Практическая грамматика для студентов-бакалавров первого курса

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
РОСТОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ (РИНХ)
Казанская Е.В., Мартыненко Е.В., Козубенко А.Е.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ-БАКАЛАВРОВ
ПЕРВОГО КУРСА
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
Ростов-на-Дону
Издательско-полиграфический комплекс РГЭУ (РИНХ)
2022

УДК 811.111 (075)
ББК 81.43англ
К 14
Авторы:
Казанская Евгения Владимировна, к.филол.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков
для экономических специальностей РГЭУ (РИНХ);
Мартыненко Елена Владимировна, ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
для экономических специальностей РГЭУ (РИНХ);
Козубенко Анна Евгеньевна, ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
для экономических специальностей РГЭУ (РИНХ)
Казанская, Е.В.
К 14
Практическая грамматика для студентов-бакалавров первого курса (по
направлению «экономика»)
: учебное
пособие /
Е.В.
Казанская,
Е.В. Мартыненко, А.Е. Козубенко. – Ростов-на-Дону : Издательскополиграфический комплекс РГЭУ (РИНХ), 2022. – 72 с.
ISBN 978-5-7972-3014-4
Учебное 
пособие 
обеспечивает 
углубленный 
и 
всесторонне
проработанный подход к освоению теоретического и практического материала
по грамматике английского языка у бакалавров экономических специальностей,
что обеспечивает грамотное владение устной и письменной речью.
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов бакалавриата по
направлению «экономика».
УДК 811.111 (075)
ББК 81.43англ
Рецензенты:
Мельник А.Д., к.филол.н., доцент кафедры «Научно технический перевод
и профессиональная коммуникация» ДГТУ;
Бачиева Р.И., к.филол.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков
для экономических специальностей РГЭУ (РИНХ)
Утверждено в качестве учебного пособия
учебно-методическим советом РГЭУ (РИНХ)
ISBN 978-5-7972-3014-4
© Ростовский государственный экономический
университет (РИНХ), 2022
© Е.В. Казанская, Е.В. Мартыненко, А.Е. Козубенко, 2022

CONTENT
The Present Sentences..........................................................................4
The Present Continuous .......................................................................5
The Present Simple...............................................................................8
The Past Simple....................................................................................14
The Past Continuous.............................................................................21
The Perfect Tenses ...............................................................................26
The Present Perfect...............................................................................26
The Past Perfect....................................................................................32
Future Forms ........................................................................................42
Indirect Speech.....................................................................................51
Additional tasks to work on Grammar.................................................66

The Present Sentences
The Present Continuous
Notes on the continuous aspect
1. The continuous aspect implies that the activity is temporary, of
limited duration; moreover, it need not be complete.
I've cooked the dinner. (The dinner is ready to eat.)
I've been cooking the dinner. (Maybe the dinner is not ready to eat yet.)
The author wrote a book ten years ago. (The book was completed.)
The author was writing a book ten years ago. (Maybe he didn't finish it.)
2. The continuous aspect suggests movement towards a change of state,
but not necessarily completion of the change.
Example: The man was dying… but the emergency operation saved him.
3. The continuous aspect is normally taken by verbs which express
activities and processes.
Normally speaking, verbs which express the activities of the senses
(taste, see, etc); which express states of feelings or of mind (hate,
forget); which express relationships or states of being (be, own, consist
of) do not take the continuous aspect. See section B 2, note 3.
Examples: This food tastes salty. I hate prejudice. It consists of five
circles. I own a house.
4. The continuous aspect can be taken by the verb 'to be' when it refers to
a kind of deliberate behaviour: He's being devilish (acting like a devil).
John's being difficult (showing obstinacy).
5. Other verbs normally only used in the present simple can be used in the
present continuous if they have an active meaning: I'm having (eating)
breakfast; She's seeing (meeting) him at nine.

