëàâà II. Äàðåíèå mortis causa ...............................................................349

§ 265. Ïîíÿòèå è ñòðîåíèå ..............................................................349

Ñîäåðæàíèå
13

×àñòü VI. Íàñëåäñòâåííîå ïðàâî

Ðàçäåë I. Îáùàÿ òåîðèÿ ïðååìñòâà ........................................................350

Ãëàâà I. Óíèâåðñàëüíîå ïðååìñòâî inter vivos .........................................350
§ 266. Ñëó÷àè ïðååìñòâà inter vivos ..................................................350
§ 267. Ñëåäñòâèÿ ïðååìñòâà inter vivos ............................................350

Ãëàâà II. Íàñëåäñòâåííîå ïðååìñòâî è åãî ïðåäïîñûëêè ......................352
§ 268. Ïîíÿòèå è îñíîâàíèÿ hereditas .............................................352
§ 269. Ïðåäïîñûëêè hereditas ...........................................................353

Ãëàâà III. Îòêðûòèå íàñëåäñòâà .............................................................354
§ 270. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................354
§ 271. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó îòêðûòèåì íàñëåäñòâà
ïî çàâåùàíèþ è áåç íåãî ......................................................355
§ 272. Îò÷óæäåíèå è ïåðåäà÷à ïðàâà ïðèíÿòü íàñëåäñòâî ............356

Ãëàâà IV. Âñòóïëåíèå â íàñëåäñòâî ........................................................358
§ 273. Âñòóïëåíèå â íàñëåäñòâî ipso iure è «aditio» ........................358
§ 274. Íåîáõîäèìûå òðåáîâàíèÿ äëÿ aditio ....................................359
§ 275. Ôîðìû âñòóïëåíèÿ â íàñëåäñòâî .........................................359
§ 276. Îòêàç îò íàñëåäñòâà ...............................................................360

Ãëàâà V. Ëåæà÷åå íàñëåäñòâî .................................................................361
§ 277. Ïîíÿòèå è þðèäè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð .......................................361
§ 278. Usucapio pro herede
(ïðèîáðåòåíèå ïî äàâíîñòè â êà÷åñòâå íàñëåäíèêà) ..........361

Ãëàâà VI. Ñëåäñòâèÿ ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ íàñëåäñòâà .....................................363
§ 279. Íàñëåäñòâåííîå ñëèÿíèå è åãî ïîñëåäñòâèÿ .......................363
§ 280. Ñðåäñòâà çàùèòû îò íåîãðàíè÷åííîé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè .....364
§ 281. Îòäåëåíèå èìóùåñòâà ïîêîéíîãî
îò èìóùåñòâà íàñëåäíèêà .....................................................365

Ãëàâà VII. Çàùèòà íàñëåäñòâà ................................................................367
§ 282. Ñïåöèàëüíûå èñêè è hereditatis petitio ..................................367
§ 283. Hereditatis petitio utilis .............................................................368

Ãëàâà VIII. Ñîíàñëåäñòâî .......................................................................369
§ 284. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................369
§ 285. Consortium ercto non cito ..........................................................369
§ 286. Äîáðîâîëüíûé ðàçäåë íàñëåäñòâà ........................................370
§ 287. Ñóäåáíûé ðàçäåë ....................................................................371

Ãëàâà IX. Ïðàâî ïðèðàùåíèÿ .................................................................372
§ 288. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................372
§ 289. Ïðèðàùåíèå â ïðååìñòâå ïî çàâåùàíèþ ............................372

14
Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ãëàâà X. Ñêëàä÷èíà (collatio) .................................................................374
§ 290. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................374
§ 291. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå ñêëàä÷èíû ......................................374

Ãëàâà XI. Bonorum possessio (ïðåòîðñêîå íàñëåäîâàíèå) .......................376
§ 292. Ïîíÿòèå è ñóùíîñòü .............................................................376
§ 293. Âèäû bonorum possessio ...........................................................377
§ 294. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå èíñòèòóòà .......................................378

Ðàçäåë II. Îòäåëüíûå ñëó÷àè îòêðûòèÿ íàñëåäñòâà ..............................380

