Английский язык

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ 
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 
 
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ 
 
РОСТОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ 
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «РИНХ» 
 
 
 
 
 
Васичкина О.Н., Локтева С.И. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК 
 
 
Учебное пособие 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ростов-на-Дону 
2006 

УДК 42(075) 
В 19 
 
Васичкина О.Н., Локтева С.И. Английский язык: Учебное пособие / РГЭУ 
«РИНХ». – Ростов-н/Д., 2006. – 232 с. 
ISBN 5-7972-1020-7 
 
 
Учебное пособие подготовлено для студентов 2-х курсов юридических 
специальностей, факультетов и вузов. В него включены основные сведения по 
грамматике, сборник грамматических упражнений, дополнительный материал 
для чтения по специальности и словарь юридических терминов. Основной материал содержит тексты с разнообразными упражнениями (смысловыми, логическими, творческими). Тексты основаны на фактическом материале, журнальных 
статьях, документах и т.д. 
Пособие позволяет развить и закрепить навыки чтения, перевода, устного 
и письменного изложения профессиональных материалов. Может быть использовано в комплексе с другими учебными пособиями, отвечающими конечным 
целям обучения. 
 
 
Рецензенты: Косоножкина Л.В., Агабабян С.Р. 
 
 
 
 
 
Утверждено в качестве учебного пособия редакционно-издательским советом РГЭУ «РИНХ». 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ISBN 5-7972-1020-7 
 
© РГЭУ «РИНХ», 2006 
© Васичкина О.Н., Локтева С.И., 2006 
 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 
 
ВВЕДЕНИЕ  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
UNIT 1. From the history of British law 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
UNIT 2. The court system of England and Wakes  
 
 
 
8 
UNIT 3. The bodies of government in the UK  
 
 
 
 
13 
UNIT 4. People in law cases in Great Britain types of legal professions   
17 
UNIT 5. Precedent in English law  
 
 
 
 
 
 
22 
UNIT 6. Criminal law   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26 
UNIT 7. Criminal courts  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31 
UNIT 8. Civil courts 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
36 
UNIT 9. Us government   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
42 
UNIT 10. Branches of the federal government 
 
 
 
 
45 
UNIT 11. The court system in the USA 
 
 
 
 
 
48 
UNIT 12. The supreme court  
 
 
 
 
 
 
52 
UNIT 13. The police service in Great Britain  
 
 
 
 
56 
UNIT 14. Police work in the USA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
61 
UNIT 15. Criminal justice process in the USA 
 
 
 
 
65 
UNIT 16. System of punishment in Great Britain   
 
 
 
70 
UNIT 17. Evidence 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
76 
UNIT 18. International law 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
82 
UNIT 19. The fight against drug traffic 
 
 
 
 
 
85 
UNIT 20. Business and law in the UK 
 
 
 
 
 
91 
 
TEXT FOR READING, TRANSLATION AND SUNNING UP  
 
101 
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ НА ПОВТОРЕНИЕ И ЗАКРЕПЛЕНИЕ  
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА   
 
 
 
 
117 
ТЕСТЫ  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
124 
КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ НА ПОВТОРЕНИЕ  
И ЗАКРЕПЛЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА  
 
139 
КЛЮЧИ К ТЕСТАМ   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
143 
КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК   
 
 
144 
 
VOCABULARY   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
197 
RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY  
 
 
 
 
 
209 
 
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК 
 
 
 
 
 
