English for Nano Tech Engineering Students. Английский язык для наноинженеров

 
 
 
 
O. ȿ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ. ȼ. Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɨɜ 
 
 
 
 
 
ENGLISH  
FOR NANO TECH ENGINEERING  
STUDENTS 
 
ȺɇȽɅɂɃɋɄɂɃ əɁɕɄ  
ȾɅə ɇȺɇɈɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɈȼ 
 
 
 
 
 
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɍɆɈ ɊȺȿ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ 
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ 
ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ: 28.03.01 «ɇɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ», 
28.03.02 «ɇɚɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 28.03.03 «ɇɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ    ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ 
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ» 
2024 
1 

ɍȾɄ 811.111 
ȻȻɄ 81.432.1 
ɑ-49 
 
 
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: 
 
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɆȺɇɉɈ, 
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ  
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɆȽɉɍ Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɦɢɬɪɟɧɤɨ;  
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ 
ɢ ɦɟɯɚɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɊɍȾɇ ɢɦ. ɉɚɬɪɢɫɚ Ʌɭɦɭɦɛɵ ɋ. Ⱥ. Ʉɭɩɪɟɟɜ 
 
 
 
 
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ  
ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɊɍȾɇ ɢɦ. ɉɚɬɪɢɫɚ Ʌɭɦɭɦɛɵ 
 
 
 
 
ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ, Ɉ. ȿ. 
ɑ-49   
English for Nano Tech Engineering Students. Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɉ. ȿ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ. ȼ. Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɨɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; 
ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2024. – 188 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ. 
ISBN 978-5-9729-1892-8 
 
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, 
ɚɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.  
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ B1–B2 ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ 
ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ «ɇɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ», «ɇɚɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ» ɢ 
«ɇɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ» (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɢɚɬ) ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɥɢɰ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.  
 
ɍȾɄ 811.111 
ȻȻɄ 81.432.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ISBN 978-5-9729-1892-8 
© ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ Ɉ. ȿ., Ʌɢɬɜɢɧɨɜ Ⱥ. ȼ., 2024 
 
© ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024 
 
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024 
2 

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ 
 
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ «English for Nano Tech Engineering Students = Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ 
ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ» ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɟɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɢɚɬ), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ «ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ», ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ B1-B2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ  ɞɥɹ 
ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.  
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ 
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ 
ɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ 
ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ 
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ  ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ 
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ  ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ 
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɢ 
ɩɪɢɺɦɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. 
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ 
ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ. 
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 9 ɭɪɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ 
ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ 
ɠɚɧɪɨɜ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ 
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ 
ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ,  ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɚɭɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ «ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ» – ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢ-ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ 
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ 
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɨɜ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɎȽɈɋ ȼɈ 3++. 
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ –ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɦ 
3 

ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɭɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. 
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 
(ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ), ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ «ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ», ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɭ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ. 
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢɹ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨ-ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. 
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɚɦ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɦ 
ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ 
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ. 
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 

CONTENTS 
 
UNIT 1. HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 
....................................................... 6 
UNIT 2. NANOMATERIALS .................................................................................. 31 
UNIT 3. NANOMETROLOGY 
................................................................................ 57 
UNIT 4. NANOELECTRONICS 
.............................................................................. 81 
UNIT 5. NANOENERGETICS .............................................................................. 102 
UNIT 6. NANOCYBERNETICS ........................................................................... 113 
UNIT 7. NANOMEDICINE ................................................................................... 139 
UNIT 8. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 
................................................ 151 
UNIT 9. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND  
PROSPECTS ........................................................................................................... 163 
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 176 
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 184 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 

UNIT 1 
 
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 
 
“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating  
and controlling things on a small scale.” 
– Richard Feynman,  
There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom  
(1959) 
 
Pre-reading discussion 
 
1) Who is considered the father of nanotechnology? 
2) When was the term “nanotechnology’ coined? 
3) Whose names are associated with the development of nanotechnology? 
4) When did nanometer-scale materials originate? 
 
Task 1. Skim the text for the main idea. Find facts supporting the main idea. 
Provide an appropriate heading for text 1. 
 