Ãëàâà XII. Îòêðûòèå íàñëåäñòâà ïî çàâåùàíèþ ....................................380
§ 295. Ïîíÿòèå çàâåùàíèÿ ...............................................................380
§ 296. Testamenti factio (àêòèâíàÿ) ....................................................380
§ 297. Testamenti factio (ïàññèâíàÿ) ..................................................382
§ 298. Capacitas (ïðàâîìî÷íîñòü) ....................................................384
§ 299. Íåäîñòîéíîñòü .......................................................................385
§ 300. Ôîðìû çàâåùàíèÿ
À) Íàèäðåâíåéøèå ôîðìû .................................................386
§ 301.
Á) Ïðåäêëàññè÷åñêèå è êëàññè÷åñêèå ôîðìû ..................386
§ 302.
Â) Ïîñëåêëàññè÷åñêèå ôîðìû ............................................388
§ 303.
Ã) Þñòèíèàíîâñêèå ôîðìû ................................................388
§ 304.
Ä) Îñîáûå ôîðìû ................................................................389
§ 305. Testamentum militis (âîèíñêîå çàâåùàíèå) ............................389
§ 306. Ñîäåðæàíèå çàâåùàíèÿ
A) Institutio heredis ................................................................390
§ 307.
Á) Íàçíà÷åíèå ñîíàñëåäíèêîâ ...........................................391
§ 308.
Â) Institutio «excepta re» è «ex certa re» ................................391
§ 309.
Ã) Îáû÷íîå ïîäíàçíà÷åíèå (substitutio vulgaris) .................392
§ 310.
Ä) «Ïîäíàçíà÷åíèå ìàëîëåòíåìó» (substitutio pupillaris) ...393
§ 311.
E) Ïîäíàçíà÷åíèå ïî ôèäåèêîìèññó .................................393
§ 312.
Æ) Ëåãàòû è ôèäåèêîìèññû ...............................................394
§ 313.
Ç) Ïðî÷èå ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ (îòñûëêà) ..................................394
§ 314. Îòêðûòèå çàâåùàíèÿ .............................................................394
§ 315. Íåäåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü è áåçðåçóëüòàòíîñòü çàâåùàíèÿ .........394
§ 316. Îòçûâ çàâåùàíèÿ ...................................................................396
§ 317. Êîäèöèëëû .............................................................................396

Ãëàâà XIII. Îòêðûòèå íàñëåäñòâà «ïî çàêîíó» ......................................399
§ 318. Ñèñòåìà ïðååìñòâà ab intestato â Çàêîíàõ XII òàáëèö .........399
§ 319. Ñèñòåìà ýäèêòà â îòíîøåíèè bonorum possessio sine tabulis 400
§ 320. Ðåôîðìû èìïåðàòîðñêîãî âðåìåíè .....................................401
§ 321. Þñòèíèàíîâñêàÿ ñèñòåìà .....................................................402
§ 322. Òàê íàçûâàåìîå ïðååìñòâî âîïðåêè çàâåùàíèþ,
èëè íåîáõîäèìîå ïðååìñòâî .................................................403
§ 323. Ôîðìàëüíîå «íåîáõîäèìîå ïðååìñòâî» ...............................404
§ 324. Âìåøàòåëüñòâî ïðåòîðà. Bonorum possessio contra tabulas ....404

Ñîäåðæàíèå
15

§ 325. Ìàòåðèàëüíîå «íåîáõîäèìîå ïðååìñòâî» ............................405
§ 326. Íåîáõîäèìîå ïðååìñòâî â «Íîâåëëàõ» ................................406

Ðàçäåë III. Ëåãàòû è ôèäåèêîìèññû ......................................................408

Ãëàâà XIV. Ëåãàòû ..................................................................................408
§ 327. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................408
§ 328. Quattuor genera legatorum (÷åòûðå ðîäà ëåãàòîâ) ..................409
§ 329. S. C. Neronianum è ñëèÿíèå òèïîâ ëåãàòîâ ..........................410
§ 330. Ïðèîáðåòåíèå ëåãàòà .............................................................411
§ 331. Íè÷òîæíîñòü ëåãàòà ..............................................................412
§ 332. Îòçûâ ëåãàòà (ademptio legati) ................................................413
§ 333. Îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà ëåãàòû .........................................................413

Ãëàâà XV. Ôèäåèêîìèññû .......................................................................415
§ 334. Ïîíÿòèå ..................................................................................415
§ 335. Èñòîðè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå .........................................................416
§ 336. Óíèâåðñàëüíûé ôèäåèêîìèññ ..............................................417

Óêàçàòåëü ëàòèíñêèõ òåðìèíîâ è âûðàæåíèé ........................................419

