Канада : Пособие по страноведению
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Издательство:
КАРО
Авторы:
Трофимова-Рыбкина Екатерина Анатольевна, Сааринен Людмила Борисовна, Рыбаков Михаил Михайлович
Год издания: 2024
Кол-во страниц: 320
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
Общее образование
ISBN: 978-5-9925-1716-3
Артикул: 850799.01.99
Данная книга представляет собой пособие по страноведению, которое знакомит учащихся с природой, основными достопримечательностями, историей Канады и биографиями ее знаменитых граждан.
Книга предназначена для учащихся старших классов гимназий и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, для студентов высших и средних специальных учебных заведений.
Тематика:
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УДК:
- 372: Содержание и форма деятельности в дошк. восп. и нач. образов-ии. Метод. препод. отд. учеб. предметов
- 811111: Английский язык
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Фрагмент текстового слоя документа размещен для индексирующих роботов
Трофимова-Рыбкина Е. А. Сааринен Л. Б. Рыбаков М. М.
УДК 372.881.111.1 ББК 81.2 Англ-922 Т76 Трофимова-Рыбкина Екатерина Анатольевна, Сааринен Людмила Борисовна, Рыбаков Михаил Михайлович. Т76 Канада : Пособие по страноведению / Е. А. ТрофимоваРыбкина, Л. Б. Сааринен, М. М. Рыбаков. — СанктПетербург : КАРО, 2024. — 320 с. : илл. ISBN 978-5-9925-1716-3. Данная книга представляет собой пособие по страноведению, которое знакомит учащихся с природой, основными достопримечательностями, историей Канады и биографиями ее знаменитых граждан. Книга предназначена для учащихся старших классов гимназий и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, для студентов высших и средних специальных учебных заведений. УДК 372.881.111.1 ББК 81.2 Англ-922 Составители: Трофимова-Рыбкина Екатерина Анатольевна Сааринен Людмила Борисовна Рыбаков Михаил Михайлович КАНАДА Пособие по страноведению Ответственный редактор И. С. Гавриш Технический редактор Д. А. Штыкова Обложка Е. А. Власовой Издательство КАРО, ЛР № 065644 197101, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Чапаева, д. 15, лит. А. Тел.: 8 (812) 332-36-62 www.karo.spb.ru Регистрационный номер декларации о соответствии: ЕАЭС N RU Д-RU.HA78.B.06066/19 Подписано в печать 25.04.2024. Формат 84×108 1/32 . Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная. Усл. печ. л. 8,4. Тираж 700 экз. Заказ № Отпечатано в соответствии с предоставленными материалами в АО «Т8 Издательские Технологии» 109316, Москва, Волгоградский проспект, д. 42, корпус 5. Тел. 8 (495) 322-38-31. www.t8print.ru ISBN 978-5-9925-1716-3 © КАРО, 2024
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION CANADA’S LANDMASS Canada is the world’s second-largest country with an area of 9,984,670 km2, surpassed only by the Russian Federation. CAPITAL Ottawa, in the province of Ontario. PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories, each with its own capital city (in brackets): Alberta (Edmonton); British Columbia (Victoria); Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown); Manitoba (Winnipeg); New Brunswick (Fredericton); Nova Scotia (Halifax); Nunavut (Iqaluit); Ontario (Toronto); Quebec (Quebec City); Saskatchewan (Regina); Newfoundland (St. John’s); Northwest Territories (Yellowknife); and Yukon Territory (Whitehorse). 3
Provinces and Territories of Canada GEOGRAPHY Diversity is the keynote of Canada’s geography, which includes fertile plains suitable for agriculture, vast mountain ranges, lakes and rivers. Wilderness forests give way to Arctic tundra in the Far North. CLIMATE There are many climatic variations in this huge country, ranging from the permanently frozen icecaps north of the 70th parallel to the luxuriant vegetation of British Columbia’s West Coast. Canada’s most populous regions, which lie in the country’s south along the U.S. border, enjoy four 4
distinct seasons. Here daytime summer temperatures can rise to +35°C and higher, while lows of -25°C are not uncommon in winter. More moderate temperatures are the norm in spring and autumn. PARKS AND HISTORIC SITES Canada maintains 37 national parks and 10 national park reserves, which represent 31 of Canada’s 39 terrestrial ecoregions and cover about 3 % of the country’s landmass. Banff, located on the eastern slopes of Alberta’s Rocky Mountains, is the oldest (est. 1885); Tuktut Nogait, in the Northwest Territories, was established in 1996. There are 836 national historic sites, designated in honour of people, places and events that figure in the country’s history. Canada also has over 1000 provincial parks and nearly 50 territorial parks. MOUNTAIN RANGES Canada’s terrain incorporates a number of mountain ranges: the Torngats, Appalachians and Laurentians in the east; the Rocky, the Coastal and Mackenzie ranges in the west; and Mount St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains in the north. At 6050 m, Mount Logan in the Yukon is the Canada’s tallest peak. LAKES There are about two million lakes in Canada, covering about 7.6 % of the Canadian landmass. The main lakes, in order of the surface area located in Canada (many large 5