230 
 

ВВЕДЕНИЕ 
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2-х курсов 
юридических вузов и факультетов, а также рассчитан на широкую аудиторию 
специалистов, самостоятельно изучающих английский язык. 
В соответствии с требованиями Государственных программ Российской Федерации по профессиональной подготовке студентов-юристов высших учебных и специальных заведений учебное пособие ставит своей целью сформировать у обучаемых 
навыки и умения самостоятельного чтения оригинальной литературы по специальности, умение быстро извлекать необходимую информацию в пределах проработанной 
тематики, вести беседу, используя специальную юридическую терминологию, аннотировать и реферировать текст юридического профиля в оригинале. 
При составлении  пособия авторы руководствовались следующими принципами: 
– предоставить преподавателю возможность обучения студентов и слушателей с различным уровнем знаний; 
– подавать материал с учетом возникающих языковых трудностей; 
– обеспечивать как самостоятельную работу обучаемых, так и контроль 
уровня усвоения материала преподавателем; 
– расположение разделов грамматической части не обязывает к определенной 
последовательности их изучения (хотя и желательно), что позволяет выборочно использовать любую тему в соответствии с традиционной программой, принятой в вузе. 
В учебное пособие включены современные аутентичные профессионально ориентированные материалы из правовых и общественно-политических источников Великобритании и США, обработанные и адаптированные для студентов юридического профиля. 
В соответствии с требованиями учебных программ юридических вузов учебное пособие строится по принципам комплексности и интенсивности с применением новейших материалов, средств и методов преподавания. Комплексный подход и 
междисциплинарные связи позволяют учитывать степень знакомства с обсуждаемой проблематикой на родном языке. Интенсивность достигается за счет предоставления разнообразных текстов и заданий различного объема и степени сложности в пределах одного раздела (Unit). Современные методы дают возможность последовательно провести студентов по разделам специальной лексики, сформировать основные навыки работы с литературой по специальности и использовать полученные знания для беседы и дискуссии на изученные темы. 
Пособие позволяет обучать студентов с различным уровнем знаний и 
обеспечивает широкие возможности аудиторной и самостоятельной работы. 
Правовая лексика водится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях и находит свое применение в дискуссиях и ролевых играх. 
Учебное пособие состоит из 20 юнитов, хрестоматии, грамматического 
справочника и словаря юридических терминов. 
Хрестоматия содержит материал для дополнительного изучения, включающий выдержки из оригиналов правовых документов, биографии великих 
философов права, и другие материалы. 
Материалы данного учебного пособия прошли апробацию на занятиях со студентами различных групп и уровней юридического факультета РГЭУ «РИНХ». 

UNIT 1. FROM THE HISTORY OF BRITISH LAW 
 
1. Read and translate the text. 
In the Western world to-day there are countless systems of law, but, broadly 
speaking, they arise from either of two roots – the Roman Law, or the English Law. 
The English Common Law is native to Britain, but has sprung forth in the United 
States, in Australia, New Zealand and most of Canada, whereas Scotland, the Continent and South Africa have all taken strong doses of Roman Law. 
It is very curious that the Romans should have left their trace on the English 
Language and Landscape, but railed to affect their law. 
The next influence on English Law was the formidable William the Conqueror 
(XIth century). The English king Henry II (XIIth century) influenced the English Law 
greatly. To him England owes the Assizes and the jury system as a regular mode of trial. 
In its early form the jury was a selected body of men who were obliged on oath «to present» for trial all the people in their district who committed crimes. The jury system became more firmly established and trial by jury became compulsory. 
The Court of Chancery was established under the Statute of Westminster II 
(XIIIth century). The Chancellor was at first the King’s secretary. The Court of Chancery dealt with civil matters in Equity. 
Relations between Common Law and Chancery Courts grew worse. After the 
Napoleonic Wars a new Common Court of Appeal was established. Various acts 
tended to one thing, the fusion of the courts. This was finally achieved by the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875. There was to be one Supreme Court, consisting of the 
Court of Appeal and the High Court. For convenience it was divided into three Divisions-Chancery, Queen’s Bench and Probate, Divorce and Admiralty. The age-old 
struggle between Law and Equity was put to rest. 
The highest court in the land to-day is the House of Lords. In theory, any peer sitting in the House may take part in an appeal. It is a custom that only those in the Lords 
holding high judicial office may do so. 
Common Law crimes were divided into two classes: felonies (the more serious) 
and misdemeanors (less grave). All felonies were punishable with death. As public 
opinion cried out against such cruelty, capital punishment was abolished for hundreds 
of offences and in 1965 it was abolished altogether. 
 