16
Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

Ðèìñêîå ïðàâî — äèñöèïëèíà, ïðî÷íî âîøåäøàÿ â ñòðóêòó-
ðó þðèäè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîé Ðîññèè. Ñåãîäíÿ
ýòî îáÿçàòåëüíûé ïðåäìåò íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòàõ óíèâåð-
ñèòåòîâ. Êóðñ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, âîçîáíîâëåííûé â íàøåé ñòðàíå
â 1944 ã., ìûñëèëñÿ êàê êóðñ ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà, òîãäà
êàê èñòîðèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà âõîäèëà â êóðñ âñåîáùåé èñòîðèè
ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàøà äèñöèïëèíà ñîîòâåò-
ñòâóåò êóðñó «Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî» («Èíñòèòóöèè ðèìñêîãî
ïðàâà»),
÷èòàåìîìó
â
çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêèõ
óíèâåðñèòåòàõ.
Èìåííî äëÿ òàêîãî êóðñà â 1948 ã. êîëëåêòèâ âûñîêîêëàññíûõ
ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ðóêîâîäèìûé È. Á. Íîâèöêèì è È. Ñ. Ïåðåòåð-
ñêèì, ñîçäàë ó÷åáíèê «Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî». Ýòîò æå òåìà-
òè÷åñêèé ïðèíöèï ïîëîæåí â îñíîâó ìîåãî ó÷åáíèêà «Ðèìñêîå
÷àñòíîå ïðàâî» 1996 ã. (2-å èçä.: 1999), êîòîðûé áûë çàäóìàí
êàê íîâûé, ñîâðåìåííûé âàðèàíò áîëüøîãî óíèâåðñèòåòñêîãî
êóðñà. Òàêîé êóðñ ïðèäàåò ðèìñêîìó ïðàâó ñòàòóñ ââåäåíèÿ â
ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî è ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå, ðàçâèâàÿ
áëîê íå òîëüêî èñòîðè÷åñêèõ äèñöèïëèí, íî ïðåæäå âñåãî öè-
âèëèñòè÷åñêèõ. Èìåííî â ýòîì, íà ìîé âçãëÿä, çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ îñ-
íîâíîé äèäàêòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë êóðñà ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà ñåãî-
äíÿ1.
Òàêîé ïîäõîä ñîîòâåòñòâóåò âûñîêèì îáðàçîâàòåëüíûì è
âîñïèòàòåëüíûì âîçìîæíîñòÿì ðèìñêîãî ïðàâîâîãî íàñëåäèÿ,
îòâå÷àåò ñîâðåìåííûì çàäà÷àì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íîâîé ãåíåðàöèè
þðèñòîâ â Ðîññèè è íåîáõîäèìîñòè êàê ïåðåîñìûñëåíèÿ ñòðóê-
òóðû þðèäè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ, òàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî êîí-
öåïòóàëüíîãî ïåðåîñíàùåíèÿ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ïîíÿòèéíûõ ñõåì
è ó÷åáíîé ëèòåðàòóðû. Îñíîâíîé àêöåíò çàêîíîìåðíî ñìåùàåò-
ñÿ íà òå îòðàñëè ïðàâà, êîòîðûå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñâÿçàíû ñ ñà-
ìîäåÿòåëüíîé ëè÷íîñòüþ è ñ êîììåð÷åñêèìè îòíîøåíèÿìè.
Èìåííî â ýòèõ îáëàñòÿõ îòñòàâàíèå îòå÷åñòâåííîé þðèäè÷å-

1 Ðåäêèé îïûò êîìïëåêñíîãî èçëîæåíèÿ ïóáëè÷íîãî è ÷àñòíîãî
ïðàâà ñì.: Ñêðèïèëåâ Å. À. Îñíîâû ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà: Êîíñïåêò ëåêöèé.
Ì., 1998.

