Грамматика русского языка для начинающих: пособие для студентов-иностранцев

E.A. BYBbKOBA
O.E. MOPO3OBA
O.M. CnEKTOP
rPAMMATMKA pyccKoro a3bKA flflfl HAMMHAW^MX nOCOBME
Anfl CTYAEHTOB-WHOCTPAH^B


YMEBHOE nOCOBME



znanium
3AeKTpOHHO-6n6AMOTeMHafl CHCTGMQ
MocKBa                           roMenb
i/ihqpa-m                        roMrw


2025

y^K 811.161.1’36’243(075.8)
BBK 81.411.2.052-99^73
      B90




      P e ^ e h 3 e h m m:
         g;i<|>egp;i. goBy3OBCKoft nogromoBKu u npo^opueHmaguu roMeabcKoro rocy-gapcTBeHHoro yHUBepcumema uMeHu 0. CkopuHM;
         BoroMonvHUKoea H.A., iggig iigam ^uaoaorugecKux HayK, go geum, gogeam g;i<|>(g|)i>i negaroruKu u gacmHMx MemoguK loMcabcgoro ooggcmgoro uhctu-Tyma paaBumua o6pa3oBaHua


      ByatKOBa E.A.

E90     IpaMMamuKa pyccKoro a3MKa gaa HaguHaro^ux: noco6ue gaa cmvgeg       Tog-ggocmpaggeg : vge6Hoe noco6ue / E.A. EyabKoBa, O.E. Mopo3oBa, O.M. CneKmop. — MocKBa : HH®pA-M ; FoMeab : FoMFMy, 2025. — 178 c.
         ISBN 978-5-16-020171-9 (HHOPA-M, print)
         ISBN 978-5-16-112706-3 (HHOPA-M, online)
         ISBN 978-985-588-348-8 (FoMFMy)
         B yge6HoM noco6uu npegcmaeaeHa rpaMMamuKa pyccKoro a3MKa b Buge ma6-agg c KoMMeHmapuaMu k meMaM nporpaMMM yge6Hoft ggcggn/igHH «PyccKuft H3MK KaK uHocmpaHHMft». noco6ue cogepxum nepeBog Ha anrauftcKuft a3MK meopemugecKoro Mamepuaaa u npuMepoB.
         AgpecoBaHo uHocTpaHHMM cmygeHmaM ygpexgeHuft bbicmero o6paaoBa-Hua, o6ygaro^uMca Ha aHrauftcKoM a3MKe. ^aHHMft Mamepuaa Moxem 6mtb ucnoab3oBaH cmygeHmaMu, HaguHaro^uMu u3ygamb pyccKuft a3MK KaK caMo-cmoameabHo, maK u nog pyKoBogcmBoM npenogaBameaa gaa noBmopeHua, 3a-KpenaeHua u cucmeMamu3aguu 3HaHuft rpaMMamugecKoro Mamepuaaa no meMaM gu^unauHM «PyccKuft a3MK KaK uHocTpaHHbift».

y^K 811.161.1’36’243(075.8)
EEK 81.411.2.052-99a73













ISBN 978-5-16-020171-9 (HHQPA-M, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-112706-3 (HHQPA-M, online)
ISBN 978-985-588-348-8 (FoMFMy)


