Микология и фитопатология, 2024, № 5

МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ
Том 58     № 5     2024    Сентябрь–Октябрь
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© Российская академия наук, 2024
© Редколегия журнала «Микология и 
фитопоталогия»(составитель) , 2024

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Том 58, номер 5, 2024
ОБЗОРЫ И ДИСКУССИИ
Токсигенные грибы на зерновых культурах в России
М. М. Левитин
341
К уточнению списка охраняемых видов грибов (Basidiomycota)  
Приморского края Российской Федерации
Е. А. Ерофеева, Н. В. Бухарова, Ю. А. Ребриев
348
БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЕ, СИСТЕМАТИКА, ЭКОЛОГИЯ
Новые сведения о базидиальных макромицетах заповедника “Бастак”  
(Еврейская АО, Россия)
Н. В. Бухарова, Е. А. Ерофеева
356
Новые находки афиллофороидных грибов на территории государственного  
природного заповедника “Калужские засеки” (Калужская область, Россия)
С. В. Волобуев
362
Обзор и таксономия Phragmidium mucronatum (Pucciniales) и родственных видов,  
обитающих на розах в европейской части России
В. Ф. Малышева, В. А. Дудка, Е. Ф. Малышева, А. И. Капелян
368
Новые для регионов Российского Дальнего Востока виды макромицетов. 5
Ю. А. Ребриев, А. Г. Ширяев, Н. А. Кочунова, Н. А. Сазанова, Е. А. Ерофеева,  
Н. В. Бухарова, В. И. Капитонов, А. В. Богачева, Ю. В. Бочкарева, Е. А. Звягина, Е. Ф. Малышева
381
Pleurotus abieticola (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) как пионерный ксилосапротроф, ассоциированный  
с очагами усыхания ельников, вызванного короедом-типографом
Д. А. Шабунин, И. В. Змитрович
391
ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ, БИОХИМИЯ, БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ
Углеродно-кислородный газообмен грибов бурой и белой гнили –  
деструкторов хвойного дебриса
Д. К. Диярова, Е. В. Жуйкова, В. А. Мухин
400
ХРОНИКА
Памяти Маргариты Аполлинарьевны Бондарцевой (1935–2024)
409

Contents
Vol. 58, No. 5, 2024
REVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS
Toxigenic fungi on cereal crops in Russia
M. M. Levitin
341
То the updated list of protected species of fungi (Basidiomycota)  
of Primorskiy Krai of Russian Federation
E. A. Erofeeva, N. V. Bukharova, Yu. A. Rebriev
348
BIODIVERSITY, TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY
New data on basidiomycetous macrofungi of the Bastak State Nature Reserve  
(Jewish Autonomous Region, Russia)
N. V. Bukharova, E. A. Erofeeva
356
New findings of aphyllophoroid fungi from the Kaluzhskie Zaseki State Nature Reserve  
(Kaluga Region, Russia)
S. V. Volobuev
362
A survey and outline taxonomy of the Phragmidium mucronatum (Pucciniales)  
and related species inhabiting roses in the European part of Russia
V. F. Malysheva, V. A. Dudka, E. F. Malysheva, A. I. Kapelyan
368
New species of macromycetes for regions of the Russian Far East. 5
Yu. A. Rebriev, A. G. Shiryaev, N. A. Kochunova, N. A. Sazanova, E. A. Erofeeva,  
N. V. Bukharova, V. I. Kapitonov, A. V. Bogacheva, I. V. Bochkareva, E. A. Zvyagina, E. F. Malysheva
381
Pleurotus abieticola (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) as a pioneer xylosaprotroph associated  
with spruce sites dieback caused by Ips typographus
D. A. Shabunin, I. V. Zmitrovich
391
PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY
CO2 and O2 gas exchange of brown and white rot fungi – destructors of coniferous debris
D. K. Diyarova, E. V. Zhuykova, V. A. Mukhin
400
CHRONICLE
In Memoriam. Margarita Apollinaryevna Bondartseva (1935–2024)
409

МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ, 2024, том 58, № 5, с. 341–347
ОБЗОРЫ И ДИСКУССИИ
УДК 579.674
TOXIGENIC FUNGI ON CEREAL CROPS IN RUSSIA
© 2024.    M. M. Levitin1,*
1 Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
*e-mail: mark_levitin@mail.ru
Received 28 November, 2023; revised 20 May, 2024; accepted 06 June, 2024
Toxigenic fungi are pathogenic microorganisms that produce mycotoxins and cause mycoses and mycotoxicoses. 