ñêîé íàóêè â ãîäû ñîâåòñêîé âëàñòè áûëî íàèáîëåå çàìåòíûì,
èìåííî â ýòèõ îáëàñòÿõ ñåãîäíÿ èäåò íàèáîëåå ðàäèêàëüíàÿ
ïðàâîâàÿ ðåôîðìà, èìåííî íà ýòîé ñôåðå ïðàâà ñêîíöåíòðèðî-
âàí èíòåðåñ ãðàæäàíñêîãî îáùåñòâà. Èñêîìóþ ïðååìñòâåííîñòü
ñ îáùå÷åëîâå÷åñêîé êóëüòóðíîé è íîðìàòèâíîé òðàäèöèåé êàê
ðàç è ìîæåò îáåñïå÷èòü çíàêîìñòâî ñ äîãìàòè÷åñêèìè, þðèäè-
êî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèìè àñïåêòàìè öèâèëèñòèêè íà ìàòåðèàëå ðèì-
ñêîãî ïðàâà. Óñâîåíèå áîãàòñòâ åâðîïåéñêîé è îáùåìèðîâîé
ïðàâîâîé êóëüòóðû ÷åðåç íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå îáðàùåíèå ê îñíî-
âå åâðîïåéñêîé ïðàâîâîé òðàäèöèè — ðèìñêîìó ÷àñòíîìó ïðà-
âó — îáåñïå÷èâàåò íåîáõîäèìóþ îáúåêòèâíîñòü è ñàìîñòîÿ-
òåëüíîñòü ñóæäåíèé, îòëè÷àþùóþ ñïåöèàëèñòà îò äèëåòàíòà.
Âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîñëåäèòü îïûò ðåöåïöèè îò èñòîêîâ è îöåíèòü
ñòåïåíü ñàìîáûòíîñòè íàöèîíàëüíûõ ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâûõ
ñèñòåì îáåùàåò âûâåñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ è âåñü áëîê öèâèëèñòè÷å-
ñêèõ äèñöèïëèí íà íîâûé óðîâåíü. Îáñòîÿòåëüíîå èçó÷åíèå
ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà îáîãàùàåò è áëîê èñòîðè÷åñêèõ äèñöèïëèí, êî-
òîðûå ïðè ó÷åòå ïîëîæåíèé äàííîãî êóðñà è ñàìè ïðèîáðåòàþò
èíîå çâó÷àíèå.
Íîâàÿ ðîëü ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà â ñèñòåìå ñîâðåìåííîãî þðèäè-
÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðåäúÿâëÿåò îñîáûå òðåáîâàíèÿ êàê ê ìå-
òîäè÷åñêîìó îñíàùåíèþ êóðñà, òàê è ê ñàìèì ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿì.
Ñåãîäíÿ â Ðîññèè ëèøü åäèíèöû âåäóò èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî äàííîé
äèñöèïëèíå. Îáùèé îáúåì ïóáëèêàöèé êðàéíå íåâåëèê. Ïðå-
ïîäàâàòåëè æå îáðàùàþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì ê îòå÷åñòâåííîé ó÷åá-
íîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Îäíàêî óïîìÿíóòûå êà÷åñòâåííûå êóðñû ïðåä-
ëàãàþò òàêîé îáúåì ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðûé íå ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíî-
öåííî óñâîåí çà ìàêñèìóì 36 ÷àñîâ, îáû÷íî îòâîäèìûõ
ðèìñêîìó ïðàâó â íàøèõ óíèâåðñèòåòàõ. Èñòîðèêè ïðàâà, íà
êîòîðûõ òðàäèöèîííî ëîæèòñÿ ïðåïîäàâàíèå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, è
ñïåöèàëèñòû êàôåäð ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, êîòîðûå â ðÿäå óíè-
âåðñèòåòîâ ÷èòàþò äàííûé êóðñ, âûíóæäåíû ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî
ñòðîèòü åãî, îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà ñîáñòâåííûå ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ è âîç-
ìîæíîñòè. Îòñóòñòâóåò îáùàÿ ìåòîäè÷åñêàÿ è ìåòîäîëîãè÷å-
ñêàÿ áàçà äëÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííîãî îòáîðà äàííûõ è ïðåäìåò-
íûõ òåì, êîòîðûå îíè ðàññ÷èòûâàþò âìåñòèòü â èìåþùèåñÿ â
èõ ðàñïîðÿæåíèè äåñÿòîê ëåêöèé è íåñêîëüêî ñåìèíàðîâ. Â ðå-
çóëüòàòå íà þðèäè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòàõ ïî-ïðåæíåìó ãîñïîäñòâó-
åò ñîêðàùåííûé è óñå÷åííûé êóðñ È. Á. Íîâèöêîãî «Îñíîâû
ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà» 1958 ã. (èçâåñòíûé â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ïîä íà-
çâàíèåì «Ðèìñêîå ïðàâî»), êîòîðûé íåèçìåðèìî íèæå ïî êà÷å-