© FoMeabcKnft rocygapcTBeHHbift MegnunncKHn ynnBepcnTeT, 2024

            OE-IABJEI11 IE / TABLE OF CONTENTS



BBegeHue / Preface..............................................12
CnucoK ycaoinibix o6o3iiaⁱieiiiiii / The list of abbreviations.....13
PA3flE^ 1. Ociioinibie ocofieiniocni (|)oneT'ii'iecKoii
ciicmeMbi pyccKoro H3biKa / Main features of the phonetic system of Russian language ............................................14
  1.1.  PyccKUH ai^aBUT / The Russian alphabet..................14
    1.1.1. OcHOBHaa uH^opMamua o pyccKOM aa(|iaBHTC /
Basic information about the Russian alphabet ...................14
    1.1.2. ByKBM u 3ByKM / Letters and Sounds...................16
    1.1.3. OcHOBHtie npaBuaa npou3HomeHua u aTCHaa /
Basic rules of pronounciation and reading .........................18
     1.1.4.    MHTOHaUHOHHbie KOHcmpy kuhh / Intonational constructions ........................................21
PA3flE^ 2. OcHOBHbie ocOSeHHOcmu rpaMMamuHecKon
ciicieMbi pyccKoro H3bii<a / Main features of the system of Russian language ............................................23
  2.1.  Hmh cyinecrinn'eabiioe. nxieinn'eabiibiii
nage>i< (Oagea; 1) / The Noun. The Nominative Case (Case 1)........23
    2.1.1. Pog umch cy^ecTBHTeabHbix / The Gender of Nouns.........23
    2.1.2. EgftHCTBeHHoe u MHo>i<ecTBeHHoe gucao
umch cy^ecTBHTeabHbix / Nouns in the Singular and Plural Form......27
  2.2.  MeciouMeHue / The Pronoun..................................31
    2.2.1. ^uHHbie MecTouMeHua / The Personal Pronouns.............31
    2.2.2. npHTa’/KaTcabHbie MecTouMeHua / The Possessive Pronouns.32
    2.2.3. yKa3areabHbie MecrouMeHHa /
The Demonstrative Pronouns......................................34
  2.3.  Hmh iipiiaaraT'eabiioe / The Adjective.....................35
    2.3.1. Pog umch npuaarareabHiix / The Gender of Adjectives.....35
    2.3.2. Tumi ochob umch npuaaraTeabHiix /
Types of Stems of Adjectives.......................................36
    2.3.3. noaHaa u KpaTKaa $opMa umch npuaaraTeabHiix /
Long and short forms ofAdjectives .................................39

3

   2.4. Faai'da / The Verb.........................................40
     2.4.1. HaLia.ibHa;i $6pMa raaroaa (uh^uhutub) /
The Infinitive form ............................................40
     2.4.2. Hacmoa^ee BpeMM raaroaa / The Present Tense of the Verb ....41
     2.4.3. npomegmee BpeMa raaroaa / The Past Tense of the Verb...47
     2.4.4. Eygy^ee BpeMa raaroaa. Cao>KHaa $6pMa
6ygy^ero BpeMeHu / The Future Tense of the Verb. The complex form ofFuture Tense ................................48
     2.4.5. Bright raaroaa / Verb Aspects.......................50
     2.4.6. raaroati c nocm^ukcoM -ca / Verbs with Postfix -ca..52
   2.5. Hapc'iue / The Adverb......................................53
     2.5.1. KanecTBeHHBie Hapenua / Adverbs of quality.............53
     2.5.2. Hapenua 66pa3a gencTBua / Adverbs of way of action.....55
     2.5.3. Hapeaaa Mepa u cmeneHu / Adverbs of measure and degree.55
     2.5.4. Hapenua Mecma / Adverbs denoting place.................56
     2.5.5. Hapenua BpeMeHu / Adverbs denoting time.............57
   2.6. Hmh uuciuTeibHoe / The Numeral.............................58
     2.6.1. Paapaga umch nucarimeatHbix / Categories of Numerals...58
     2.6.2. CkaoHeHue KoauHecmBeHHax HucaumeatHax /
The declension of Cardinal Numerals ...............................60
     2.6.3. CkaoHeHue nopagKOBtx HucaumeatHax /
The declension of Ordinal Numerals ................................64
     2.6.4. CkaoHeHue co6upameatHax HucaumeatHax /
The declension of Collective Numerals .............................65
PA3flE^ 3. n|)eg.i6>Kiio-iiage>Kiian cucmewa
pyccKoro H3biKa / Prepositional-case system of the Russian language ........................................66
   3.1. HMeHUTeibHbin naaea; (naae>i< 1) /
The Nominative Case (Case 1) ......................................66
     3.1.1. 3HaaeHHa uMeHumeatHoro nage>i<a (nagc>i< 1) /
Meanings of the Nominative Case (Case 1)...........................66
   3.2. npeg.io>Kiibiii nagm (nagm 6) /
The Prepositional Case (Case 6) ................................67
     3.2.1. 3HaneHua npegao>KHoro nage>i<a (nage>i< 6) /
Meanings of the Prepositional Case (Case 6) .......................67