lakes are traversed by the Canada–U.S. border), are Huron, Great Bear, Superior, Great Slave, Winnipeg, Erie and Ontario. The largest lake situated entirely in Canada is Great Bear Lake (31,326 km2) in the Northwest Territories. RIVERS The St. Lawrence (3058 km long) is Canada’s most important river, providing a seaway for ships from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. The longest Canadian River is the Mackenzie, which flows 4241 km through the Northwest Territories. Other large watercourses include the Yukon and the Columbia (parts of which flow through the U.S. territory), the Nelson, the Churchill, and the Fraser—along with major tributaries such as the Saskatchewan, the Peace, the Ottawa, the Athabasca, and the Liard. TIME ZONES Canada has six time zones. The easternmost, in Newfoundland, is three hours and 30 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The other time zones are the Atlantic, the Eastern, the Central, the Rocky Mountain and, farthest west, the Pacific, which is eight hours behind GMT. The Moscow time zone is three hours after GMT. POLITICAL SYSTEM Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic parliament. The Parliament of Canada, in Ottawa, consists of the House of Commons, whose members 6
are elected, and the Senate, whose members are appointed. On average, members of Parliament are elected every five years. CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS Canada’s Constitution contains a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which sets out certain fundamental freedoms and rights that neither Parliament nor any provincial legislature acting alone can change. These include equality rights, mobility rights, and legal rights1, together with freedoms such as speech, association, and peaceful assembly. NATIONAL EMBLEM The maple leaf has been associated with Canada for some time: in 1868, it figured in coats of arms granted to Ontario and Quebec; and in both world wars, it appeared on regimental badges. Since the 1965 introduction of the Canadian flag, the maple leaf has become the country’s most important symbol. THE CANADIAN FLAG Several people participated in designing the Canadian flag. Jacques St. Cyr contributed the stylised maple leaf, George Bist the proportions, and Dr. Gunter Wyszechi the coloration. The final determination of all aspects of the new flag was made by a 15-member parliamentary committee, which is formally credited with the design. After lengthy 1 равенство прав, право на передвижение и право на судебную защиту 7
debate, the new flag was adopted by the Parliament. It officially became the national flag on February 15, 1965, now recognised as Canada’s Flag Day. NATIONAL ANTHEM O Canada was composed in 1880, with music by Calixa Lavallée and words by Judge Adolphe-Basile Routhier. In 1908, Robert Stanley Weir wrote the translation on which the present English lyric is based. On July 1, 1980, a century after being sung for the first time, O Canada was proclaimed the national anthem1. CURRENCY The Canadian dollar is divided into 100 cents. POPULATION According to the 2023 Census, Canada’s population was about 40 million. A large majority of Canadians, 86 %, live in cities and towns. MAIN CITIES In 2023, the leading Canadian cities were Toronto (5.64 million), Montreal (3.6 million), Vancouver (2.4 million), Calgary (1.3 million) and Ottawa (1.3 million). 1 national anthem — государственный гимн 8
LIVING STANDARD According to the World Bank’s latest data from 2023, Canada’s rank in the world for purchasing power parity of average wage is the 18th out of 191 countries. HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY Basic health care, with the exception of dental services, is free at the point of delivery. Prescription drugs are in most cases dispensed without charge to people over 65 and social aid recipients. Canada also has an extensive social security network, including an old age pension, a family allowance, unemployment insurance and welfare. In 2012, the federal government announced changes to the Old Age Security (OAS) program, which provides financial support to seniors. These changes included raising the age of eligibility for OAS from 65 to 67. ABORIGINAL PEOPLES The Aboriginal population of Canada includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples (people of mixed Aboriginal and European blood). According to the 2023 Census, there were 1.7 million people in Canada who identified as Aboriginal, representing 4.6 % of the total Canadian population. Of this population, the majority (62.7 %) identified as First Nations, followed by Métis (34.3 %) and Inuit (3.0 %). RELIGION Religion in Canada is diverse, reflecting the country’s history of immigration and multiculturalism. According to 9
the 2023 Census, the largest religion in Canada is Christianity, accounting for 62.7 % of the population. Within Christianity, the largest denominations are Roman Catholicism (23.3 %) and Protestantism (27.9 %), which includes various denominations such as Anglican, Baptist, Lutheran, and The United Church. Other religions in Canada include Islam (3.2 %), Hinduism (1.5 %), Sikhism (1.4 %), Buddhism (1.1 %), and Judaism (1.0 %). Additionally, 23.1 % of Canadians reported no religious affiliation. LANGUAGES Canada is a bilingual country with two official languages: English and French. According to the 2023 Census, the majority of Canadians reported English as their mother tongue1 (58.9 %), while 21.8 % reported French as their mother tongue. French is more commonly spoken in the province of Quebec, where it is the dominant language, and in other regions of the country with significant Francophone populations. ETHNIC ORIGIN Canada is a diverse country with a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds represented in its population. According to the 2023 Census, the major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5 %), North American (22.9 %), Asian (19.3 %), North American Indigenous (6.1 %), African (3.8 %), Latin, Central and South American (2.5 %), Caribbean (2.1 %), Oceanian (0.3 %), and Other (6 %). 1 mother tongue — родной язык 10