Английский язык профессионального общения для аспирантов

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ  
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 
 
РОСТОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ  
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ (РИНХ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Васичкина О.Н., Самарская С.В. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК  
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ  
ДЛЯ АСПИРАНТОВ 
 
 
Учебное пособие 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ростов-на-Дону 
Издательско-полиграфический комплекс РГЭУ (РИНХ) 
2018 
 

УДК 811.111 (075) 
ББК 81.2Англ 
      В 19 
 
Васичкина, О.Н. 
В 19 
Английский язык профессионального общения для аспирантов : учеб. 
пособие / О.Н. Васичкина, С.В. Самарская. – Ростов н/Д: Издательскополиграфический комплекс РГЭУ (РИНХ), 2018. – 77 с.  
ISBN 978-5-7972-2515-7 
 
Данное учебное пособие включает практические материалы для проведения занятий по дисциплине «Английский язык профессионального общения» 
на продвинутом уровне и ориентировано на аспирантов направления «Экономика». Цель пособия – актуализировать знания норм, стереотипов и правил речевого поведения, принятых у представителей научного международного сообщества, а также сформировать умения и навыки устного и письменного 
предъявления информации по теме научного исследования. 
Учебное пособие построено на модульном принципе обучения и состоит 
из двух модулей, в которых описываются особенности научного стиля речи и 
научно-профессиональной коммуникации на английском языке. Предложенные 
аутентичные материалы и лексико-грамматические задания дают возможность 
аспирантам овладеть различными речевыми стратегиями и тактиками устного и 
письменного предъявления информации; понимать общее содержание сложных 
научно-профессиональных текстов на абстрактные и конкретные темы. 
Рекомендуется для студентов аспирантуры и магистратуры, изучающих 
английский язык профессионального общения по направлению «Экономика».  
 
УДК 811.111 (075) 
ББК 81.2Англ 
Рецензенты:  
Гринченко Л.В., доцент кафедры теории и практики английского языка  
ИФЖиМКК ЮФУ 
Барабанова И.Г., к.ф.н., доцент кафедры лингвистики и журналистики РГЭУ 
(РИНХ) 
 
Утверждено в качестве учебного пособия редакционно-издательским советом 
Ростовского государственного экономического университета (РИНХ). 
 
ISBN 978-5-7972-2515-7 
 
 
 Ростовский государственный  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
экономический университет  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(РИНХ), 2018  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Васичкина, О.Н.,  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Самарская С.В., 2018 
 
 

INTRODUCTION 
 
Nowadays it is impossible to imagine our life without science and 
technology. Much attention is paid to scientific development at the level of 
higher education. The English language proved to be the main means of 
communication in the field of research, development and science. That is 
why graduate and postgraduate students have to understand the bulk of information that is provided in English. This textbook can be regarded a 
guide to reading scientific texts in various sciences, particularly in Economics. The textbook consists of 2 modules:  
MODULE I. Special features of the scientific style of English language. 
Unit I. Scientific style of speech 
Unit II. Stylistic features of scientific speech 
Unit III. Lexical features of scientific speech 
Unit IV. Grammar features of scientific speech 
Unit V. Comparison of scientific (formal) style with informal 
MODULE II. Writing for scientific purposes. 
Unit I. Rendering an article 
Unit II. Writing a summary 
Unit III. Writing a research report 
Unit IV. Defending  a thesis 
Each module contains valuable information for graduates and postgraduates about communicative skills needed in the field of presenting 
their research as well as tasks for development of skills of the thesis writing and tasks providing reading comprehension, vocabulary work with scientific and professional articles. The texts are selected in the way as to 
make all graduates and postgraduates get interested in the topics discussed, 
irrespective of their specialty and qualification. These recommendations 
will be quite useful in preparatory course for passing postgraduate exam in 
English and for graduates and postgraduates all success possible in their 
researches, theses and scientific careers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