4

     3.2.2.     HMeHa cy^ecTBHTeabHbie b npegao^HOM nage>Ke (nage>K 6) eguHCTBeHHoro h MHO^ecTBeHHoro HHcaa. npeg.iO’/KHbiH nage>K (nagc>K 6) b 3HaneHHH Mecma /
The Singular and Plural Nouns in the Prepositional. The Prepositional denoting the place ............................68
     3.2.3. Oc66tie OKornaHHa cy^ecTBHTeatHMx
b npeg.TO>KHOM nage>Ke (nage>K 6) eguiHCTBeHHoro nucaa
My>KCK6ro poga / Special endings of Masculine Nouns in the Prepositional (Case 6) Singular ..........................69
     3.2.4. npegao^HMH nage>i< (nagc>K 6). YnoTpeGaeHHe
npegaoroB b h Ha / The Prepositional Case (Case 6). Use of Prepositions b (in) and Ha (on)...........................70
     3.2.5. raaroati + HMeHa cy^ecTBuneatHbie
b npeg.TO>KHOM nage>i<c (nagc>i< 6) (b, Ha) /
Verbs + Nouns in the Prepositional (Case 6) (b, Ha) .............72
     3.2.6. npeg.TO>KHbiH nage>K (nage>K 6) b 3HaneHHH
oGteKTa Mtican h penn / The Prepositional (Case 6) denoting the object ofspeech or thought .........................72
     3.2.7. raaroati + HMeHa cy^eciBHreatHtie
b npeg.TO>i<HOM nage^e (nage>i< 6) (o, 06, 66o) /
Verbs + Nouns in the Prepositional (Case 6) (o, 06, 66o).........74
     3.2.8. ^HHHtie MecTOHMeHHa b npeg.TO>KHOM
nage^e (nage>i< 6) / Personal Pronouns in the Prepositional (Case 6) ...................................74
     3.2.9. npegTO’/KHbiH nage>i< (nagc>K 6) hmch
npHaarareatHtix h yKa3aTeatHtix MecTOHMCHHH /
Adjectives and Demonstrative Pronouns in the Prepositional (Case 6) ...................................75
     3.2.10. npHur/KaTC.ibHbie MecTOHMeHHa h MecTOHMCHHe
«cbgh» b npegTO>KHOM nage^e (nage>i< 6) / Possessive Pronouns and Pronoun «cbgh» (your) in the Prepositional (Case 6)..........76
     3.2.11. npeg.TO>KHbiH nage>i< (nagc>K 6) b 3Ha^eHHH BpeMeHH /
The Prepositional (Case 6) denoting time.........................78
     3.2.12. npegao^HtiH nagc>i< (nagc>i< 6). O6o6^cHHe /
The Prepositional (Case 6). The Generalization ..................79
   3.3. BuHJime^bHMH na.'ie>i< (nagm 4) /
The Accusative Case (Case 4).....................................81
     3.3.1. OcHGBHtie 3HaneHHa BHHuneabHoro nage>Ka (nagc>K 4) /
Main meanings of Accusative (Case 4) ............................81

