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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Том 58, № 5, 2024
New aspects concerning Pediculus capitis 
(Anoplura: Pedicullidae) infestation in Iran
355
Hassan Nasirian, Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi
К юбилею Андрея Борисовича Шатрова
452
Редакционная коллегия журнала «Паразитология»

CONTENTS
Vol. 58, № 5, 2024
New aspects concerning Pediculus capitis 
(Anoplura: Pedicullidae) infestation in Iran
355
Hassan Nasirian, Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi
To the anniversary of Andrey B. Shatrov
452
Editorial Board of “Parazitologia”

ПАРАЗИТОЛОГИЯ, 2024, том 58, № 5, с. 355–451.
NEw aSpECTS CONCERNING Pediculus capitis 
(Anoplura: PEdiCullidaE) infESTaTion in Iran
© 2024 Hassan Nasirian a, b, *, Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi c, **
a Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, 
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Islamic Republic of Iran  
b Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 
1417993356, Islamic Republic of Iran  
c Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, 
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Islamic Republic of Iran  
* e-mail: hanasirian@yahoo.com 
** e-mail: yasin_ahmadi73@yahoo.com 
Received July 07, 2024  
Revised August 15, 2024  
Accepted August 27, 2024
Pediculosis caused by the Pediculus capitis (De Geer, 1767), is a major public health concern 
worldwide, including in Iran. Policymakers must be well-informed on the relevant evidence through 
comprehensive studies. No study has been done concerning trends of Pediculus capitis infestation 
in provinces of Iran, geographic and climatic regions, seasons, location of meridians and tropics 
areas, together with the distribution and stratification. Therefore, a study of the mentioned objectives 
was conducted. The data on P. capitis infestation levels and factor impacts on P. capitis infestation 
levels in Iranian people were extracted and summarized from 126 articles. The trends of P. capitis 
infestation have increased in about half of the country’s provinces over the previous two decades. 
These provinces are located mostly in the southern Caspian Sea shores, the central plateau, and the 
south coast. Pediculus capitis infestations are in the range of -ꝏ–-0.40, -0.40–-0.20, and -0.20–0.00 
in the regression coefficient regarding the distribution and stratification. For the first time in this 
study, the impact of the meridians and the tropics that pass through Iran was also evaluated on 
 
P. capitis infestation. Based on the intensity of P. capitis infestation, the order of the influence of the 
factors that affect infestation is estimated. Interaction modeling demonstrated that primary school has 
a synergistic impact on time trends. In addition, the Western mountains, the central plateau, and the 
southeast showed synergistic effects with time trends on the incidence of the outcome. The findings 
provide the national baseline data to initiate steps for national pediculosis intervention programs.  
Keywords: Pediculus capitis, climatic regions, distribution, infestation trend, meridians, stratification, tropics
DOI: 10.31857/S0031184724050016, EDN: Wbyblg 
Pediculosis is a major public health concern in many countries, especially among overcrowded and lower-income children. Pediculus capitis (De Geer, 1767), commonly known 
as the head lice, is an obligate human ectoparasite and can be found in various parts of 
the world, including Iran. Head lice infestations can occur in any place where there is 
close contact between individuals, such as schools, households, or communities. Head 
lice infest millions of children worldwide. Insects live in the immediate scalp vicinity of 
individual hair follicles, piercing the skin to feed on blood (Awaad et al., 2023; Feldmeier, 
2023; Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021; Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024; Nawab et al., 
355