According to FAO, 25% of the world’s grain production is contaminated with mycotoxins. In developing 
countries, up to 36% of all diseases are directly or indirectly related to fungal mycotoxins. The review considers 
the situation with infestation of grain crops in diferent regions of Russia by toxigenic fungi of the genera 
Claviceps, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium and accumulation of mycotoxins dangerous for 
humans and animals. Claviceps fungi are widespread on cereals, especially harmful on rye. They contain toxic 
alkaloids with nerve agent action. The toxins produced by Fusarium are harmful to human and animal health. 
Diferent Fusarium species can produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Fungi of the genus Alternaria are widely 
distributed on agricultural crops. Diseases caused by Alternaria afect usually the grain of all cereals. The main 
danger of grain contamination by Alternaria species is the presence of secondary metabolites toxic to plants, 
animals and humans in agricultural products. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus afect grain of wheat, barley, corn 
and other crops. Species of the genus Aspergillus produce toxins harmful to humans and animals. They have 
carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive properties. Fungi of the genus Penicillium mainly 
cause seed mold. Seed mold causes reduced germination and often seed death. Fungi of the genus Penicillium
produce a large number of mycotoxins. They have nephrotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Disease 
development and mycotoxin production are influenced by climatic conditions.
Keywords: fungal species, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxins, monitoring of fungi, toxigenic fungi
DOI: 10.31857/S0026364824050017, EDN: updmgc
INTRODUCTION
Occurrence of toxigenic 
Claviceps purpurea on cereals
Claviceps purpurea fungus causes ergot of cereals. Largescale development of ergot was first noted only during the 
Second World War and post-war years. Currently, this disease is widespread everywhere, but to a greater extent in the 
Northwestern region and central areas of the Non-Black 
Earth zone. Afection of production crops of winter rye 
in Kirov Region averaged from 0.02 to 1.7% depended on 
varieties, in 2017, the spread of the disease in some fields 
reached 5%. The level of ergot damage depends more on 
the number and size of sclerotia in the ear than on its distribution in the crop (Shchekleina, Sheshegova, 2018).
The disease is generally considered a disease of rye, but 
it is also found on wheat, triticale, barley, oats, millet and 
other grains. When infected by the fungus, black and purple sclerotia form in the ear of the plant contained ergoalkaloids that are toxic to humans and animals. Sclerotiacontaminated flour products can cause epileptic convulsions in humans.
Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins began to be studied 
in Russia in the 30–40s of the last century. The term 
mycotoxicosis was first introduced into scientific literature by Prof. A.H. Sarkisov. This term was understood as alimentary diseases of non-infectious nature, 
in which the reproduction of microbe in the organism 
was not established. Mycotoxicosis occurred under the 
influence of toxic products released by the fungal cell. 
Fungal infections of cereal crops caused by toxigenic 
fungi cause huge economic losses in agricultural industries (Levitin, 2004).
Toxigenic fungi are studied in many countries (Logrieco, Visconti, 2004). A number of review articles have 
been devoted to this problem (Fulgueira, Borghi, 2000; 
Pitt, 2000; Kononenko et al., 2021; Alkuwari et al., 
2022). In this review we tried to highlight the situation 
with toxigenic fungi on grain crops in Russia.
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LEVITIN
Among the alkaloids, ergotamine is the best known, 
which has a strong nerve agent. Ergot alkaloids afect the 
nervous, circulatory, reproductive and immune systems, 
leading to increased or decreased blood pressure, muscle contractions, decreased fertility, reduced immune response, hallucinations and dry gangrene of the gastrointestinal tract and extremities. Eating bread made from rye 
or wheat contaminated with spores of the fungus causes 
poisoning in humans, sometimes to epidemic proportions 
(Sarkisov, 2000).