5

     3.3.2.     BuHUTentHMH nage>K (nagc>i< 4) b 3HaneHuu o6ieKTa gencTBua. HeogymeBaeHHbie u ogymeBaeHHbie uMeHa cy^ecTBftme.ibHbie / The Accusative (Case 4) denoting the object of action. Inanimate and Animate Nouns ........................82
     3.3.3. raaroabi + uMeHa cymecTBftTeabHbie
b BuHHTeabHOM nage>Ke (nagc>i< 4) /
Verbs + Nouns in the Accusative (Case 4) ......................84
     3.3.4. .nuqHbie MecTouMeHua b BuHneabHoM nage>Ke (nagc>K 4).
3HaKOMCTBO, npegcTaBaeHue / Personal Pronouns in the Accusative (Case 4). Introduction ......................85
     3.3.5. npuTa^aTeabHbie u yKaaaTeabHbie MecTouMeHua
b BuHHTeabHOM nage>Ke (nagc>i< 4) eguHCTBeHHoro aucaa /
Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns in the Accusative (Case 4) Singular ...........................85
     3.3.6. HMena npuaaraTeabHbie b BuHuTeabHoM
nage>Ke (nagc>i< 4) eguHCTBeHHoro aucaa / Adjectives in the Accusative (Case 4) Singular ...........................86
     3.3.7. MHo>i<ecTBeHHoe aucao umch cymecTBftTeabHbix
b BuHHreabHoM nage>Ke (nagc>i< 4) / Plural of Nouns in Accusative (Case 4) ........................................88
     3.3.8. HMeHa npuaaraTeabHbie b BumiTeabHoM
nage>Ke (nagc>i< 4) MHoi^ecTBeHHoro aucaa /
Adjectives in Accusative (Case 4) Plural ......................89
     3.3.9. BuHHTeabHbm nage>i< (nagc>i< 4) b 3HaaeHuu
HanpaBaeHua gBu^Hua / Accusative (Case 4) in the meaning of the direction of movement ..................................90
       3.3.9.I. ^Bu^eHue nemK3M / Movement on foot.............90
       3.3.9.2. ^Bu^eHue Ha TpaHcnopTe /Movement on transport...91
     3.3.10. BuHHTeabHbm nage>i< (nagc>i< 4) c raaroaaMu
«cTaBuTb - nocTaBuTb», «KaacTb - noao>K'ftTb».
«BemaTb - noBecuTb» / The Accusative (Case 4) with Verbs «cTaBuTb - nocTaBuTb».
«KaacTb - noao>KbiTb». «BemaTb - noBecuTb».....................92
     3.3.11. BuHbiTeabHbiH nage>i< (nage>i< 4) b 3Ha^eHuu BpeMeHu /
Accusative (Case 4) denoting time .............................93
     3.3.12.     O6o6meHue. BuHbiTeabHMH nage>i< (nagc>i< 4) / Generalization. The Accusative (Case 4) .......................94

6

   3.4. flame^bHbin nage® (nage® 3) /
The Dative Case (Case 3) ....................................97
    3.4.1. OcHOBHtie 3HaneHua gaTentHoro nage®a (nage® 3) /
Main meanings of the Dative (Case 3) .........................97
    3.4.2. MjweHa cy^ecTBUTentHtie b gaTentHOM
nage®e (Hage® 3) egnHCTBeHHoro h MHO®ecTBeHHoro nncnai /
Nouns in The Dative (Case 3) Singular and Plural Form .......98
    3.4.3. EnarcinM + uMeHa cy^ecTBUTentHtie b gaTentHOM
nageKe (Rage® 3) / Verbs + Nouns in the Dative (Case 3).......99
    3.4.4. ^HHHtie MecTOHMeHua b gaTentHoM nage®e (nage® 3).
^aTentHMH nage® (nage® 3) b 3HaneHuu BO>3pacTa /
Personal Pronouns in the Dative (Case 3).
The Dative (Case 3) denotihg age.............................100
    3.4.5. HMena npunaraTentHtie, npuTa®aTentHMe
u yKa’iaTenbHbie MeciouMeHua b gaTentHoM nage®e (Hage® 3) egHHcTBeHHoro u MHC>®ecTBeHHoro Mucna / Adjectives, Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns
in the Dative (Case 3) Singular and Plural ..................101
    3.4.6. ^aTentHtiH nage® (nage® 3) c rnarOnaMu
«HpaBHTtca - noHpaBHTtca» / The Dative (Case 3)
with the Verbs «HpaBUTtca - noHpaBUTtca».....................102
    3.4.7. ^aTentHbifi nage® (nage® 3) b 6e3nuHHbix
npegno®eHHax / The Dative (Case 3) in Impersonal Sentences...103
    3.4.8. KoHCTpyKann c cy^ecTBurentHMMH (MecTOHMeHuaMH)
b gaTentHoM nage®e (nage® 3) / Constructions with
Nouns (Pronouns) in the Dative (Case 3) .....................105
    3.4.9. ^aTentHbifi nage® (nage® 3). O6o6^eHue /
The Dative (Case 3). Generalization .........................105
   3.5. PoguiTegbHbin nage® (nage® 2) /
The Genitive Case (Case 2) ..................................109
    3.5.1. 3Ha^eHua poguTentHoro nage®a (nage® 2) /
Meanings of the Genitive (Case 2) ...........................109
    3.5.2. PoguTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2) co cnc>BOM «HeT» /
The Genitive (Case 2) in the Sentences with the Negative
Particle «HeT» (no) .........................................110
    3.5.3. PoguTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2) b 3HaneHuu
npuHagne®HocTu / The Genitive (Case 2) expressing possession.112