2024; Valero et al., 2024). Epidemiological interpretations of head lice infestation rates and 
how factors including age, sex, family size, parent education level, and economic status 
influenced infestations were explored (Alarifi et al., 2022; Gholami et al., 2024; Nasirian, 
2023b; Valero et al., 2024).
Several articles in the scientific literature have estimated infestation rates and the impact 
of factors affecting the head lice infestation in several regions of Iran, mostly focusing on 
a single study. Policymakers must be well-informed of the relevant evidence on time 
through comprehensive studies. This kind of study increases the ability, accuracy, and 
power of research outcomes for policymakers to provide documents that individual studies 
cannot provide to health system decision-makers (Nasirian, 2023b; Oliveira et al., 2021; 
Shanavaz et al., 2023). Pediculus capitis infestation and the impact of factors affecting 
infestation of school students and the community have recently been monitored on a global 
scale (Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian and Ahmadi, 2024). However, so far, no study has been 
done that deals with the trends of P. capitis infestation in Iran’s provinces, geographic and 
climatic regions, seasons and in the meridians 50°E, 55°E and 60°E and the tropics at 30°N 
and 35°N, along with the distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation in Iran 
and statistical analysis including a comparison of factor impact on P. capitis infestation 
level and interaction modeling with Poisson regression at the same time. The findings may 
provide the national baseline data to initiate steps for national pediculosis intervention 
programs, which is important for this country and can establish a model for monitoring 
and controlling head lice in schools. Therefore, a study was designed and conducted with 
the mentioned objectives.
Materials and methods
Collection and selection of papers for review
In order to conduct and design this study, the methods and research patterns of the following 
resources were exploited, including Ahmadi et al., 2024; Kassiri, Nasirian, 2021; Nasirian, 2017a, 
b; Nasirian, 2019a; Nasirian, 2019b; Nasirian, 2020, 2022, 2023a, c, 2024a, b; Nasirian and Salehzadeh, 2019; Nasirian et al., 2023; Nasirian, Zahirnia, 2021; and Zahirnia et al., 2023. Among the 
articles cited in Nasirian (2023) and Nasirian, Ahmadi (2024), those that were dedicated to P. capitis 
infestation and factors affecting P. capitis infestation in students of preschools and primary schools, 
and the community in Iran were chosen. These articles were collected from well-known indexing 
services, including Elsevier, Entomological Society of America publications, Google Scholar, PubMed, 
ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer, and Web of Science (Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024). 
By researching, the new research that was done was also added to the resources. In the next step, if 
new information details are needed, they add to them according to data sources and grouped under 
specific titles in Tables 1–8.
Summary of the study approach
Based on a literature search, the data and variables about P. capitis infestation in students of 
preschools and primary schools (extracted from 106 articles) are summarized in Table 1. The data 
and variables about P. capitis infestation in the age groups of primary school students (extracted from 
55 articles) are summarized in Table 2. The data and variables about P. capitis infestation in the community (extracted from 17 articles) are summarized in Table 3. The data and variables about P. capitis 
infestation in the age groups of the community (extracted from 12 articles) are summarized in Table 4. 
 
The data and variables about the impact of family size on P. capitis infestation level in students of 
primary schools (extracted from 28 articles) are summarized in Table 5. The data and variables about 
the impact of father’s and mother’s education, and bathing and hair washing frequency on P. capitis 
infestation level of primary school students (extracted from 49 articles) are summarized in Table 6. 
356