2. Answer the following questions. 
1. What are the two main roots of Law in the Western World? 2. In which countries did the English Common Law spring forth? 3. Did the European countries take a 
lot from the English Common Law or from the Roman Law? 4. Why couldn’t the Roman influence the English Law? 5. When did the Normans conquer England? 6. Who 
influenced the English Law greatly? 7. What court system does England owe to Henry 
II? 8. The jury system was established in the XIIth century, wasn’t it? 9. What was the 
jury in its early form? 10. Whom did the jury present for trial? 11. Did the trial by jury 
become compulsory for England? 12. When was the Court of Chancery established? 
13. When was the Statute of Westminster II adopted? 14. What was the Chancellor at 

first? 15. Did the Court of Chancery deal with criminal or civil matters? 16. Did the 
Court of Chancery deal with civil matters in Equity or in Common Law? 17. When 
was the new Common Law Court of Appeal established? 18. When was the fusion of 
the courts achieved? 19. What did the Supreme Court consist of? 20. How was the 
High Court divided in the XIXth century? 21. Was the struggle between Law and Equity put to rest after the Judicature Acts? 22. What is the Highest court in England? 23. 
What members of Parliament may take part in an appeal? 24. Into what classes were 
Common Law crimes divided? 25. Which of the crimes are more serious? 26. Which 
of the crimes are less grave? 27. What crimes were punishable with death? 28. Why 
did public opinion cry out against capital punishment? 29. When was capital punishment abolished altogether? 30. How many offences were punishable with death?   
 
3. Give Russian equivalents: 
abolish, law, jury system, trial, to accuse, deal with, oblige, establish, to commit 
a crime, to offend, offence, an appeal, high judicial office, felonies, misdemeanors, 
capital punishment. 
 
4. Pick from the text all the word combinations with the following words and 
give their Russian equivalents: 
trial, opinion, judicature, crivae, court, law, division, punishment. 
5. Put the verbs in the right tense and voice form:  
to reflect, to be, to unite, to apply, to place, to give, to base, to be likely, to be, to 
begin, to call, to contain, to be, to exist. 
 
Common Law 
In the Anglo-Saxon period (roughly, from the fifth to the eleventh century) the 
principles, applied in local courts broadly the customs of local communities as declared by the freemen of those communities, who the judges of the courts. After the 
Norman conquest in 1066, the King’s judges gradually the different local customs into 
a single body of general principles which they uniformly, first during their periodic 
circuits through the shires and later at their meetings in London to hear cases at the 
royal courts. The judges great reliance on previous judgements given in similar cases a 
practice which rise to the doctrine of judical precedent upon which all law in England, 
other than legislation. It that the necessary information at first passed from one judge 
to another through personal contact, but towards the end of the thirteenth century some 
unknown persons to note down and circulate the ruling of judges both on circuit and in 
the royal courts and also the arguments of the pleaders, as barristers then. These notes 
in Year Books, which the period 1283 to 1535 and the forerunners of the published 
Law Reports that in one form or another for more than 400 years. 
 
6. Choose the right answer. 
1. In the Western world law arises from: 
a) the Roman Law; 
b) the English Common Law; 

c) the Napoleonic Code.  
2. The great influence on English law was excercised by: 
a) the Roman Law; 
b) William the Conqueror; 
c) Henry II. 
3. The Court of Chancery was leaded by: 
a) the king; 
b) the Chancellor; 
c) the Lords. 
4. The Judicature Acts of 1873: 
a) abolished old Chancery Courts; 
b) established the Supreme Court; 
c) divided the Supreme Court into three divisions.  
5. The highest court of Appeal in England today is: 
a) the High Court; 
b) the Supreme Court; 
c) the House of Lords. 
 