Text 1 
 
American physicist Richard Feynman is considered the father of nanotechnology. He introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a 1959 talk titled 
"There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Feynman did not use the term "nanotechnology," but described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. 
Modern nanotechnology truly began in 1981, when the scanning tunneling microscope allowed scientists and engineers to see and manipulate individual atoms. IBM 
scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for 
inventing the scanning tunneling microscope. The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology 
Center in Zurich, Switzerland, continues to build on the work of these pioneering scientists by conducting research and developing new applications for nanotechnology. 
The iconic example of the development of nanotechnology was an effort led by 
Don Eigler at IBM to spell out "IBM" using 35 individual atoms of xenon. 
By the end of the 20th century, many companies and governments were investing in nanotechnology. Major nanotech discoveries, such as carbon nanotubes, were 
made throughout the 1990s. By the early 2000s, nanomaterials were being used in consumer products from sports equipment to digital cameras. 
6 

Modern nanotechnology may be quite new, but nanometer-scale materials have 
been used for centuries.  
As early as the 4th century, Roman artists had discovered that adding gold and 
silver to glass created a startling effect: The glass appeared slate green when lit from 
the outside, but glowed red when lit from within. Nanoparticles of gold and silver were 
suspended in the glass solution, coloring it. The most famous surviving example of this 
technique is a ceremonial vessel, the Lycurgus Cup. 
Artists from China, western Asia, and Europe were also using nanoparticles of 
silver and copper, this time in pottery glazes. This gave a distinctive "luster" to ceramics such as tiles and bowls. 
In 2006, modern microscopy revealed the technology of "Damascus steel," a 
metal used in South Asia and the Middle East until the technique was lost in the 18th 
century–carbon nanotubes. Swords made with Damascus steel are legendary for their 
strength, durability, and ability to maintain a very sharp edge. 
One of the most well-known examples of pre-modern use of nanomaterials is in 
European medieval stained-glass windows. Like the Romans before them, medieval 
artisans knew that by putting varying, small amounts of gold and silver in glass, they 
could produce bright reds and yellows. 
 (Based on https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nanotechnology/) 
 
Task 2. Define the topic of the text. Does the text have an introductory paragraph? A summary paragraph? How many important points does the author make? 
What are these points? What manner of reasoning is used? 
 
Task 3.  Speak on the style and genre of the text. 
í Is the text intended for specialists, students, general readers, schoolchildren? 
í Do you think it comes from an encyclopedia, a journal, a magazine, a school 
textbook, a newspaper or something else? 
í Is the writer of the text an expert in nanotechnology, journalist, student or 
somebody else? 
í Is the purpose of the text to teach a subject, to interest people in a new subject, 
to provide new information, to persuade people to adopt a particular point of view or 
something else? 
 
Task 4. Phonetic drill. 
a) Pronounce these words correctly: nanotechnology ['neinԥ(u)tek,nܧlԥdݤi], a 
process ['prԥuses], to manipulate [mԥ'nܼpjuleܼt], a molecule ['mܥlܼkjuޝl], a scanning tunneling microscope ['skænܼƾ  'tݞn(ԥ)lܼƾ  'maܼkrԥݜskԥݜp], iconic [aܼ'kܧnܼk], an effort 
['efԥt], xenon [zenܧn], a company ['kݞmpԥnܼ], a carbon nanotube ['kܤ:bԥn 'nænԥݜtjuޝb], 
7 

technique [tek'ni:k], ceramics [sܼ'ræmܼks], microscopy [maܼ'krܥskԥpi], durability 
['dju(ԥ)rԥ'bܼlܼtܼ], to maintain [meܼn'teܼn], medieval [medi'i:v(ԥ)l], varying ['ve(ԥ)rܼܼƾ] 
b) Pronounce the proper names correctly and find their Russian equivalents: 
Richard Feynman, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, Don Eigler, Zurich, Switzerland, Lycurgus Cup 
 
Task 5.  Make up a resume of text 1. 
 
Task 6.  Answer the following questions: 
1. Why is Richard Feynman considered father of nanotechnology even though 
he didn’t coin the term? 
2. What invention gave an impetus to the development of nanotechnology? 
3. What is The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center in Zurich involved 
in? 
4. What is Don Eigler famous for? 
5. Which nanotech discoveries were made at the end of the XXth century? 
6. What phenomenon were Roman artists amazed at in the 4th century? 
7. Why is Damascus steel well-known in the world? 
 
Task 7. Match the following words to their definitions: 
a) 
Nanotechnology (n) 
1) to control something by using the hands 
b) 
 concept (n) 
2) a way of carrying out a particular task, especially the 
execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure 
c) 
 manipulate (v) 
3) the set of necessary tools, clothing, etc. for a particular purpose 
d) 
 equipment (n) 
4) an ultrafine unit with dimensions measured in nanometres (nm; 1 nm = 10í9 metre) 
e) 
 nanoparticle (n) 
5)  the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions 
in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, 
structures, devices and systems 
f) technique (n) 
6) 
 a principle or idea 
 
Task 8. Look through the text to find words which have a similar meaning to: 
a) theory (n), b) devise (v), c) carry out (v), d) method (n), e) toughness (n). 
  