Occurrence of toxigenic 
Fusarium species on grain crops
(Logrieco et al., 2003). These species and additionally F. 
equiseti and some strains of F. oxysporum are also zearalenol (ZON)-producers. Fumonisins (FUM) are produced 
by the typical maize pathogens F.  fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, and F. oxysporum. The European Commission passed 
threshold values for DON, ZON and FUM in unprocessed 
cereals and food. F. roseum, F. graminearum, and F. culmorum share a gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of 
trichothecene mycotoxins. The toxins produced by these 
fungi are harmful to human and animal health (Chandler 
et al., 2003).
It is known that mycotoxins of fungi of the genus 
Fusarium (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol), in addition to afecting the gastrointestinal 
tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems, have mutagenic 
efects, induce chromosomal rearrangements, afect protein biosynthesis. Some species, such as F. verticillioides and 
F. proliferatum have hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic and 
carcinogenic efects. The species F. avenaceum produces 
mycotoxins moniliformin and fusarin C. The first is an 
immunosuppressor, suppresses protein biosynthesis, and 
causes pathological changes in cardiac muscle. The second one has a carcinogenic and mutagenic efect on cells of 
warm-blooded organize tons. Fusariotoxins are very persistent, not destroyed by boiling and cooking food products 
(Kononenko, Burkin, 2003).
The problem of cereal grain contamination by mycotoxins is very important and actual for Russia. The content 
of mycotoxins in grain crops may vary in diferent regions 
of Russia. In our researches significant diferences in toxin production between populations of F. graminiarum from 
North Caucasus and the Far East were observed. The number of isolates producing DON and ZON in concentration 
1.0 and 0.3 mg/g respectively in the North Caucasus population was 3 times higher than in the Far East population. 
The strains of F. sporotrichioides isolated from infected cereal grain in Siberia produced the T-2 toxin at a very high 
concentration (3000 mg/kg), while the European strains 
synthesised this toxin at a level of 100–300 mg/kg (Gagkaeva, Levitin, 1997).
The ability of fungal isolates, selected in the same region, to produce mycotoxins can vary widely. For example,
F. culmorum isolates, selected from wheat seeds in the Moscow district (Central Russia) produced DON in amounts 
of 1.9–1850.0 mg/kg. Some of them can also produce other mycotoxins: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3AcDON) at levels of 1.8–21.9 mg/kg and moniliformin (MON) at levels 
of 0.7–3.7 mg/kg. Some isolates of F. equiseti produced 
toxin fusarochromanone at levels of 13.0–527.9 mg/kg. 
Isolates of F. avenaceum produced only MON at levels 
of 2.9–9.0 mg/kg. Eighty two percent of the F. avenaceum isolates from fusariosis grain produced MON at levels of 191.1 mg/kg, some of them produced butenolide 
It is known that Fusarium species cause considerable 
damage of cereal. Invasion of the kernel by Fusarium destroys the starch granules, storage proteins and cell walls, 
resulting in a poor quality products. As a result a Fusarium
epidemic can decrease yield to up to 30%. Various Fusarium species are capable of producing mycotoxins in crops, 
which cause severe poisoning, damage blood-forming organs and immunity, and decrease productivity in animals.
The first information about the toxigenicity of fungi 
of the genus Fusarium became known during the Second 
World War as a result of an expedition led by A.H. Sarkisov 
to Altai. The expedition was aimed at deciphering the cause 
of a deadly and widespread disease of humans and animals. 
The causative agents of the disease turned out to be toxinforming species of the genus Fusarium (Sarkisov, 1954).
In the last 10–15 years Fusarium head blight (FHB) 
of cereals has been very widely spread in Russia. Only in 
the Krasnodar Region (North Caucasus) there were three 
large epidemics of FHB. The loss of wheat crop reached 
25–50% and the contamination of cereal grains by mycotoxins increased more than 25 times (Levitin et al., 1994). 
In 25–80% of wheat samples the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) exceeded the permissible level. During 1989–1992 on average about 23% samples of cereals 
(wheat, barley, rye) in Russia were contaminated by DON. 