5809 12247
85
1266
1351
1.3
21.8
11.0
64
2567
Both
Local
Nov–Dec 
1999
Overall
Shahraki et al., 
2001*
Shahriar
Tehran
‒
‒
1921
‒
‒
‒
8.2
24.3
15.8
‒
1921
Both
Local
Oct–Mar 
1993
Overall
Bashiri et al.,  
2002*
Bandar  
Abbas
Hormozgan
‒
‒
3249
‒
‒
‒
1.8
20.3
12.3
‒
3249
Both
Local
1999–
2000
Randomly
Soleimani Zadeh, 
Sharifi Sarasiabi, 
2002*
Yasuj
Kohgiluyeh 
and Boyer–
Ahmad
Counties
Provinces 
E
I 
I (%)
Sampling
References
Boys Girls 
Both Boys Girls 
Both Boys Girls Both Schools Students Gender Location
Date
Selection
Preschools 
Rasht
Gilan
913
867
1780
38
54
92
41.0
59.0
5.1
29
1780
Both
Local
1998–
1999
Overall
Gholchaye, Ahmadi 
Ghajari, 2000*
Across
Iran
‒
‒
‒
351
4389
4740
2.5
2.2
2.2
‒
213450
Both
Across 
2005
Overall
Amirkhani  
et al., 2011*
Kashan
Isfahan
585
615
1200
1
7
8
0.17
1.1
0.7
‒
1200
Both
Local
Feb 2009
Overall
Dehghani  
et al., 2012*
Urmia
West 
Azerbaijan
‒
‒
38
‒
‒
3
‒
‒
7.9
35
2040
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2010
Randomly
Hazrati Tappeh  
et al., 2012*
Asadabad
Hamadan
‒
‒
2355
‒
‒
52
‒
‒
2.2
‒
16438
Both
Local
Oct 2015–
Jun 2016
Overall
Nazari et al.,  
2016b*
Sari
Mazandaran
123
293
416
8
19
27
6.5
6.5
6.5
10
416
Both
Local
2014
Randomly
Jahandideh  
et al., 2017*
Mashhad
Razavi 
Khorasan
‒
‒
‒
‒
‒
575
‒
‒
15.5
‒
‒
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2017
Overall
Jarahi et al.,  
2017*
Primary schools
Kashan
Isfahan
1986
‒
‒
17
‒
‒
0.86
‒
‒
8
1986
Boys
Local
1997
Randomly
Dehghani  
et al., 1999*
Sari
Mazandaran
6097
4894 10991
32
183
215
0.52
3.7
1.9
58
10991
Both
Local
1997–
1998
Randomly
Motevalli Haghi  
et al., 1999*
Bushehr
Bushehr
3913
1962
1951
‒
‒
469
2.0
22.0
12.0
‒
1951
Both
Local
1999–
2000
Randomly
Arjomanzadeh  
et al., 2001*
Ilam
Ilam
320
338
658
14
22
36
4.5
6.5
5.5
6
658
Both
Local
Mar 97–
Apr 98
Randomly
Gholamiparizad, 
Abedzadah, 2001*
Table 1. Pediculus capitis infestation in students of preschools and primary schools, based on a literature search
357

Randomly
Alempour Salemi  
et al., 2003*
Kerman
Kerman
19774 20812 40586
118
603
721
0.6
2.9
1.8
198
40586
Both
Local
Mar–Jun 
2006
Overall
Motovali–Emami  
et al., 2008*
Bahar
Hamadan
450
450
900
2
10
12
0.44
2.2
1.3
18
900
Both
Local
Feb–Jun 
2008
Randomly Moradi et al., 2009*
Hamadan
Hamadan
‒
7219
‒
‒
975
‒
‒
13.5
‒
120
975
Girls
Local
2000–
2001
Randomly
Zahirnia  
et al., 2005*
Gorgan
Golestan
‒
200
‒
‒
‒
‒
‒
10.8
‒
‒
‒
‒
Local
‒
Overall
Borghei, Gharaje, 
2006*
Hamadan
Hamadan
440
407
847
3
55
58
0.7
13.5
6.9
12
847
Both
Local
‒
Overall
Nazari et al., 2006*
Amlash
Gilan
2115
2129
4244
100
292
392
4.7
13.7
9.2
95
4244
Both
Local
2003–
2004
Overall
Rafinejad  
et al., 2006*
Zabol
Sistan and 
Baluchestan
‒
1066
‒
‒
313
‒
‒
29.4
‒
32
‒
Girls
Local
2003
Randomly
Zareban et al.,  
2006*
Qeshm
Hormozgan
269
246
515
96
27
123
35.7
11.0
23.9
‒
‒
Both
Local
‒
Randomly Soleimani–Ahmadi, 
2007*
Sanandaj
Kurdistan
‒
600
‒
‒
46
‒
‒
7.7
‒
‒
600
Girls
Local
2005
Randomly
Yaghmaei et al., 
2007*
Tabriz
East 
Azerbaijan
847
1948
2795
0
102
102
0
5.2
3.6
13
2795
Both
Local
Jul–Nov 
2006
Overall
Hodjati et al., 2008*
Qom
Qom
‒
1650
‒
‒
74
‒
‒
4.5
‒
‒
1650
Girls
Local
‒
Randomly
Farzinnia  
et al., 2004*
Sanandaj
Kurdistan
‒
‒
1195
‒
‒
235
‒
‒
19.7
18
1195
Girls
Local
‒
Randomly
Davari, Yaghmaei, 
2005*
Ardabil
Ardabil
‒
417
‒
‒
119
‒
‒
28.5
‒
‒
417
Girls
Local
Oct 2001–
May 2002
Randomly
Edalatkhah  
et al., 2005*
Kerman
Kerman
564
636
1200
2
43
45
0.35
6.8
3.8
50
1200
Both
Local
Apr–Jun 
2003
Randomly
Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 
2005*
Rasht
Gilan
1493
1400
2893
49
80
129
3.3
5.7
4.5
‒
2893
Both
Local
2002–
2003
Randomly
Pourbaba  
et al., 2005*
Babol
Mazandaran
‒
‒
2300
‒
‒
51
0.96
3.5
2.2
9
‒
‒
Local
2003–
2004
Randomly Zabihi et al., 2005*
Table 1. Continuation
Counties
Provinces
E
I
I (%)
Sampling
References
Boys
Girls
Both
Boys
Girls
Both
Boys
Girls
Both Schools Students Gender Location
Date
Selection
Iranshahr
Sistan and 
Baluchestan
‒
918
‒
‒
918
‒
27.0
12
918
Girls
Local
Nov 
2002–May 
2003
358