7.  Choose the suitable word and translate the sentences into Russian. 
1. There are (few, a lot of, countless) systems of law in Europe and Africa. 2. 
(Roman, Greek, Arab) law influenced the Continent greatly. 3. Romans failed to (influence, abolish, affect) the English Law. 4. The jury system became (unnecessary, 
compulsory, obligatory) in England and America. 5. The fusion of the courts was 
(made, achieved, reached) in the XIXth century. 6. The Court of Chancery was 
(founded, established, abolished) in the XIIIth century. 7. Public opinion cried out 
against (capital punishment, imprisonment, fines). 8. The Court (fined, punished, set 
free) the offender severely. 9. What is the best way of (treating, dealing with), educating young criminals? 
 
8. Read the text and discuss it in the form of a dialogue. 
Madame Tussaud’s 
Madame Tussaud’s is the best known and most visited waxwork exhibition in 
the world.  
In the Chamber of Horrors which is a part of Madame Tussaud’s every exhibit deals with 
the subject of crime and punishment – it is a rogues gallery of dangerous and evil criminals. 
In a dark, dank Victorian street, where Jack the Ripper stalked his prey, the torn and 
twisted body of one of his victims, Cathrine Eddowes, lies mutilated in a pool of blood. 
Jack the Ripper was never brought to justice but others were, villains and murderers who met their ends by guillotine, gallows or garrotte. 
Madame Tussaud first arrived in England in 1802 from Germany, where she 
was born in 1761. She brought with her gruesome souvenirs of the French Revolution, 
the instruments of death and death masks of their victims. The death masks of Louis 
XVI and Marie Antoinette are still on display next to the very guillotine blade that beheaded the French queen. 

More recent means of execution include the firing squad and the electric chair. 
American murderer Gary Cilmore is seen facing a hail of bullets. Bruno Hauptman 
electrocuted in New Jersey, USA in 1936 can be seen here too. 
Acid-bath murderer John George Haigh who killed at least nine people and disposed of the bodies in an acid bath, stands in the clothes he wore before his execution. 
Many prisoners or their relatives bequeathed or sold the clothes or some items which 
belonged to the murderers to dress their portraits at Madame Tussaud’s. 
And the «Brides in the Bath» George Joseph Smith leans over a victim in the 
actual bathtub in which he drowned his well-insured brides. 
Notorious mass-murderer John Christie is at work in a replica of the tiny West 
London kitchen where he concealed the bodies of three of the seven women he killed. 
Contemporary criminals in Britain no longer face the death penalty – instead 
they must spend years behind bars. The exhibition shows a bleak modern prison block 
with contemporary murderers standing before their cells. 
Guy Thorne’s 1912 description of the murderers in the Chamber of Horrors is 
still true today: «Row upon row of faces which differ in every way one from another 
and yet are dreadfully alike. For these great sinister dolls, so unreal and so real, have 
all a likeness. The smirk of cruelty and cunning seems to lie upon their waxen masks. 
Colder than life, far colder than death they give forth emanations which strike the very 
heart with woe and desolation». 
 
9. Agree or dis agree and support your point. 
1. All criminals look very much alike. 
2. Death penalty is in law in Russian. 
3. Death penalty should be abolished in every country. 
 
UNIT 2. THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND  
               AND WALES 
 
1. Read and translate the text. 
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates’ 
court. There are 700 magistrates’ courts and about 30,000 magistrates. 
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches 
in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) 
are dealt with in County courts. 
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates’ 
courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The 
highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its 
own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts). Certain 
cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, 
individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights. 
The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under 
seventeen) and coroners’ courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural 

deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions 
with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between 
individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation). 
 
