Цифровые технологии. (Digital Technologies)

 
МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 
 
РОСТОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 
(РИНХ) 
 
ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И ЖУРНАЛИСТИКИ 
 
 
 
 
 
Ю.Г. Декамили, Я.Г. Насилевич 
 
 
 
 
 
ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 
(DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES) 
 
 
 
 
Учебное пособие 
для бакалавров направления 09.03.02 
«Информационные системы и технологии» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ростов-на-Дону 
Издательско-полиграфический комплекс РГЭУ (РИНХ) 
2024 

 
УДК 811.111(075) +004(075)  
ББК 16 я7 
Д28 
 
Авторы: 
Декамили Ю.Г., ст. преподаватель; 
Насилевич Я.Г., к.п.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков для гуманитарных специальностей. 
 
Рецензенты: 
Сагайдачная Е.Н., к.филол.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков для 
экономических специальностей РГЭУ (РИНХ); 
Капитонова Н.С., к.филол.н., доцент кафедры иберо-американских исследований в области языка, перевода и межкультурной коммуникации 
ФГАОУ ВО «Южный федеральный университет (ЮФУ)» 
 
Декамили, Юлия Георгиевна 
Д28   
Цифровые технологии. (Digital Technologies) : учебное пособие 
для бакалавров направления 09.03.02 «Информационные системы 
и технологии» / Ю.Г. Декамили, Я.Г. Насилевич. – Ростов-на-Дону : 
Издательско-полиграфический комплекс Ростовского государственного экономического университета (РИНХ), 2024. – 83 с. 
ISBN 978-5-7972-3290-2 
УДК 811.111(075) +004(075)  
ББК 16 я7 
 
Учебное пособие создано на основе аутентичных иноязычных текстов и содержит необходимый лексический материал и тренировочные 
упражнения, направленные на освоение учащимися лексики, развитие у них 
навыков устной речи и перевода литературы по специальности. 
Предназначено для практической и самостоятельной работы учащихся заочной формы обучения направления 09.03.02 «Информационные системы и технологии» факультета компьютерных технологий и информационной безопасности. 
 
Утверждено в качестве учебного пособия учебно-методическим советом 
РГЭУ (РИНХ) 
 
ISBN 978-5-7972-3290-2 
© Ростовский государственный 
экономический 
университет 
(РИНХ), 
2024 
© Декамили Ю.Г., Насилевич Я.Г., 2024 

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ 
 
Предисловие ................................................................................ 4 
1 A Brief History  of Computer Technology ............................... 5 
2 The early years  of computer technology ................................ 20 
3 Digital Computers .................................................................... 26 
4 Central Processing Unit ........................................................... 31 
5 Databases ................................................................................. 35 
6 The earliest programming languages....................................... 40 
7 High-Level Languages ............................................................ 45 
8 The Internet .............................................................................. 52 
9 Science and technology ........................................................... 56 
10 Technologies  for the Internet of Things ............................... 59 
11. ChatGPT ............................................................................... 63 
12 Social networks ...................................................................... 67 
13 IT trends of the future ............................................................ 72 
14 crimes in the sphere of information technologies ................. 77 
Библиографический список ..................................................... 82 
 
 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 
Настоящие учебное пособие предназначено для практических занятий по дисциплине иностранный язык (английский) бакалавров всех форм обучения направления 09.03.02 «Информационные системы и технологии». Цель учебного пособия – сформировать у студентов навыки и умения в чтении и переводе оригинальной литературы по специальности, помочь в овладении компьютерной терминологией, развить навыки устной речи по специальной тематике. 
Учебное пособие состоит из двенадцати основных тем 
и упражнений к ним. Каждая тема содержит текст из аутентичных 
английских или американских источников, лексику по тексту, 
лексические упражнения на отработку и закрепление активной 
лексики, а также коммуникативные и грамматические упражнения. Новая лексика закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях: 
дать английские и русские эквиваленты, ответить на вопросы по 
тексту, подобрать синонимы и антонимы к данным словам, сопоставить слово с определением, закончить предложение, перевести 
предложение с русского языка на английский и другие. Задачей 
коммуникативных упражнений является развитие навыков говорения и умения вести иноязычную беседу по профессиональной 
тематике. 
По окончании курса студенты должны овладеть предлагаемой терминологией, усовершенствовать навыки чтения и перевода литературы по специальности, навыки работы со словарем, 
а также научиться вести иноязычную беседу по специальности. 

1 A BRIEF HISTORY  
OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 
I. Read and translate the text using vocabulary 
A complete history of computing would include a multitude of diverse devices such as the ancient Chinese abacus, the Jacquard loom 
(1805) and Charles Babbage’s “analytical engine” (1834). It would also 
include discussion of mechanical, analog and digital computing architectures. As late as the 1960s mechanical devices, such as the Marchant 
calculator, still found widespread application in science and engineering. 
During the early days of electronic computing devices there was much 
discussion about the relative merits of analog vs. digital computers. In 
fact, as late as the 1960s, analog computers were routinely used to solve 
systems of finite difference equations arising in oil reservoir modeling. 
Finally digital computing devices proved to have the power, efficiency 
and scalability necessary to deal with large scale computations. Digital 
computers now dominate the computing world in all areas ranging from 
the hand calculator to the supercomputer and are pervasive throughout 
society. Therefore, this brief sketch of the development of scientific 
computing is limited to the area of digital, electronic computers. 
The evolution of digital computing is often divided into generations. Each generation is characterized by dramatic improvements over 
the previous generation in the technology used to build computers, the 
internal organization of computer systems, and programming languages. 
Although not usually associated with computer generations, there has 
been a steady improvement in algorithms, including algorithms used in 
computational science. The following history has been organized using 
these widely recognized generations as mileposts. 
 The Mechanical Era (1623-1945) 
 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) 
 Second Generation (1954-1962) 
 Third Generation (1963-1972) 
 Fourth Generation (1972-1984) 
 Fifth Generation (1984-1990) 
 Sixth Generation (1990 – ) 

Vocabulary 
Multitude – множество; 
To solve systems – объяснять системы; 
Equation – уравнение; 
Modeling – моделирование; 
Pervasive – проникающий, распространяющий; 
Brief sketch – краткий обзор; 
Dramatic improvement – резкое улучшение. 
 