7

     3.5.4. PogiiTenbHtH nage>K (nage>K 2) cyTOeciBHrentHtix
c npegnoroM y / The Genitive (Case 2) with the Preposition y..113
     3.5.5.     PogHTentHtiH nage>K (nage>K 2) b 3HaneHHH HecoraacoBaHHoro onpegeneHHa / The Genitive (Case 2) denoting an attribute of an object .............................114
     3.5.6.    PogHTentHtiH nage>K (nage>K 2) c KonriHecTBeHHtiMH HHcnUrrentHBiMH «gBa (gBe)», «TpH», «neTtipe» / The Genitive (Case 2) with the Cardinal Numerals
«gBa (gBe)», «TpH», «neTtipe».................................115
     3.5.7. PogHTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2) npu
o6o3HaneHHH gaTti / The Genitive (Case 2) denoting date.........116
     3.5.8. PogHTentHtiH nage® (Rage® 2) c npegaoraMH
npu o6o3HaneHHH BpeMeHH / The Genitive (Case 2)
with Prepositions denoting time ................................116
     3.5.9. PogHTentHtiH nage® (Rage® 2) c npegnoraMH
npu o6o3HaneHHH MecTa / The Genitive (Case 2)
with Prepositions denoting place ...............................117
     3.5.10.     PogHTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2) hmch npHnaraTentHtix b egHHcTBeHHoM nucne / Adjectives in the Genitive (Case 2) Singular...............................117
     3.5.11. PogHTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2) MecTOHMeHHH /
Pronouns in the Genitive (Case 2) ..............................118
     3.5.12. PogHTentHtiH nage® hmch
cy^ecTBHTentHtix (nage® 2) bo Mno®ecTBennoM nucne /
Nouns in the Genitive (Case 2) Plural ..........................120
     3.5.13. PogHTentHtiH nage® hmch
npHnaraTentHtix (Hage® 2) h npHTa®aTentHtix h yKaaarentHtix MecTOHMeHHH bo MH€»KecTBeHHoM nucne / The Genitive (Case 2) Plural of Adjectives and Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns .121
     3.5.14. PogHTentHtiH nage® (nage® 2). O6o6^CHHe /
The Genitive (Case 2). Generalization ..........................122
   3.6. TBopUimentHMM nage® (Oa'ie® 5) /
The Instrumental Case (Case 5) .................................124
     3.6.1. OcHoBHtie 3HaneHHa TBopHTentHoro nage®a (Hage® 5) /
Main meanings of the Instrumental (Case 5) .....................124
     3.6.2.     TBopHtentHtiH nage® (nage® 5) b 3HaneHHH coBMecTHocTH / Instrumental (Case 5) denoting jointness.......125