MODULE I 
SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE SCIENTIFIC STYLE  
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
UNIT I  
SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF SPEECH 
Before proceeding to the consideration of the features of scientific 
and business styles of speech, first of all, it is advisable to turn to the definition of the concept of "style". 
There are several main interpretations of this term. 
1. Style as a generally accepted manner, the norm of speech, a typified way of its implementation. 
2. Style as an individual way of speech expression. In this regard, we 
talk about the style of a particular person, a scientist, a writer. 
3. Functional style is a historically developed, socially conscious 
speech variety, which has a specific character, formed as a result of the 
implementation of special principles of selection and combination of language means. As a rule, it corresponds to a particular socially significant 
sphere of communication and activity, correlating with a certain form of 
consciousness. 
Scientific style is used in the sphere of science, that is, the sphere of 
human activity, whose function is to develop and theoretically comprehend 
objective knowledge about reality. As a way of mastering reality, science 
is characterized by the desire for the most generalized, objective, impersonal knowledge. 
Characteristic features of the scientific style 
The scientific style has a number of common features, which are 
manifested regardless of the nature of certain Sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and differences between the genres of expression: monograph, 
scientific article, abstracts of an article, summary of an article, report, textbook, etc.). It makes it possible to talk about the specific features of the 
style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, 
texts on Physics, chemistry and mathematics differ markedly in nature 
from those on Philology, Economics or History. 
Science seeks to reveal the objective nature of the subject, to show 
what it is outside and regardless of the person, his feelings and emotions, 
desires. Therefore, the style-forming beginning of all scientific works is 
the logical sequence of presentation; they are not oriented  on the emotion

al and sensual perception, but, first of all, on the logical one, the desire for 
maximum objectivity. Today logical rigor, objectivity, consistency and accuracy of presentation, standardization, uniformity, a kind of clichés of 
means of expression are considered to be the generally accepted characteristics of the scientific style. 
All researchers of scientific style show the unity of opinion that scientific style is characterized by logical sequence of the statement, the ordered system of communications between parts of the statement, aspiration 
of authors to accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity at preservation of saturation of the content. Let us clarify what is behind these terms. 
Logic is the existence of semantic links between consecutive units. 
The sequence has only such a text, in which they follow from each other, 
they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the General or 
from the General to the particular. 
Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, implies clarity, accessibility. In terms of accessibility, scientific, educational and non-academic texts 
differ in material and in the way in which they are presented in the language. 
Precision of scientific language refers to the unambiguity of understanding, the lack of differences between the signified concept and its definition. Therefore, in scientific texts, as a rule, there are no figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in direct meaning, a large frequency of using them also contributes to the uniqueness of the text. 
Strict requirements for the accuracy required for a scientific text, impose restrictions of using a figurative language: metaphors, epithets, comparisons, etc. Sometimes these tools can penetrate into scientific work, as 
scientific style is committed not only to precision, but also to the credibility of evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary for the realization of the requirement of clarity, plainness of narration. 
Emotionality in a scientific style, like expressiveness, requires an objective, "intellectual" presentation of scientific data; it is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can cause 
certain feelings of a reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the 
author, but as a result of the awareness of scientific fact. However scientific discovery affects regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of the scientific work does not always abandon the emotional and 
evaluative attitude to the events and facts presented. The desire for limited 

use of the author's "I" is not a tribute to etiquette but the manifestation of 
abstract-generalized style features of scientific speech, reflecting the scientific form of thinking. 
Summarizing the above-mentioned, the specific features of the scientific style can be represented as the following scheme (see fig. 1). 
 
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE 
General 
(primary) 
Private 
(secondary, derivatives) 
           Abstractness 
Generality 
Emphasized logic 
Terminology 
 
Accuracy 
Objectivity 
Strictness 
Non-resoluteness 
Uniqueness 
Standardness 
Valuation 
Clarity 
Briefness 
Figure1. Specific features of the scientific style 
 
Tasks and exercises 
1. Read and translate the texts and decide what type of genres they 
belong (a scientific article, an abstract of an article, a summary of an article, a report). Prove you choice. 
A.WHAT IS ECONOMICS?  
Human beings have lots of wants. Our striving to improve our material well-being, to «make a living», is the concern of economics. More 
specifically, economics is the study of the behavior of human beings in 
producing, distributing and consuming material goods and services. 
In order to produce anything, we need resources, or factors of production – land, labor, and capital (buildings and machinery). Factors of 
production are used to produce final goods and services which satisfy our 
material wants. And this is done through the organizational mechanism 
which we call the economic system or economy. Unfortunately, the quantity of available resources is limited. We cannot produce everything we 
want in the quantities we desire. Resources are scarce relative to our desires. Scarcity is a basic fact of economic life. So, economics is concerned 
with the efficient use of scarce resources in the production of goods and 
services to satisfy material wants and the economy means a system for the 
management, use and control of the money, goods and other resources of a 
country, community or household. 

