Применение анализа по непосредственным составляющим и актуального членения в процессе перевода с китайского языка на русский

   А. В. Скворцов




  ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АНАЛИЗА
  ПО НЕПОСРЕДСТВЕННЫМ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИМ
  И АКТУАЛЬНОГО ЧЛЕНЕНИЯ
  В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПЕРЕВОДА
  С КИТАЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА РУССКИЙ




Монография









Москва

2021

УДК 811.581
ББК 81.2Кит-5
      С42

Автор:
кандидат технических наук, доцент, магистр преподавания китайского языка как иностранного, доктор литературы (^^W±; PhD;
  в России степень соответствует кандидату филологических наук) А. В. Скворцов

Рецензенты:
главный научный сотрудник Института философии РАН, доктор философских наук, профессор В. Г. Буров;
кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры китайского языка ИИЯ МГПУ и. о. заведующего кафедрой китайского языка МГПУ В. Ю. Вашкявичус

      Скворцов А. В.
С42      Применение анализа по непосредственным составляющим и ак      туального членения в процессе перевода с китайского языка на русский. Монография / А. В. Скворцов. — М.: Издательский дом ВКН, 2021. — 428 с.
      ISBN 978-5-907086-65-4

        Настоящая монография посвящена применению анализа по непосредственным составляющим и актуального членения в процессе перевода с китайского языка на русский. Перевод предложений на китайском языке максимально формализуется. При построении деревьев предложений используется анализ от малого к большому, то есть от отдельных лексем к группам подлежащего и сказуемого. Эта методика последовательно применяется для: 1) перевода предложений на древнекитайском языке доциньского периода, заимствованных из таких произведений, как «Лунь юй», «Мэн-цзы», «Лао-цзы», «Чжуан-цзы», «Сюнь-цзы», а также «Янь-цзы чунь цю»; 2) анализа параллелизма и перевода на русский язык танских стихотворений (авторы — Ду Фу и Бо Цзюйи); 3) перевода предложений на современном китайском языке, заимствованных из ежегодника газеты «Жэньминь жибао» (2014).
        Используемая в настоящей работе методика позволяет разрешать трудности перевода, вызванные тем, что: 1) один или несколько членов предложения выражены предикативным словосочетанием; 2) предложение содержит большое количество параллельных (сочинительных) словосочетаний; 3) глагольно-объектное словосочетание содержит распространенное определение к объекту; 4) предложение содержит несколько придаточных частей с разными видами связи; 5) синтаксический и семантический анализ дает результаты, противоречащие друг другу; 6) дословный перевод не соответствует нормам русского языка.
        Вторая часть работы посвящена использованию теории актуального членения для семантического анализа и перевода избранных новелл сборника «Ляо чжай чжи и» (автор Пу Сунлин). Соотнесение рассматриваемого нами сверхфразового единства с той или иной тема-рематической прогрессией позволяет восстанавливать опущенные в нем темы, не прибегая для этого к переводу текста первоисточника на современный китайский язык.
        Книга предназначена для магистрантов и аспирантов, занятых исследованиями в области синтаксиса китайского языка, а также для лиц, желающих овладеть тонкостями перевода с китайского языка на русский.
        Работа представляет собой расширенное, исправленное и дополненное переиздание докторской диссертации, защищенной автором в Нанькайском университете (г. Тяньцзинь, КНР) 22 мая 2021 года.
                                                    © А. В. Скворцов, 2021 © ООО «ИД ВКН», 2021

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IV

Abstract


Abstract

         The dissertation offers the application of Immediate constituents’ analysis and actual segmentation to Chinese-Russian translation. The full text contains five chapters.
         The first chapter offers the reasons why this subject was selected as a topic; theoretical background of this paper, research thinking, study contents, research objective and research significance, research data; methods and innovative points of this dissertation. After that this paper presents literature on this topic. The presented literature deals with three aspects: 1) Immediate Constituents analysis; 2) Theory of actual segmentation; 3) Chinese-Russian translation. Literature on IC analysis is discussed more detailed, there are introduced achievements of Chinese, British, American and Russian scholars in literature review.
         The second chapter deals with the application of IC analysis to Chinese-Russian translation of sentences written in Archaic Chinese and classical Chinese. The process of Chinese-Russian Translation is divided into the following steps: 1) All individual words are taken out of the sentence, then we find out the meaning of all the words in the dictionary. 2) We draw Sentence tree. 3) We determine the type of all phrases that form the sentence. We determine concrete meaning of each word in this concrete sentence. 4) We determine the order of translating Chinese words. 5)We translate all the sentence. 6) According to Russian Rhetoric requirements, we revise the above translation.
         While determining the type of Chinese phrases, one can use Chinese-Russian translation method. At the same time, one must also take the position of words in the sentence into consideration, because Chinese-Russian translation method has a lot of limitations. While drawing sentence trees for Chinese sentences, the author of this paper used IC analysis method, according to which at the first step we should take all the words out of the sentence, and at the last step the sentence is segmented into two parts: subject group and predicate group. This method is very convenient for the