8

     3.6.2.I.    MjweHa cy^ecTBuTentHtie b TBopuTentHOM nage>Ke (najc>i< 5) egurncTBeHHoro u MHO®ecTBeHHoro Hucna /
Nouns in the Instrumental (Case 5) Singular and Plural ...........125
     3.6.3. TBopuTentHtin nage>K (nagc>i< 5) nuiHHMx
MecTOHMeHHH / Instrumental (Case 5) of Personal Pronouns...........126
     3.6.4. rnaronti + uMena cy^eciBuTentHtie b TBopuTentHOM
nage>i<e (nagc>i< 5) / Verbs + Nouns in the Instrumental (Case 5).126
     3.6.5. npnra^aTentHtie u yKa3aTentHtie MecmoHMeHHa
b TBopurrentHOM nage>Ke (Hage® 5) / Possessive and Demonstrative Pronouns in the Instrumental (Case 5) ............................128
     3.6.6. npunaraTentHtie u nopagKOBtie HucnuTentHtie
b TBopUrrentHOM nage®e (najc>i< 5) eguHcTBeHHoro
u MHO>KecTBeHHoro Hucna / Adjectives and Ordinal Numerals
in the Instrumental (Case 5) Singular and Plural .................129
     3.6.7. TBopuTentHtiH nage>i< (najc>i< 5) b 3Hanenuu MecTa /
Instrumental (Case 5) denoting place .............................130
     3.6.8.     O6o6^enue. TBopuTentHtin najc>i< (najc>i< 5) / Generalization. The Instrumental (Case 5) ........................130
PA3flE^ 4. Hmh iipii.iai'iime.ibiioe / The Adjective...............134
  4.1.  CmeneHu cpaiMieiiiiu npu^arame^EHMx /
Degrees of comparison of Adjectives ...............................134
     4.1.1.     O6pa3OBaHue cTenenen cpaBHeHua KaHecTBeHHtix npunaraTentHtix / Formation of degrees of comparison of qualitative Adjectives .........................................134
     4.1.2.   Hau6onee ynornpeCnaeMtie ^opMti cpaBHHTentHon
cTcneHu / The most used forms of the comparative degree...........135
     4.1.3.   OcO6tie cnynau o6pa3OBanua cTenenen
cpaBHeHua npunaraTentHtix / Special cases of formation ofAdjectives degree of comparison ................................136
     4.1.4.   Cnoco6ti ynoTpe6neHHa cpaBHuTentHOH cTeneHu
npunaraTentHtix / Ways to use the comparative degree of Adjectives.137
  4.2.  KpaTKaH (|)0pMa npu^arame^EHMx /
Short form of Adjectives ..........................................137
     4.2.1. CpaBHuTentHaa xapaKTepucTuKa KpaTKnx u nonHtix
umch npunaraTentHtix / Comparative characteristics ofshort andfull Adjectives .......................................137

9

     4.2.2.     O6pa3OBaHue KpamKOH ^opMti KanecmBeHHtix npHnarameatHbix / Formation of short form of qualitative Adjectives....138
     4.2.3. HMeHa npuaarameatHtie, KomOptie nacre ucnc>at3yKmcM
b KpaTKOH $OpMe / Adjectives that are often used in short form.........139
     4.2.4. OcO6tie caynau o6pa3OBaHua KpaTKOH
$OpMti npuaarameatHtix / Special cases of formation of short-form Adjectives ......................................139

PA3flE^ 5. Eiaroti / The Verb..........................................142

  5.1.  Bi'igbi riaroia / Verb Aspects.................................142
     5.1.1. raaroati HecoBepmeHHoro Buga
u coBepmeHHoro Buga / Imperfective and Perfective Verbs................142
  5.2.  r.iaio. ibi c ii6ct'(|)iikcom -ch / Verbs with the Postfix -ch.145
     5.2.1. Eaaroati «yHumt» (nmo?) u «yHumtc_a» (rge?) /
Verbs «ynumt» (what?) and«yHumtca» (where?)....................145
     5.2.2. VnpaBaeHue raaroaoB c hcict^ukcom -ch /
Control of Verbs with the Postfix -ch .........................146
     5.2.3. raarOati, KomOptie He ynompe6aaromca 6e3 -ch /
Verbs that are not used without -ch............................146
     5.2.4. HeKomoptie 3HaneHua raarOaoB c hOct^ukcom -ch /
Some meanings of Verbs with the Postfix -ch ...................148
     5.2.5. AkmuBHtie u naccuBHtie KOHcmpyKpuu /
Active and passive constructions ......................................150
  5.3.  noBeiuiTeibHoe HaKiOHeHne riarOiOB /
The Imperative Form of the Verbs ..............................151
     5.3.1. 06pa3OBaHue raarOaoB b HOBeaiimeatHOM
HaKaoHeHuu / Formation of Imperative Form of the Verb..........151
  5.4.  r.iaro.ibi gBii>i<einiH / Verbs of motion......................152
     5.4.1. 3HaneHua u ynompe6aeHue raarOaoB ^bu^hum
6e3 npucmaBOK / The meanings and usage of the unprefixed Verbs of motion ...............................................153
     5.4.2. npegTO>KHO-nage>KHtie KOHcmpyKpuu c raarOaaMu
gBu^eHua / Prepositional-case constructions with Verbs of motion.......156
     5.4.3. raaroati ^bu^hum c npucmaBKaMu /
Prefixed Verbs ofmotion .......................................164

10