Magistrates’ Courts 
The 700 or so magistrates’ courts normally consist of a «bench» of three lay unpaid 
magistrates whose function is to ascertain the facts of a case and apply the law to them. 
The magistrates are advised on points of law and procedure by a clerk to the justices (or 
one of his assistants) who is normally legally qualified and is also in charge of the court’s 
administrative arrangements. Magistrates are appointed by the Lord Chancellor. 
Juvenile Courts 
Magistrates cannot usually impose a sentence of more than six months’ imprisonment or a fine exceeding ₤ 400. If an offence carries a higher maximum penalty, 
they may commit the offender for sentence to the Crown Court if they consider their 
own power inadequate. 
When hearing cases involving people under the age of 17 brought before the 
court in «care» of criminal proceedings, and when dealing with applications for the 
adoption of children, magistrates courts sit as juvenile courts, either in a different 
room or building from other courts, or at a different time; only limited publicity is allowed. If a young person under the age of 17 is charged jointly with someone of 17 or 
over, the case is heard in the ordinary magistrates’ court. If the young person is found 
guilty, that court remits the case to a juvenile court, unless it wishes to dispose of the 
case by discharge or fine. 
 
The Crown Court 
The Courts Act, 1971 transferred criminal jurisdiction to the new Crown Court. 
The Crown Court is responsible for trials of the more serious cases, the sentencing of 
offenders committed for sentence by magistrates’ courts, and appeals from magistrates’ courts. It has about 90 centres and is served by High Court judges, full-time 
«circuit judges» and part-time recorders. All contested trials in the court take place before a jury. Lay magistrates have a role to play in the court; a circuit judge or recorder 
sits with between two and four magistrates for appeals and committals for sentence 
from magistrates’ courts and may sit with magistrates to try the less important cases. 
 
2. Answer the questions. 
1. In what kinds of courts may criminal proceedings be held? 
2. What is the main difference of these courts? 
3. How long is an average waiting time for a person committed by magistrates 
for trial in the Crown Court? 
4. What are the main functions of magistrates? 
5. Whose advice  on points of law and procedure may magistrates get if it becomes necessary? 
6. Who has the right to appoint magistrates? 

7. Is it a normal practice for a magistrate to be legally qualified? 
8. What maximum term of imprisonment or a total sum of a fine can magistrate 
impose? 
9. Offenders of what age are tried by juvenile courts? 
10. What is the procedure of trying juvenile offenders? 
11. What are the duties of the Crown Court? 
12. Does the Crown Court hear the cases with or without a jury? 
 
3. Give the Russian equivalents. 
Law court, case, branches, divorce, bank raptcy, deal with, appeal, as result of 
petitions, legal system, juvenile court, offender under if, disputes between individuals, 
taxation, to assertain the facts, apply the law, administrative arrangements, six months’ 
imprisonment, a fine, exceed, commit the offender for sentence, adoption of children, 
to charge, to find smb. guilty, remit the case to…, circuit judge. 
 
4. Pick out from the text all combinations with the following words and translate them. 
 Court, to be based on, magistrate, to try, sentence, case.  
 
5. Put the verbs in the right tense and voice from: to replace, to exist, to simplify, to modernize, to act, to have, to be, to assist, to be. 
Inferior civil courts 
The County Courts. These … … since the Middle Ages, but fell in a decay until 
they … … and … be the County Courts Act, 1846, which … their procedure and 
stipulated that County Courts must in future be presided over by a judge who should 
be a barrister of at least seven years standing, appointed by the Lord Chancellor.  
As a result of the reorganization effected by the Courts Act, 1971, County Court 
judges … … … by Circuit Judges, each of whom may serve several County Courts 
and may (where necessary) move from one circuit to another. Also C.C. or High Court 
judges (and recorders) may act as Circuit Judges when directed by the Lord Chancellor: Courts Act, 1971. 
There … now over 400 County Courts in England and Wales, divided into 
sixty-four circuits, each served by a Circuit Judge (or a deputy). 
Each judge … … by a Registrar, appointed by the Lord Chancellor from solicitors of at least seven years standing. The Registrar … as Clerk of the Court and …, 
himself, limited judicial authority (in cases not involving more than ₤ 75) as well as 
substantial administrative functions. 
Registrar … a public or private officer, whose business … to keep various official or corporate records. 
 
6. Choose the right answer. 
 1. The present organization of the judicial system of Britain is based on a) the 
Courts Act, 1971, b) the Judicature Act, 1873, c) partly the Judicature Act, 1873 and 
the Courts Act, 1971.