8 

Task 9. Look through the text to find words which have the opposite meaning to: 
a) lost,  b) out-of-date,  c) conceal (v),  d) blunt (adj),  e) robustness (n). 
 
Task 10. Translate the underlined sentences in the text in writing. 
 
Task 11. Translate from English into Russian: 
Short grammar reference 
1.1. Emphatic construction as…as  
Can be translated into Russian as ɚɠ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ, ɰɟɥɵɯ, ɟɳɟ, ɭɠɟ, ɜɫɟɝɨ e.g. The voltage dropped to as low as 25 volts. – ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɚɥɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨ 25 ɜɨɥɶɬ. 
As well as – ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 
As good as – ɩɨɱɬɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ 
As long as – ɩɨɤɚ 
 
1. Carburetor icing under certain conditions can occur when the atmospheric 
temperature is as low as – 80. 
2. Variations in the pressure of the atmosphere over various parts of the earth’s 
surface give rise to horizontal movements of air as well as to vertical ones. 
3. This instrument may be used for direct current as well as for alternating current. 
4. The deal is as good as complete. 
5. The experimental error is probably as large as ten per cent. 
6. As long as steady battery voltage is supplied to the oscillator, the output voltage continuously varies up and down. 
7. As early as 1950s scientists began to consider the feasibility of measures 
which might be effective in dealing with oil pollution of the sea once it had occurred. 
8. He says it's a development he couldn't have imagined as recently as last year. 
9. A lot of its population was dependent on agriculture as recently as the 1970s. 
10. All this was known to the world even as lately as classical times. 
11. A final version of the microscopic computer could cost as little as 10 cents 
per unit to manufacture. 
12. And this entire holding was purchased for as little as $400 million, due to the 
artificially limited competition. 
13. Modules' construction may take as few as ten days but more often one to 
three months. 
14. Analysts predict Tesla will sell as few as 200,000. 
15. Even as few as 2-5 students in a class is not uncommon. 
16. "Extreme cleanliness" means even cleaner than the conditions used in normal 
semiconductor manufacture; an "ultra-high vacuum" means the pressure is so low that 
9 

it's at the limit of what's easily measurable–as little as one hundred trillionth of atmospheric pressure! 
17. These losses include financial loss as well as lost productivity. 
18. The software should be on all workstations as well as the server. 
19. Exams can be scheduled up to six weeks out or as late as the next day (or, in 
some cases, even the same day). 
20. Security policies also define computer room and data center security as well 
as how identification and authentication (I&A) occurs. 
21. In this chapter, we’ll look at several types of attacks, as well as some of the 
reasons your network is vulnerable. 
22. Large multinational corporations, as well as small and medium-sized corporations, are building networks of enormous complexity and sophistication. 
 
Task 12. Translate from Russian into English: 
ɚ) ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ; 
ɛ)  ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XX ɜ. ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ 1928 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ 
ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ. ȼ 1932 ɝ. ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ, ɚ ɜ 1938 ɝ. – ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩ. ȼ 1959 ɝ. ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ 
ɮɢɡɢɤ, ɧɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ɏɟɣɧɦɚɧ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɥ ɫɬɚɜɲɭɸ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ 
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ȼɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ-ɩɨɥɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ: ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ 
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ».  
ȼ 1972 ɝ. ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ. ȼ 1981 ɝ. ɭɱɟɧɵɟ 
Ƚɟɪɞ Ȼɢɧɧɢɝ ɢ Ƚɟɧɪɢɯ Ɋɨɪɟɪ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɟ IBM ɜ ɐɸɪɢɯɟ, 
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ. ɉɨɡɠɟ, ɜ 
1986 ɝ., ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɵ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ 1986 ɝ. ɢɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ 
ɚɬɨɦɧɨ-ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩ. ȼ 1974 ɝ. ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɇɨɪɢɨ Ɍɚɧɢɝɭɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɜɟɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ».  
 (Based on https://rep.bntu.by/bitstream/handle/data/122457/2-5.pdf?sequence=1) 
 
Task 13. Watch the film “Science talk: What is nanoscience/nanotechnology?” 
(5.28 min.) on youtube.com (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dXbLg3miSY) and 
answer the questions: 
1. What is nanosciene? 
2. Where is the prefix ‘nano’ used today? 
10