18
Ïðåäèñëîâèå

ñòâó, ÷åì ó÷åáíèê 1948 ã. Èçäàíèå 1958 ã. îëèöåòâîðÿåò îòñòóï-
ëåíèå îò íàó÷íûõ è äèäàêòè÷åñêèõ ïðèíöèïîâ, çàëîæåííûõ â
ïîëíîì êóðñå, è ïðèâèâàåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå îòíîøåíèå ê ñà-
ìîìó ïðåäìåòó, ëèøàÿ ñîâðåìåííóþ ìîëîäåæü íàäåæä íà êà÷å-
ñòâåííîå îáðàçîâàíèå, à ïðîôåññóðó — íà ïðîãðåññ â ðàçâèòèè
öèâèëèñòèêè.
 ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ íåîáõîäèì êà÷åñòâåííûé ìàëûé êóðñ ðèì-
ñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà. Îäíèì èç íåèçáåæíûõ ýòàïîâ åãî ðàçðà-
áîòêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñâîåíèå áîãàòåéøåãî ìåòîäè÷åñêîãî îïûòà
þðèäè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå, ãäå ïðåïîäàâà-
íèå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà âåäåòñÿ áîëåå äåâÿòè ñòîëåòèé è íå ïðåðû-
âàëîñü, êàê ó íàñ. Èìåííî â ïîñëåâîåííûå ãîäû, êîãäà ìû êàê
âûñøèì äîñòèæåíèåì äîâîëüñòâîâàëèñü ó÷åáíèêîì 1948 ã., îñ-
íîâàííûì íà êóðñå ôðàíöóçñêîãî ðîìàíèñòà íà÷àëà XX â.
Ï. Ô. Æèðàðà, ìèðîâàÿ ðîìàíèñòèêà ñäåëàëà êà÷åñòâåííûé
ðûâîê â íàó÷íîì è äèäàêòè÷åñêîì ðàçâèòèè. Äåñÿòêè îáúåìè-
ñòûõ óíèâåðñèòåòñêèõ êóðñîâ, ðàññ÷èòàííûõ íà äâà-÷åòûðå ñå-
ìåñòðà èíòåíñèâíîãî èçó÷åíèÿ, ïîçâîëèëè íàðàáîòàòü ýôôåê-
òèâíûå ïðèíöèïû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ äèñöèïëèíû è ñîçäàòü óñòîé-
÷èâûå
ïðîãðàììû,
îòâå÷àþùèå
ñîâðåìåííîìó
ñîñòîÿíèþ
íàóêè. Íàèáîëüøèå äîñòèæåíèÿ â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè â 50—70-å
ãîäû áûëè ñäåëàíû â Èòàëèè, êîòîðàÿ âîò óæå ñòîëåòèå ëèäè-
ðóåò è â íàó÷íîì èçó÷åíèè ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà. Îáåñïîêîåííîñòü
ñîñòîÿíèåì ðîìàíèñòèêè è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî óíèâåðñèòåòñêî-
ãî êóðñà â íàøåé ñòðàíå ïðèâåëà ê òîìó, ÷òî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî
Èíñòèòóòà ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà ÐÀÍ ñ âåäóùèìè èòàëüÿíñêèìè
óíèâåðñèòåòàìè è èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèìè öåíòðàìè ïî ðèìñêîìó
ïðàâó ïðèîáðåëî íîâîå íàïðàâëåíèå è âûðàçèëîñü â ìåòîäè÷å-
ñêîé è ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîé ïîìîùè ñî ñòîðîíû âåäóùèõ ñïåöèà-
ëèñòîâ Ðèìñêîãî (Ë. Êàïîãðîññè-Êîëîíüåçè), Íåàïîëèòàíñêî-
ãî (Ë. Ëàáðóíà), Êàòàíñêîãî (À. Êîðáèíî) è Ìåññèíñêîãî
(À. Ìåòðî) óíèâåðñèòåòîâ. Èòàëüÿíñêèå êîëëåãè, â ÷àñòíîñòè,
ðåêîìåíäîâàëè ê ïåðåâîäó íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê è ïîñëåäóþùåìó
âíåäðåíèþ â ñèñòåìó âûñøåãî þðèäè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ íî-
âóþ ðåäàêöèþ ó÷åáíèêà ×åçàðå Ñàíôèëèïïî «Èíñòèòóöèè
ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà» (Êàòàíçàðî; Ìåññèíà, 1996).
Ïðåäëàãàåìûé ó÷åáíèê ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà — îäèí èç
íàèáîëåå ïîïóëÿðíûõ â Èòàëèè: ñ 1952 ã. îí âûäåðæàë äåâÿòü
èçäàíèé. Íåîäíîêðàòíî îáíîâëÿÿñü (âïëîòü äî ñàìîãî ïîñëåä-
íåãî âðåìåíè, êîãäà íîâóþ ðåäàêöèþ ïîäãîòîâèëè óæå áîëåå
ìîëîäûå è àêòèâíî ðàáîòàþùèå ñîòðóäíèêè ìàñòèòîãî ó÷åíî-