Randomly
Doroodgar et al., 
2014b*
Maneh–
Semelghan
North 
Khorasan
120
130
250
‒
‒
‒
4.2
15.4
10.0
‒
250
Both
Local
2013
Randomly
Hosseini et al.,  
2014*
Aran va 
Bidgol
Isfahan
2096
1493
3589
2
15
17
0.05
0.42
0.47
19
3589
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2008
Randomly
Doroodgar et al., 
2014a*
Kashan
Isfahan
1077
1074
2151
6
8
14
0.6
0.75
0.7
23
624
Both
Local
Nov 
2012–May 
2013
Javanrud
Kermanshah
‒
865
‒
‒
72
‒
‒
8.3
‒
‒
865
Girls
Local
2011
Randomly
Geravandi et al., 
2013*
Chabahar
Sistan and 
Baluchestan
‒
153
‒
‒
116
‒
‒
75.8
‒
2
153
Girls
Local
2008–
2009
Randomly Gholamnia Shirvani 
et al., 2013*
Qom
Qom
‒
900
‒
‒
120
‒
‒
13.3
‒
45
900
Girls
Local
2011
Overall
Noroozi et al., 2013*
Ravansar
Kermanshah
‒
385
‒
‒
61
‒
‒
15.8
‒
6
385
Girls
Local
‒
Overall
Sayyadi et al., 2013*
Paveh
Kermanshah
‒
750
‒
‒
60
‒
‒
8.0
‒
25
750
Girls
Local
2009–
2010
Randomly Vahabi et al., 2013*
Qom
Qom
‒
1725
‒
‒
131
‒
‒
7.6
‒
‒
‒
‒
Local
2010
Randomly
Saghafipour et al., 
2012*
Sanandaj
Kurdistan
‒
810
‒
38
‒
‒
4.7
‒
27
810
Girls
Local
‒
Randomly Vahabi et al., 2012*
Sirjan
Kerman
30
65
95
0
16
16
0
24.6
16.8
‒
22
Both
Local
2010–2011
Overall
Yousefi et al., 2012*
Robat  
Karim
Tehran
10000
‒
‒
125
‒
‒
1.3
‒
‒
10000
Girls
Local
2008–
2009
Randomly Afshari et al., 2013*
Khajeh
East 
Azerbaijan
200
300
500
4
20
24
2.0
6.7
4.8
20
213450
Both
Local
2008–
2009
Randomly
Shayeghi et al., 
2010*
Across
Iran
‒
‒
‒
9338 122715 132053 65.2
61.7
61.9
‒
213450
Both
Across 
2005
Overall
Amirkhani et al., 
2011*
Amlash
Gilan
45
102
147
2
14
16
4.4
13.7
10.9
‒
147
Both
Local
‒
Randomly
Rafinejad et al., 
2011*
Urmia
West 
Azerbaijan
866
1174
2040
16
65
81
1.8
5.5
4.0
35
2040
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2010
Randomly Hazrati Tappeh et al., 
2012*
Bahar
Hamadan
‒
‒
8568
‒
‒
701
‒
‒
8.2
‒
17722
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2011
Overall
Moradi et al., 2012*
Ahvaz
Khuzestan
‒
810
‒
‒
89
‒
‒
11.0
‒
‒
810
Girls
Local
Apr–Jun 
2006
Randomly
Rafie et al., 2009*
Birjand
South 
Khorasan
1531
1515
3046
16
75
91
1.0
5.0
3.0
‒
500
Both
Local
Jan–Mar 
2001
Randomly Ghaderi et al., 2010*
359