The Present Continuous
Summary of the uses of the present continuous tense:
1.
Temporary present: the activity is of limited duration.
The sun is shining (=now). The sun shines relentlessly in Africa (=in
general).
The birds are singing. They sing every day.
They're living in a tent (for a short time). They live a in a tent (they can't
afford a house).
2.
Temporary habit: limited duration combined with repeated action.
He's cooking for himself while his family is away.
John's cycling to work while his car is being repaired.
3.
With "always", there is usually an implication of disapproval.
He's always smoking. (l don't like it.)
An invitation
I was just leaving my office when the telephone rang.
I very nearly slammed the office door behind me and let it. I go on ringing,
but I walked back and picked up the receiver. Immediately I wished I
hadn't. It was Campbell, an ex-colleague of mine and someone I had
heartily detested.
"Is that you, James?" he asked in his incredibly fruity public-school accent.
All my friends called me "Jim".
"Speaking," I replied, as frostily as I could.
"This is Robert. Are you doing anything special this evening?"
"Not particularly, no," was my guarded reply.
"Well, I'm having a small party round at my flat. Do come along if you've
got a few minutes. I'm thinking of inviting the Heseltines – I know you're
dying to meet them."

You've got a nerve, I thought. Throwing parties at the Heseltines at the
drop of a hat! He was right, of course, about my wanting to meet the
Heseltines, and he was the sort of person who could invite people at the
last moment and still get them to come.
"Thank you, Bob", I replied. "I'll be there round about eight. I'm having the
just going round to the garage to pick it up."
"Fine. Don't be too late, though," he whined in his usual patronizing voice.
"We're having a sit-down meal after a cocktail or two and we won't be
waiting for anyone who arrives late."
That was too much for me. exploded. "Listen, Bob. You're always
behaving as yet you're forever asking people to do you favours and help
you out. You can stuff your bloody party!" was a second or two of pained
silence before he replied.
"Aren't you being a bit hasty, old boy? Patrick Heseltine is a very
influential man. He could help you a lot." He was right. and I knew it.
I swallowed my pride for the umpteenth time.
"I'm sorry, Bob. I've had a hard day. I'd love to come to your party. See
you at about eight, then."
Looking at the grammar:
Look at the text again and underline all the verbs the way they are used
and present continuous verbs. List them in groups according to explain
their usage.
Then look at any other continuous verb forms (not gerunds or participles)
in the text and explain why they are used.
Practice
1.
The verb "to have" is used in the causative construction to describe a
service which another person performs for you, often in return for
payment. The construction is: to have + object + past participle. "Get"
is sometimes used instead of "have" especially in informal English.
Example: I always have my car washed. Do you? I don't wash my car
myself.

You can use "to have" in all tenses, including continuous forms, in this
way.
Complete the following sentences with the right form of the verb "to have"
using the causative:
1. The window was broken, so I… it repaired yesterday.
2. Your hair is very long. You should ... it cut.
3. His car looks nice and clean! He... it washed recently?
4. Our TV has broken down. My father ... tomorrow.
5. Do you type all your letters yourself or ...?
6. We can go for a drive after I ... the car
7. I'm afraid the living-room is in a bit of a mess. We ... it redecorated at
the moment.
8. The building collapsed while the owners … it renovated.
9. After she … her face lifted she asked the cosmetician to do something
about her figure.
10. He… his illness treated for several years before he discovered that the
doctor had diagnosed it wrongly.
2.
The verb "to have" often replaces other verbs, especially in spoken
English.
Make up sentences using "to have" in order to:
wish somebody a nice time
say why you can't answer the phone
describe a wonderful meal
explain why you went to a friend's house last night
etc.
How many different verbs can you replace with "to have?"
Find a synonym for "have" in each case.

The Present Simple
1. For what happens regularly.
2. With adverbs and phrases of frequency (often, never, sometimes etc.)
3. With verbs that express a STATE or FEELING, not an ACTION.
4. With verbs of possession.
5. When you are talking about things that always happen or are always true.
Some further uses
6. With future plans which involve timetables e.g. when you are taking a
train or plane that always leaves at the same time every day
Examples:
Our plane leaves at 9.30
tomorrow.
We arrive at 6.15.
The concert begins at 8.00.
(as it does every day)
(according to the timetable)
(according to the programme)
7. Instead of one of the future tenses where the reference to the future is in
the form of an order or a definite instruction
Examples:
We meet at the bus station at 10 a.m. (instruction)
We are meeting at the bus station at 10 a.m. (plan)
8. To give dramatic effect, especially when the individual actions are short
Examples:
(Football commentator) "Keegan passes the ball to Wilson. Wilson beats
one
defender – another – a third! He shoots! Goal!!"
(Colloquial English) "So I say(s) to him: 'Mind your own business'. And
do you know what he does? (He) Hits me on the nose!"
(Stage instructions) The detective enters left and sits down at the desk.