Amongst them, 9% of samples contained DON in concentrations exceeding the permissible level. In 0.4% of samples 
of bread and groats products concentrations of mycotoxins exceeded hygienic standards (Tutelyan, 1995). During 1989–1992 on average about 23% samples of cereals 
(wheat, barley, rye) in Russia were contaminated by DON. 
Amongst them, 9% of samples contained DON in concentrations exceeding the permissible level.
Diferent Fusarium species can produce a wide range of 
secondary metabolites. Strains of Fusarium graminearum,
F. culmorum, and F. roseum are known to produce trichothecene mycotoxins of group B and belong to two chemotypes difering in their ability to produce deoxynivalenol 
(DON) or nivalenol (NIV). Deoxynivalenol can be produced by F. graminearum, F. crookwellense, and F. culmorum 
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wheat seeds diseased with Alternaria, deformation of the 
seedling, appearance of gray spider mycelium, darkening 
of the root neck and stem base are observed. Seed infestation can occur during plant development, resulting in the 
symptom of black seed germ. Flour obtained from grain 
afected by black germ has black flecks, which significantly 
reduces its value in the production of bread and pasta products (Gannibal, 2008).
Grain infected with Alternaria species may contain the 
secondary metabolites Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ester and tenuazonic acid (Gannibal, 2007). They pose 
a danger to humans and animals. Russia, both highly toxigenic Alternaria alternata and A. tenuissima and non-toxigenic species A. infectoria are found in grain, and their ratio 
in diferent regions can vary greatly. Species A. tenuissima, 
A. alternata, A. arborescens afect seeds (including grain), 
vegetables, fruits, nuts and produce alternaria, altertoxin, 
tentoxin, tenuazonic acid. Analysis of wheat, barley and 
oat grain from seven regions of Russia showed extensive 
distribution and high levels of mycotoxin Alternaria in 
grain (Kononenko, Burkin, Zotova, 2020). Analysis of 
wheat, barley and oat grain samples obtained from the Ural 
and West Siberian regions of Russia in 2017–2019 showed 
high contamination with Alternaria species and the presence of four mycotoxins – alternariol (AOH), Alternaria 
monomethyl ester (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) (Orina et al., 2021).
In medical terms, fungi of the genus Alternaria are considered primarily as fungi that cause allergic reactions in 
humans. However, fungi of the genus Alternaria are also 
known to frequently cause fungal lesions of the maxillary 
sinuses. They are the causative agents of nail and skin infections in humans and also cause abscesses on the cornea 
of the eye.
Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus
and Penicillium species on cereals
5-actamido-2(5H)-furanone simultaneously. The isolatates of F. culmorum from infected grain produced DON 
at an average level of 24.5 mg/kg. Moreover, some isolates 
also produced 3AcDON at levels of 250.5 mg/kg (Kononenko et al., 1999).
The mycotoxin contamination of cereal grain in Asian 
part of Russia was studied in the laboratory of mycotoxicology in All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology during 1995–2002. Among 
1545 of samples 537 (34.8%) were contaminated by Fusarium toxins. The frequency of T-2 toxin detection was 69.4% 
in Ural district, 86.9% – in West Siberia, 29.6% – in Far 
East. The average concentration of T-2 toxin in grain was 
10–100μ/kg in Asian part of Russia. In 24 samples (5.4%) 
mainly from Far East concentration of T-2 toxin exceeded the permissible level (110.0–625.5 μ/kg). In Far East 
besides T-2 toxin in wheat samples the group including 
8-oxotrichotecene (4 deoxynivalenol and its analogies) 
and zearalenone (ZEA) was detected. In 2001 the quantity 
of grain samples contaminated by 8-oxotrichotecene and 
zearalenone (ZEA) was 52.9%; in 2002–90.7%. 23.5% of 
the contaminated samples contained 8-oxotrichotecene 
in concentration 1000 μ/kg, indicating a difcult mycotoxicological situation in this region of Russia. The monitoring for Fusarium species composition was also carried 
out in the Ural (Piryazeva, 2001). The infection of cereal 
seeds was 3.5%; the barley and oats seeds were infected 
very strongly. From infected seed samples 11 Fusarium species were isolated. F. poae and F. avenaceum were dominant 
species (Kononenko, Burkin, 2003).