Randomly
Dehghanzadeh  
et al., 2015*
Hashtgerd
Alborz
185
187
372
1
16
17
0.54
8.6
4.6
6
372
Both
Local
Oct 2012– 
Jun 2013
Randomly Morowati Sharifabad 
 
et al., 2016*
Khorramshahr
Khuzestan
405
345
750
‒
‒
15
1.5
2.6
2.0
10
750
Both
Local
2008–
2009
Randomly Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016*
Galugah
Mazandaran
132
168
300
9
8
17
6.8
4.8
5.7
16
300
Both
Local
2009–
2010
Randomly
Kassiri, Esteghali, 
2016*
BandarAbbas
Hormozgan
116
100
216
‒
‒
45
6.0
33.3
20.8
‒
216
Both
Local
2014
Overall
Hosseinpour et al., 
2016*
Savojbolagh
Alborz
3847
8935 12782
11
227
238
0.29
2.5
1.9
‒
2744
Both
Local
Sep–Dec 
2013
Overall
Bahrami et al., 2016*
Shahriar
Tehran
‒
750
‒
‒
36
‒
‒
4.8
‒
3
‒
‒
Local
2012–
2103
Randomly Alborzi et al., 2016*
Bojnurd
North 
Khorasan
722
753
1475
21
93
114
2.9
12.4
7.7
75
1475
Both
Local
Jan–Mar 
2013
Randomly
Rajabzade et al., 
2015*
Bonab
East 
Azerbaijan
‒
3757
‒
‒
106
‒
‒
2.8
‒
‒
3757
Girls
Local
2013–
2014
Overall
Kabiri et al., 2015*
Sarab
East 
Azerbaijan
138
490
628
‒
‒
‒
2.8
6.6
5.9
40
661
Both
Local
Aug 
2013–Mar 
2014
Pakdasht
Tehran
28242 25490 53732
122
556
678
0.43
2.2
1.3
‒
53732
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2013
Overall
Davari et al., 2015*
Bayengan
Kermanshah
164
220
384
14
40
54
8.5
18.2
14.1
4
384
Both
Local
‒
Randomly Sayyadi et al., 2014*
Abadan
Khuzestan
302
322
624
0
27
27
0
8.4
4.3
26
104
Both
Local
2012
Randomly Salehi et al., 2014*
Kalaleh
Golestan
‒
‒
2500
10
147
157
1.8
10.1
6.3
‒
2500
Both
Local
Oct 2013–
Jun 2014
Randomly
Noori et al., 2014*
Sari
Mazandaran
645
4067
4712
9
69
78
1.4
1.7
1.7
‒
4712
Both
Local
2012–
2013
Randomly
Motevalli Haghi  
et al., 2014b*
Azadshahr
Golestan
‒
1510
‒
‒
55
‒
‒
3.6
‒
‒
1510
Girls
Local
2012–
2013
Overall
Motevalli Haghi  
et al., 2014a*
Table 1. Continuation
Counties
Provinces
E
I
I (%)
Sampling
References
Boys
Girls
Both
Boys
Girls
Both
Boys
Girls
Both Schools Students Gender Location
Date
Selection
Damghan
Semnan
‒
2700
‒
‒
97
‒
‒
3.6
‒
‒
2700
Girls
Local
2008
Overall
Mohammadi Azni, 
2014*
360