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ãî), ó÷åáíèê çà ñâîþ äîëãóþ æèçíü ïîñòîÿííî îêàçûâàëñÿ â ðÿ-
äó ëó÷øèõ óíèâåðñèòåòñêèõ êóðñîâ. Çäåñü ñ áîëüøèì ìàñòåðñò-
âîì èçëîæåíû îñíîâû äîãìû ðèìñêîãî ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà — ïðèí-
öèïû ïðàâîâîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ÷àñòíûõ ëèö, ñëîæèâøèåñÿ â
Äðåâíåì Ðèìå è ñòàâøèå ìîäåëüþ äëÿ ïîñëåäóþùåãî ãðàæäàí-
ñêî-ïðàâîâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ â ñòðàíàõ êîíòèíåíòàëüíîé Åâðîïû.
Ó÷åáíèê îòëè÷àåòñÿ íåáîëüøèì îáúåìîì, äîñòóïíîñòüþ
ÿçûêà è ïðåäåëüíîé ÷åòêîñòüþ ôîðìóëèðîâîê, ïîñëåäîâàòåëü-
íîñòüþ àâòîðñêîé ïîçèöèè â èíòåðïðåòàöèè ñàìûõ íåñòàíäàðò-
íûõ ÿâëåíèé ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà è óìåëûì ïðèìèðåíèåì ïîðîé
âçàèìîèñêëþ÷àþùèõ òðàêòîâîê îòäåëüíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, âû-
ñêàçàííûõ â íàóêå, ïðàêòè÷íîé è ìåòîäè÷åñêè âûäåðæàííîé
êîìïîçèöèåé, ñòðóêòóðíîé óðàâíîâåøåííîñòüþ îáùåòåîðåòè÷å-
ñêèõ ðàññóæäåíèé è óçêîîòðàñëåâûõ ñâåäåíèé.
Îáû÷íî «ìàëåíüêèå» ó÷åáíèêè ïîäàþò ìàòåðèàë â îáîáùåí-
íîì, ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî ãàðìîíèçèðîâàííîì âèäå, òàê ÷òî èõ íå-
âûñîêèé íàó÷íûé óðîâåíü è ôàêòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåäíîñòü îêàçû-
âàþòñÿ íåîïðàâäàííî äîðîãîé ïëàòîé çà óäîáñòâà äèäàêòè÷å-
ñêîãî ïëàíà. «Çà áîðòîì» òàêèõ ðóêîâîäñòâ îñòàþòñÿ ìíîãèå
äåòàëè, âàæíûå äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ îòäåëü-
íûõ èíñòèòóòîâ è èõ ñîâðåìåííîé êîíñòðóêöèè, ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ
â äîêòðèíàëüíîé îöåíêå òåõ èëè èíûõ ÿâëåíèé è òåì áîëåå
ïðîäîëæàþùèåñÿ ñïîðû ïî àêòóàëüíûì ïðîáëåìàì äèñöèïëè-
íû. Êðàòêèå êóðñû ñòðåìÿòñÿ ïðèâåñòè âñå áîãàòñòâî ìíåíèé,
âûñêàçàííûõ è îáîñíîâàííûõ â õîäå íàó÷íîãî èçó÷åíèÿ ïðåä-
ìåòà, ê ïðîñòåéøèì ïðèìèðÿþùèì ñõåìàì, êîòîðûå íàñòîëüêî
æå äàëåêè îò äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè, íàñêîëüêî èñêàæàþò è ñóùåñò-
âóþùèå îòäåëüíûå ðåøåíèÿ, èãíîðèðóÿ âíóòðåííþþ ëîãèêó
êàæäîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ãèïîòåçû. Íàêîíåö, êðàòêèå êóðñû —
ïðîñòî èç-çà èõ íåáîëüøîãî îáúåìà — âûíóæäåíû îòêàçûâàòüñÿ
îò ðàçâåðíóòîãî îáñóæäåíèÿ þðèäè÷åñêîé ïðèðîäû è çíà÷åíèÿ
êàê ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ ïðèíöèïîâ èçó÷àåìîé äèñöèïëèíû, òàê
è îòäåëüíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ. Îñòàåòñÿ â ñèëå ïðîâåðåííîå ïðàêòè-
êîé óòâåðæäåíèå, ÷òî ïî «òîëñòûì» ó÷åáíèêàì ó÷èòüñÿ ëåã÷å.
Çäåñü è ñòóäåíò, è ïðåïîäàâàòåëü íàõîäÿò îòâåòû, òîãäà êàê èçó-
÷åíèå êðàòêîãî êóðñà ïîðîæäàåò áîëüøå âîïðîñîâ è íåäîóìå-
íèÿ. Ê êðàòêèì êóðñàì îáû÷íî îáðàùàåòñÿ íåðàäèâûé ñòóäåíò,
ó êîòîðîãî íåò æåëàíèÿ ãëóáîêî èçó÷èòü ïðåäìåò è êîòî-
ðûé âîñïðèíèìàåò óíèâåðñèòåòñêèé äèïëîì êàê ñóùåñòâóþùåå
â ñèëó æèâó÷åñòè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ òðàäèöèé íåóäîáñòâî,
êàê íàâÿçàííûé íåêèìè ãîññòðóêòóðàìè ðåêâèçèò äàëüíåéøåãî