II. Find synonyms in the text 
Different, advantage, development, explain, limited. 
 
III. Give English equivalents of 
Разнообразные устройства, широкое применение, относительные достоинства, иметь дело с…, внутренняя организация, 
непрерывное улучшение. 
 
IV. Answer the questions 
1. What does the history of computing include? 
2. What were analog computers used for? 
3. What is the place of digital computers in the computing world 
now? 
4. What can you say about the evolution of digital computers? 
5. In what way do generations differ from each other? 
 
V. Read and translate the text using vocabulary 
First Generation (1945-1956) 
With the onset of the Second World War, governments sought to 
develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance. This 
increased finding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. By 1941 German engineer Konrad Zuse had developed 
a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles. The Allied forces, however, made greater strides in developing powerful computers. 
In 1943, the British completed secret code-breaking computer called 
Colossus to decode German messages. The Colossus’s impact on the 

development of the computer industry was rather limited for two important reasons. First, Colossus was not a general-purpose computer; 
it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence 
of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war. 
American efforts produced a broader achievement. Howard H. 
Aiken (1900-1975), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, sucсeeded 
in producing an all-electronic calculator by 1944. The purpose of the 
computer was to create ballistic charts for the US. Navy. It was about 
half as long as a football field and contained about 500 miles of wiring. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or 
Mark I for short, was an electronic relay computer. It used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts. The machine was slow 
(taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in that sequences 
of calculations could not change); but it could perform basic arithmetic as well as more complex equations. 
Another computer development spurred by the war was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by 
a partnership between the U.S. government and the University of 
Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18000 vacuum tubes, 70000 resistors and 
5 million soldered joints, the computer was such a massive piece of 
machinery that it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, enough 
energy to dim the lights in an entire section of Philadelphia. Developed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly 
(1907-1980), ENIAC, unlike the Colossus and Mark I, was a generalpurpose computer that computed at speeds 1000 times faster than 
Mark I. 
In the mid-1940's John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the 
University of Pennsylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design that remained central to computer for the next 40 years. Von 
Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a stored program 
as well as data. This «stored memory» technique as well as the «conditional control transfer», that allowed the computer to be stopped at 
any point and then resumed, allowed for greater versatility in computer programming. 
The key element to the von Neumann architecture was the central processing unit, which allowed all computer functions to be coor

dinated through a single source. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal 
Automatic Computer), built by Remington Rand, became one of the 
first commercially available computers to take advantage of these advances. Both the U.S. Census Bureau and General Electric owned 
UNIVACs, one of UNIVAC's impressive early achievements was 
predicting the winner of the 1952 presidential election, Dwight D. Eisenhower. 
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that 
operating instructions were made-to-order for the specific task for 
which the computer was to be used. Each computer had a different binary-coded program called a machine language that told it how to operate. This made the computer difficult to program and limited its versatility and speed. Other distinctive features of first generation computers were the use of vacuum tubes (responsible for their breathtaking size) and magnetic drums for data storage. 
 
Vocabulary 
Оnset – начало 
To exploit – эксплуатировать, использовать 
To fund – финансировать 
To hasten – торопить, ускорять 
Missile –ракета, реактивный снаряд 
To make great strides – делать большие успехи 
To decode – расшифровать 
Impact – влияние 
Chart – морская карта 
Wiring – электропроводка 
Inflexible – негибкий 
To resume – возобновлять 
Equation – математическое уравнение 
Versatility – многосторонность 
Binary – двойной 
 
 
 

VI. Translate the following words and phrases. Learn their 
pronunciation 
Industry, achievement, sequences of calculations, basic arithmetic, complex  equations, to spur, to consume, processing, binary-coded 
program, data storage, vacuum tubes, distinctive features. 
 
VII. Give Russian equivalents of 
Potential strategic importance, a secret code-breaking computer, 
a general-purpose computer, ballistic charts, «stored memory» technique, «conditional control transfer». 
 
VIII. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents 
1. Development  
 
 
a) достижение 
2. Missile   
 
 
 
в) влияние 
3. Impact   
 
 
 
с) правительство 
4. Message  
 
 
 
d) источник 
5. Achievement   
 
 
e) развитие 
6. Government   
 
 
f) данные 
7. Data  
 
 
 
 
g) сообщение 
8. Source   
 
 
 
h) снаряд 
 
IX. Answer the questions 
1. What was done to hasten technical progress during the Second 
world War? 
2. Who succeeded in producing an all-electronic calculator? 
3. What deficiencies did it have? 
4. What did the Electronic Numeral Integrator and computer 
(ENIAC) consist of? How did it look like? 
5. What was the main difference between ENIAC, the Colossus 
and Mark 1? 
6. Who used the “stored memory” technique? 
7. What was the key element to the Von Neumann architecture? 
8. What was the first commercially available computer? 
9. What was one of INIVAC’s impressive achievements? 
10. What were first generation computers characterized by? 
What distinctive features did they have?