Tehran
‒
‒
3483
‒
‒
‒
‒
‒
7.9
10
3483
Both
Local
Oct 2014–
Jun 2015
Randomly
Ghandali et al., 
2017*
Yazd
Yazd
338
312
650
3
14
17
0.9
4.5
2.6
30
650
Both
Local
Oct–Mar 
2013
Randomly
Ebrahimzadeh 
Ardakani, Fayazi 
Bargin, 2018*
Meshginshahr
Ardabil
895
1055
1950
69
131
200
7.7
12.4
10.3
20
1950
Both
Local
Oct 2015–
Jun 2016
Randomly
Moradiasl  
et al., 2018*
Meybod
Yazd
‒
402
‒
‒
59
‒
‒
14.7
‒
4
402
Girls
Local
2015–
2016
Randomly
Morovati Sharif 
Abadi et al., 2018*
Sirik
Hormozgan
‒
358
‒
‒
201
‒
‒
56.1
‒
‒
358
Girls
Local
Nov 2015– 
 
Feb 2016
Randomly
Sanei–Dehkordi  
et al., 2017*
Bashagard
Hormozgan
‒
300
‒
‒
202
‒
‒
67.3
‒
‒
300
Girls
Local
‒
Randomly Soleimani–Ahmadi  
et al., 2017*
Meshginshahr
Ardabil
895
1055
1950
69
131
200
3.5
6.7
10.3
20
1950
Both
Local 
2015–
2016
Randomly
Abbasgholizadeh  
et al., 2018*
Jahrom
Fars
330
387
717
14
35
49
4.2
9.0
6.8
‒
717
Both
Local
2016–
2017
Randomly Majidi et al., 2017*
Lowshan
Gilan
‒
414
‒
‒
78
‒
‒
18.8
‒
‒
‒
Both
Local
2016
Randomly
Goodarzvand 
Chegini et al., 2017*
Mashhad
Razavi 
Khorasan
‒
‒
‒
‒
‒
1810
‒
‒
48.7
‒
‒
Both
Local
Oct–Dec 
2017
Overall
Jarahi et al., 2017*
Zanjan
Zanjan
‒
915
‒
‒
95
‒
‒
10.6
‒
‒
‒
Girls
Local
‒
Overall
Ghavami, Ahmadi, 
2017*
Pakdasht, 
Pishva, 
Qrachak and 
Varamin
Paveh
Kermanshah
‒
485
‒
‒
85
‒
‒
17.5
‒
5
485
Girls
Local
‒
Overall
Sayyad et al., 2016*
Khorramshahr
Khuzestan
‒
170
‒
‒
22
‒
‒
12.9
‒
‒
‒
Girls
Local
Mar–Apr 
2015
Overall
Ghajari et al., 2017*
Asadabad
Hamadan
‒
‒
30168
‒
‒
564
‒
‒
1.9
‒
16438
Both
Local
Oct 2015–
Jun 2016
Overall
Nazari et al., 2016b*
Lar
Fars
‒
2084
‒
‒
82
‒
‒
3.9
‒
2
‒
Girls
Local
Dec 2013–
Jan 2014
Overall
Moemenbellah–Fard 
 
et al., 2016*
Asadabad
Hamadan
188
412
600
1
13
14
0.53
3.2
2.3
16
600
Both
Local
2013–
2014
Randomly Nazari et al., 2016a*
Kalaleh
Golestan
265
276
541
5
30
35
1.9
10.9
6.5
4
3757
Girls
Local
Oct–Dec 
2015
Randomly Maleky et al., 2016*
361