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òðóäîóñòðîéñòâà, ïîäìåíÿÿ íà ýòîé ïî÷âå â ñâîåé øêàëå öåííî-
ñòåé ïîäëèííîå çíàíèå è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîå ìàñòåðñòâî óäîâëå-
òâîðèòåëüíîé îöåíêîé íà ýêçàìåíå. Ïðîôåññóðà æå îòíîñèòñÿ ê
òàêèì ó÷åáíèêàì êàê ê íåèçáåæíîìó çëó, áóäòî èíòåðåñ ó÷à-
ùèõñÿ ê íàøåé äèñöèïëèíå âûçûâàåò íå ãëóáèíà è íàñûùåí-
íîñòü êóðñà, à òîëüêî åãî âèäèìàÿ äîñòóïíîñòü è íåîáðåìåíè-
òåëüíîñòü.
Ó÷åáíèê ïðîôåññîðà ×. Ñàíôèëèïïî óáåäèòåëüíî îïðîâåð-
ãàåò îáùåå ìíåíèå î âîçìîæíîñòÿõ êðàòêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòñêîãî
êóðñà. Ýòî ìåòîäè÷åñêèé øåäåâð. Òàêîé ó÷åáíèê íóæåí íå òîëü-
êî ñòóäåíòó, íî è õîðîøî çíàêîìîìó ñ ïðåäìåòîì îïûòíîìó
ïðåïîäàâàòåëþ. Íàïèñàííûé ó÷åíèêîì âåëèêîãî Ñ. Ðèêêîáîíî,
îí â îáîáùåííîì âèäå âûðàæàåò ëó÷øèå òðàäèöèè è äîñòèæå-
íèÿ ñèöèëèéñêîé ðîìàíèñòèêè — îäíîé èç ñàìûõ àâòîðèòåòíûõ
øêîë â íàóêå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà XX ñòîëåòèÿ. Ýòà øêîëà ãàðìî-
íè÷íî ñî÷åòàåò ðàçâèòûå íåìåöêîé ïàäåêòèñòèêîé öèâèëèñòè-
÷åñêèå ïîíÿòèÿ è êàòåãîðèè è êîíêðåòíî-èñòîðè÷åñêèå òðàê-
òîâêè â òðàäèöèè ðîìàíñêîé ïðàâîâîé êóëüòóðû. Âûðàæåííûé
îòêàç îò ãèïåðêðèòè÷åñêîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê òåêñòàì ðèìñêîãî
ïðàâà, îðãàíè÷íîå âêëþ÷åíèå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâîâîãî íàñëåäèÿ â
îáùèé ïðîöåññ ðàçâèòèÿ åâðîïåéñêîé ïðàâîâîé ìûñëè è íàóêè
ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, òðàêòîâêà ðèìñêèõ ïðàâîâûõ èíñòèòóòîâ ñ
âûñîòû ñîâðåìåííîãî êàòåãîðèàëüíîãî àïïàðàòà ïðèâîäÿò ê çà-
ìå÷àòåëüíûì ðåçóëüòàòàì, ïîçâîëÿÿ âûÿâèòü áîãàòåéøèé êóëü-
òóðíûé è ïîçíàâàòåëüíûé ïîòåíöèàë ðîìàíèñòè÷åñêîé ïðàâî-
âîé òðàäèöèè è çíà÷èòåëüíî îáîãàùàÿ íàøè òåîðåòè÷åñêèå
ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ.
Ìíîãèå òðàêòîâêè, âîçìîæíî, óäèâÿò ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, òàê êàê
îíè çàìåòíî ðàñõîäÿòñÿ ñ òåìè, ÷òî ñòàëè ïðèâû÷íûìè ïî ðà-
áîòàì È. Á. Íîâèöêîãî, îäíàêî îíè, êàê ïðàâèëî, ÿâëÿþòñÿ îá-
ùåïðèíÿòûìè â ñîâðåìåííîé ðîìàíèñòèêå. Èíîãäà àâòîð ñîç-
íàòåëüíî óõîäèò îò áîëåå ðàçâèòûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé, ñòðåìÿñü
äàòü ÷èòàòåëþ òî ñòàíäàðòíîå ðåøåíèå, êîòîðîå ìîæåò â äàëü-
íåéøåì ñòàòü îñíîâîé äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ òðàêòîâîê.
Ýòè ñëó÷àè íåìíîãî÷èñëåííû, îíè íå èñêàæàþò îáùåé êàðòè-
íû óñòîé÷èâûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé, ñëîæèâøèõñÿ â ðîìàíèñòèêå ê
êîíöó XX ñòîëåòèÿ, íî î íåêîòîðûõ èç íèõ ñëåäóåò ïðåäóïðå-
äèòü âäóì÷èâîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ. Òàê, ïðåäåëüíî óïðîùåííûì âûãëÿ-
äèò òîëêîâàíèå ïîíÿòèÿ «ïðàâî íàðîäîâ» (ius gentium): ïî âåð-
ñèè ×. Ñàíôèëèïïî, âîñõîäÿùåé åùå ê Ò. Ìîììçåíó, ýòî ÷àñòü
ðèìñêîé ïðàâîâîé ñèñòåìû, ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ â ñóäàõ ïðåòîðà ïåðå-