In the laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology of 
All-Russian institute of Plant Protection analysis of the species composition of fungi of the genus Fusarium and their 
mycotoxins in the Asian part of Russia revealed 16 species, 
of which F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant. Toxins have been detected: deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, nivalenol, 
moniliformin, and beauvericin (Gavrilova et al., 2023).
Thus, the studies have established a very high variability 
of Fusarium species in Russia and a wide spread of contamination of grain crops with mycotoxins. Similar studies 
are necessary to assess the pathogenic and toxigenic potential of Fusarium species in diferent geographical zones 
of Russia.
Occurrence of toxigenic 
Alternaria species on cereals
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are widely distributed on 
agricultural crops. Diseases caused by Alternaria afect usually the grain all cereals. The samples from diferent regions 
of Russia were characterized by high degree of infection 
caused by Alternaria fungi. The degree of seed infection 
by Alternaria was an average 10%. During germination of 
Fungi of the genus Aspergillus afect grain of wheat, barley, corn and other crops. In the field, species of this genus 
develop during ripening and harvesting at high air humidity 
and on weakened plants. Afected grain becomes unsuitable 
for use in the food industry and for animal feed. Aspergillus
colonies are found on a variety of products, mainly of plant 
origin. Grain damaged by insects is particularly susceptible to aspergillus infestation and increased concentration of 
mycotoxins (Medina et al., 2014; Monastyrsky, 2014). As 
a result of mycotoxin contamination of grain, the annual 
global economic damage reaches 16 billion dollars (Afonyushkin et al., 2005). In recent years, the amount of grain 
contaminated with mycotoxins has increased tenfold in 
Russia (Dzhavakhia et al., 2017).
Species of the genus Aspergillus produce aflatoxins, 
ochratoxin A, patulin, citrinin. Mycotoxins are particularly 
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In Russia, from 1990 to 2000, the air temperature has increased by 0.4°C. Global warming manifests itself throughout Russia, but the Northwest Russia and Siberia. Over the 
past 10 years, the specialists of the Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, of All-Russian Research Institute 
of Plant Protection, having monitored the spread of cereal 
crop diseases in the Northwest Russia, identified some new 
diseases in the region. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the 
heaviest wheat ear Fusarium epiphytoty broke out in the 
North Caucasus. Fusarium graminearum was the main pathogen. Since 2003, F. graminearum has been encountered in 
the Northwest Russia (Gavrilova, Gagkaeva, 2010). An average number of Fusarium-infected samples in the Northwest Region made 93.3% in 2007 and 87.3% in 2008. Disease distribution in the northern areas of the country is well 
explained by global warming and changes in air composition. It is evidenced by the articles of our colleagues from 
the Nordic countries. In recent years, F. graminearum has 
become the dominant species in cereals in the Netherlands 
(Waalwijk et al., 2003), England (Jennings et al., 2004), 
Northern Germany (Miedaner et al., 2008) and Finland 
(Yli-Mattila, Gagkaeva, 2010). Climate change is expected 
to change the species composition of Fusarium in northern Europe by 2050 (Parikka et al., 2012). And already in 
2019, a typical southern species, F. verticillioides was discovered on winter wheat in southwestern Finland (Gagkaeva, 
Yli-Mattila, 2020).
A change of air temperature can actually change the 
dominant species. The situation in Northern Italy (Magan 
et al., 2011) can serve as an example. In this region, F. verticillioides prevailed in maize. The optimum growth factor of 
this species is the temperature of 25–30°C. In 2003–2004, 
the summer was hot and dry. Aspergillus flavus which is tolerant to the temperature of 35°C, has become the dominant 
species.
CONCLUSION
dangerous for humans and animals. Aflatoxins have hepatotropic ability, with the liver being severely intoxicated. In 
addition, they have carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic 
and immunosuppressive properties. The well-known disease aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection that usually 
afects the lower respiratory tract (Pfliegler et al., 2020).