Understanding how various economies work is the basic purpose of 
studying economics. We want to know how an economy is organized, how 
it behaves, and how successfully it achieves its basic objectives. What do 
economists do? They formulate economic principles which are useful in 
setting policies designed to solve economic problems. The economists 
gather facts which are relevant to a particular problem or specific segment 
of the economy. This task is sometimes called descriptive or empirical 
economics. The generalizations stated by economists are called «principles», «theories», «laws», or «models». Principles and theories – the end 
result of economic analysis – bring order and meaning to a number of facts 
by tying these facts together, putting them in correct relationship to one 
another, generalizing upon them. The task of economic theory or «economic analysis» is the derivation of these principles. Economic principles 
are particularly valuable in formulating economic policy designed to solve 
problems and control undesirable events. 
 
B. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TRADE 
The article is headlined “The Political Economy of Trade: A Preliminary View”. It is from the book International Economics. The extract addresses the problem of two ways on looking at trade policy. The first one: 
what should the government do to provide optimal trade policy? And the 
second: what are governments likely to do in practice? 
The author points out that the income distribution effects of trade are 
important to the first way of looking at the issue and are crucial to the second. Then a discussion how to make trade policy optimal follows. The 
author writes that in homogeneous economy free international trade serves 
the government's objective. But when people are not exactly alike the government's problem is less well defined. It must somehow weigh one person's gain against another person's loss. 
The author states that some groups need special treatment because 
they are already relatively poor. So the question is raised: should trade be 
allowed only if it doesn't hurt lower-income people? The author admits 
that in spite of the real importance of income distribution, most economists 
are in favor of free trade. He says about three main reasons why economists do not generally stress the income distribution effects of trade: 
1. Income distribution effects are not specific to international trade.  
2. All modern industrial countries provide some sort of "safety net" 
of income support that can compensate the losses of groups hurt by trade. 

3. Those who stand to lose from increased trade are typically better 
organized than those who stand to gain. So the traditional role of economists is to strongly support free trade, pointing to the overall gains. 
The author comes to the conclusion that it is more important to stress 
the potential gains from trade than the possible losses to some groups in a 
country. 
 
C. PURPOSES OF ACCOUNTING 
This abstract is devoted to the definition of the accounting system 
purposes. It is said that the accounting system is the most credible, quantitative information system, which can be found in almost every organization. The main four purposes of providing such information are defined in 
this abstract: three of them are internal purposes and the fourth is external 
one. The first and the second purposes are designed for routine reporting to 
managers for cost planning and on profitability of business performing. It 
is underlined that this information is necessary for making decisions on resource allocation and on pricing. The third purpose is non-routine one. It is 
providing information for strategic and tactical decisions on matters such 
as formulating overall policies. The fourth purpose is defined as external 
reporting through financial statements to investors, government and others 
about income and inventory costs. Also in this abstract it is stressed that 
different ways of reporting the data are required for each purpose and accountants should combine these data to answer the questions of the broadest set of users.  
 
D. The gig economy is actually smaller than it used to be, Labor Department says 
The so-called gig economy is actually slightly smaller than it used to 
be, according to a new Labor Department report released Thursday that 
chronicles the jobs market in the age of Uber. 
In May 2017,  the Labor Department counted 5.9 million people , or 
3.8% of workers, in what it calls contingent jobs, which are those that the 
workers don‟t expect to last or that workers call temporary. In 2005, the 
last time the government looked into the issue; there were 4.1% of workers 
who classified themselves this way. 
“Taken at face value, the results indicate that the role of nontraditional work arrangements in the U.S. economy has remained largely 
unchanged during the past 20 years, even as excitement and media cover