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ãðèíîâ è âûðàæåííàÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ýäèêòå. Îäíàêî óæå â
íà÷àëå XX âåêà óòâåðäèëîñü äðóãîå ïîíèìàíèå. Î. Ëåíåëü ïîêà-
çàë, ÷òî «ïðàâî íàðîäîâ» — ýòî ÷àñòü öèâèëüíîãî (ius civile), à
íå ïðåòîðñêîãî ïðàâà (ius honorarium), ñèñòåìà, ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ â
îñíîâíîì â ñóæäåíèÿõ ðèìñêèõ þðèñòîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå (è â õîäå)
ïîñòîÿííîãî àíàëèçà ïðàêòèêè îáîðîòà, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿâøåéñÿ è
íà íåãðàæäàí (ïåðåãðèíîâ). Èìåííî ýòî ñîãëàñîâàííîå ìíåíèå
þðèäè÷åñêîé äîêòðèíû ïîâëèÿëî íà äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïðåòîðîâ, íà
ðàçâèòèå ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû è òàêîé ôîðìû ïîçèòèâíîãî ïðàâà,
êàê ïðåòîðñêèé ýäèêò. Áîëüøèíñòâî èñêîâ, çàùèùàþùèõ îòíî-
øåíèÿ èç ñäåëîê ïî «ïðàâó íàðîäîâ», — ýòî öèâèëüíûå èñêè,
òàê ÷òî è ñàìè îòíîøåíèÿ ìûñëèëèñü êàê ìàòåðèàëüíî-ïðàâî-
âûå, à íå ïðîöåññóàëüíûå (ïðåòîðñêèå).
Ïîäîáíîå æå óïðîùåíèå ìîæíî âèäåòü è â òðàêòîâêå ñîîò-
íîøåíèÿ ìåæäó áðàêîì è ïåðåõîäîì æåíû âî âëàñòü ìóæà. Åùå
â 30-å ãîäû XX âåêà â ðîìàíèñòèêå óòâåðäèëàñü êîíöåïöèÿ
Ý. Âîëüòåððû, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîòîðîé áðàêîì ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü
ñîþç ìóæ÷èíû è æåíùèíû, ïîòîìñòâî îò êîòîðîãî ñëåäóåò ïî-
ëîæåíèþ îòöà, íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, ïåðåõîäèëà ëè æåíà â ñå-
ìüþ (è âî âëàñòü) ìóæà. Ýòà êîíöåïöèÿ ëèøàåò îñíîâàíèé ðàñ-
ïðîñòðàíåííîå ó÷åíèå î áðàêå ñ ïåðåõîäîì (ñèò òaïè) è áåç ïå-
ðåõîäà æåíû âî âëàñòü ìóæà (sine manu), òàê íàñòîé÷èâî
ïðîâîäèâøååñÿ â ïðåæíèõ ðóêîâîäñòâàõ è ïîñîáèÿõ è óäåðæàâ-
øååñÿ â ó÷åáíèêå ×. Ñàíôèëèïïî.
Èíîãäà â ó÷åáíèêå âîñïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ óæå îòæèâøèå ïðåä-
ñòàâëåíèÿ âðåìåí «îõîòû çà èíòåðïîëÿöèÿìè». Òàê, ïîðÿäîê,
ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó ïî èñêó î íàñëåäñòâå (hereditatis petitio) âçû-
ñêàíèþ ïîäëåæàëè íå òîëüêî âåùè èç ñîñòàâà íàñëåäñòâà, íî è
öåíà òåõ èç íèõ, ÷òî áûëè ïðîäàíû, îáúÿâëÿåòñÿ þñòèíèàíîâ-
ñêèì íîâîââåäåíèåì, òîãäà êàê îí áûë óñòàíîâëåí ïî Þâåí-
öèåâó ñåíàòóñêîíñóëüòó, ïðèíÿòîìó ïðè Àäðèàíå ïî èíèöèàòè-
âå çíàìåíèòîãî Þâåíöèÿ Öåëüñà. Èìåííî ýòîò ïîðÿäîê ñêàçàë-
ñÿ íà þñòèíèàíîâñêîé òðàêòîâêå èñêà î íàñëåäñòâå êàê èñêà
«ïî äîáðîé ñîâåñòè», âîïðåêè åãî âåùíîìó õàðàêòåðó.
Ñõîäíûì îáðàçîì èñê î ïðèäàíîì (actio rei uxoriae) íàçâàí
èñêîì «ïî äîáðîé ñîâåñòè» (actio bonae fidei) óæå Öèöåðîíîì
(Ñiñ., de off., 3.15.61; Top., 17.66), òàê ÷òî ýòî íèêàê íå ìîãëî
áûòü þñòèíèàíîâñêîé íîâåëëîé.
×èñëî òàêèõ îòêëîíåíèé â ïîëüçó îòæèâøèõ èíòåðïðåòàöèé
â ó÷åáíèêå íåâåëèêî. Èíîãäà êàçàëîñü íóæíûì âíåñòè ïîÿñíå-
íèÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ïîäñòðî÷íîå ïðèìå÷àíèå, ÷òîáû ïðåäó-

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