The most dangerous species for humans and animals 
are: Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, and A. flavus. The species A. fumigatus is the 
cause of invasive pulmonary disease, A. terreus produces aflatoxin G2, causing acute renal failure, A. niger often cause otomycosis, A. flavus most often causes 
invasive extrapulmonary infection. According to foreign researchers, fungi of the genus Aspergillus were isolated in 72 recipients of hematopoietic stem cells, including species of A. fumigatus (56%), A. flavus (19%), 
A. terreus (16%), A. niger (8%), and A. versicolor (1%) 
(https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=7716).
In practice, it is not uncommon for seeds with high 
viability to have low germination rates. Biological analysis revealed that these seeds were heavily infected with 
Penicillium. Fungi of the genus Penicillium are widespread. Species of Penicillium viridicatum, P. verrucosum,
P. citrinum, P. digitatum, etc. may occur on grain. They 
mainly cause seed mold. Seed molding leads to reduced 
germination and often to seed death. Especially often 
seed molding occurs at high humidity in closed damp 
rooms and warehouses. Fungi of the genus Penicillium
produce a large number of mycotoxins. These include 
citrinin, patulin, rubratoxin, citreoviridin, ochratoxin, 
rugulosin, islandin and others. Some species such as 
P. roqueforti, P. brevicompactum, and P. chrysogenum produce PR-toxin and mycophenolic acid (Kononenko et 
al., 2021). Toxins of P. citrinum and P. digitatum possess 
pronounced hepatotoxicity, whereas toxin of P. patulum 
patulin possesses carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Toxins of P. citrinum and P. digitatum possess pronounced hepatotoxicity. The most toxic are ochratoxins. 
They primarily afect the kidneys. Nephrotoxic efect 
is manifested in the development of toxic nephropathy, 
have teratogenic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic efect.
Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins 
in a climate change
The climate of our planet has been changing rapidly. 
The changes of climate can undoubtedly afect the spread 
and development of plant diseases and their relationship 
with the host. Climate represents the key factor in driving 
the fungal community structure and mycotoxin contamination levels pre- and post-harvest. Thus, there is significant 
interest in understanding the impact of interacting climate 
change-related abiotic factors (Perrone et al., 2020).
In recent years, mycotoxin contamination of grain has 
increased more than 25 times (Levitin, Dzhavakhia, 2020). 
In 25–80% of wheat samples the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) exceeded the permissible level. On average for 1989–1992 in Russia, about 23% of samples of 
cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye) were contaminated with 
the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Of these, 9% of 
samples contained DON in concentrations exceeding 
the permissible level. Mycotoxin concentrations in 0.4% 
of bread and cereal samples exceeded hygienic standards. 
The problem of cereal grain contamination by mycotoxins 
is very important and actual for Russia. Mycotoxicological 
studies have shown that 43 to 48% of grain samples contain 
mycotoxins in amounts exceeding the minimum permissible level, and 32% are contaminated with two or more toxins (Soldatenko et al., 2020). The authors of these studies 
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summarized some suggestions for predicting and preventing mycotoxin-related risks, as well as future perspectives 
and research needs to better understand the efects of climate change scenarios. Same mycotoxin can be produced 
by diferent fungi and the same fungus can produce diferent mycotoxins. A large number of toxigenic Fusarium species have been isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, leg 
wounds, abdominal cavity, brain and lungs of sick people 
(Sugiura et al., 1999). Mycotoxins in animal feed are a serious concern. Generalization of the results demonstrated 
domination of fusarium toxins in the contamination of all 
types of feed grains and increased occurrence of T-2 toxin 
and ochratoxin A in barley. The maize grains demonstrated 
the whole complex of the tested fusarium toxins with the 
prevalence of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and 
fumonisins (Kononenko et al., 2020).
Toxigenic fungi are actively studied in the Laboratory 
of Mycology and Phytopathology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (St. Petersburg) and 
in the Laboratory of Mycotoxicology of the All-Russian 
Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene 
and Ecology (Moscow). Similar studies are needed to 
assess the pathogenic and toxigenic potential of fungi in 
diferent geographical zones of Russia.
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МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ
том 58
№ 5
2024