V

Abstract

     operation and lets us effectively analyze Chinese sentences with complex structure and large number of words. All the considered Chinese sentences conformed to the requirements of projection principle.
          This chapter also deals with the principles of Chinese-Russian translation of Tang Poetry. This chapter emphasizes the fact that the translation of Tang poetry into Russian must be made by two stages. The first one is that a sinologist proficient in Ancient Chinese and Russian translates the poem. In this stage he can translate the poem with prose. But his translation must be based on IC analysis of all lines of the poem. The second stage of the translation is to hand over the above translation to an expert in Russian Philology, preferably Associate Doctor of Linguistics and a poet, let him transform the above translation into a poem, having rhythm and rhyme. The final translation must express the meaning of the original poem as close as possible.
          IC Analysis of each line of the poem lets us understand the syntactic structure of the poem, its parallel degree and parallel pattern used in the poem. Some poems studied in this paper are parallel in horizontal direction, as “The Old Charcoal Seller”, poem by Bai Juyi, and some poems have vertical symmetry, as “Spring Landscape”, “Beautiful Woman”, poems by Du Fu. Some poems (ci) are formed by using Chaining pattern, as “Being lovesick, go upstears”, ci by Zhang Xian. At present it is the best time to study Tang Poetry by using IC analysis. We should build a sentence tree bank for each line of all poems of the Tang Dynasty. Without correct understanding of parallel patterns, used in Tang poems, one cannot understand and translate Tang poems correctly.
          There is made an analysis of the translation of The Analects of Confucius made by L.S. Perelomov in 2009 in this chapter. While analyzing and evaluating this translation, the author of this paper pointed out the weaknesses and advantages of IC analysis. Its weakness lies in the inability to help us find semantic errors that do not lead to grammatical errors. Its advantages are connected with the fact that the comparison of Chinese and Russian sentence trees and their semantic analysis can help us evaluate grammatical transformations made by translator.
          This chapter also deals with the application off IC analysis to analyzing the syntactic functions of functional words and the meaning of notional words of Archaic

VI

Abstract

      Chinese. We studied the syntactic functions of such function words as “zhi” (^), “zhe” (^), “qi” (^) and syntactic function of construction “zhu+ zhi+wei ”(^^i®).
           The syntactic meaning of functional words in Ancient Chinese is very important for the translation process, and their meaning becomes obvious only on the sentence tree.
           In chapter three the Chinese-Russian translation method introduced in chapter two, is applied to the translation of political and social materials in modern Chinese. Chapter three studies the following difficulties caused by the syntactic structure of modern Chinese: 1) One or more sentence components have a structure of a subject-predicate phrase. 2) Sentence contains many parallel phrases. 3)The object in the predicate-object phrase has a long attributive, having subject-predicate phrase structure. 4) Sentence contains several subordinate clauses and several compound sentences. 5) Syntactic analysis and semantic analysis are self-contradictory. 6) Word for word translation does not meet the rhetorical requirements of Russian. 7) The two ore several points mentioned above appear in a sentence at the same time. While translating such sentences, IC analysis allows most problems to be solved.
           Part of the content deals with the problem of determining the order of translating Chinese words. At this time, we should take Chinese sentence tree into consideration. There are two orders of translation. The first one is from left to right and the second is from right to left. The same is true for the direction of reading Chinese sentences in the process off their translation. As for the large definitive phrases, we must translate the headword firstly and then add который. After this we should translate the definition to the headword, so the translation direction is from right to left. On the contrary, the translation of predicate-object or subject-predicate phrases is made in the same order as in the original text: we must translate the predicate firstly and then translate its object; we must translate the subject firstly and then translate the predicate. The direction of our translation is from left to right.
           The third chapter also studies the mistakes made by Russian Students in grade three or four while drawing Chinese sentence trees. The author of this dissertation taught Russian Students Pre-translational Chinese Text Analysis and Ancient Chinese these two courses during four years in Moscow Municipal Normal University. The

VII

Abstract

      class hours were very large. Most of the contents involved an application of IC analysis to drawing modern and ancient Chinese sentence trees. Such teaching practice allowed me to classify mistakes made by Russian students of the above school while drawing Chinese sentence trees. Their mistakes are summarized into the following three categories: 1) incorrect segmentation of words from the original sentence. 2) Syntactic errors, that is a) there is no connection between the words or phrases that should have been connected, but there is a connection between the words or phrases that should not be connected. b) The boundary between the subject part and the predicate part is confused. 3) Errors made while determining phrase type.
           Errors 1) and 2) are the most serious. Errors 3) sometimes are also very grave, but sometimes there is room for their discussion. Chapter 3 gives instructions on how to avoid making all these mistakes. This chapter also deals with evaluating tests written by students who should draw 8 - 12 Chinese sentence trees during 1,5 hours. The content of this chapter also deals with the problem of preparing test materials by the teacher.
           Teaching practice has proved that Russian students’ mastery of drawing Chinese sentence trees is directly related to the quality of their Chinese - Russian translation. Students who cannot draw Chinese sentence trees can’t translate modern Chinese political and social materials effectively even if they have a large vocabulary and studied in China for one or two years.
           In chapter four a lot of sentences in modern Chinese, ancient Chinese and Russian are used to prove the fact that Topic-Comment; Subject-Predicate and Theme-Rheme these three sets of terms have strict differences. One should not confuse the above terms and should not attempt to replace the above terms with Topic and Comment. This chapter proves that there are Topic-Comment sentences not only in spoken Russian, but also in written Russian. Topic-Comment sentences in written Russian are classified according to their syntactic structure. Then we compare Topic-Comment sentences in modern Chinese, ancient Chinese and Russian. This chapter shows that the principles of topicalization in the three above languages are the same: either topic and (or) comment have a subject-predicate structure, or they have a truncated form of a subject-predicate phrase. This ensures that topic is semantically

VIII