Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, 2023, № 18 (20)

        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
 
Date of publication: April 11, 2023 
DOI: 10.52270/26585561_2023_18_20_3  
 
 Historical Sciences 
 
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL CULTURE IN RUSSIA 
IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD 
 
Balakari, Tatyana Mikhailovna1, Gladkikh, Olga Vladimirovna2, Nadeev, Alexander 
Maksimovich3, Vyalykh, Nadezhda Nikolaevna4, Lubkin, Yanis Yanovich5 
  
1Senior Lecturer, Voronezh State Technical University, 84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street,  
Voronezh, Russia, E-mail: malya.tanya@mail.ru 
2Lecturer, Voronezh State Technical University, 84, 20 years of October Street,  
Voronezh, Russia, E-mail: olga.gladkikh992@mail.ru 
3Senior Lecturer, Voronezh State Technical University, 84, 20 years of October Street,  
Voronezh, Russia, E-mail: alekn85@yandex.ru  
4Senior Lecturer, Voronezh State Technical University, 84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street,  
Voronezh, Russia, E-mail: vyalix.nadia@yandex.ru 
5Senior Lecturer, Voronezh State Technical University, 84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street, Voronezh, 
Russia, E-mail: ia.iani4@yandex.ru 
 
Abstract 
 
The article examines the constitutional provisions of 1993 on the fundamentals of the legislation of the 
Russian Federation on physical culture and sports, on the basis of which laws on physical culture and sports 
were developed and adopted in most subjects of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is drawn to the 
fact that, despite significant difficulties, the organizational structure of the management of the industry has been 
practically preserved in Russia, including – taking into account the specifics of physical culture and sports. 
Keywords: sports, history, institute, industry, law. 
 
I. INTRODUCTION  
 
The relevance of the problem of introducing a person to physical culture as the main pedagogical task of 
the development of the physical culture and sports movement in its mass form is indisputable today. The 
introduction to physical culture of all Russians, especially young people, is declared today as a priority task.  
 
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
The formation and development of a modern person takes place in complex and contradictory conditions: 
on the one hand, the scientific and technological revolution contributes to a significant increase in the 
capabilities of his intellect, and on the other hand, the effect of a number of factors that counteract the full 
adaptation of a person increases. 
In the new historical conditions, within the framework of a new system of social relations, determined, on 
the one hand, by the laws of the market, and on the other hand, by the values of the culture of the postindustrial society, it is necessary for physical culture to return the role of the most important institution of health, 
the socialization of the individual, to determine ways to solve the problem of introducing the individual to 
successful, productive physical culture and sports activities. At the moment, the interest of the state in improving 
the health of the population, intensifying the mass physical culture and sports movement is noticeable; 
strengthening the country's position in the international sports arena. The state's position on this issue is 
reflected in the program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 2020-2030"; 
in the "Concept for the modernization of Russian education"; in the National Educational Initiative “Our New 
School” approved by the President of the Russian Federation; in the Law of the Russian Federation "On 
Education"; in the Federal Education Standard. 
 
II. METHODOLOGY 
 
The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical principles of the relationship between subject and 
object, process and result, individual, special and general, the unity of tradition and innovation, methods of 
analysis, deduction and induction; interdisciplinary approach as the basis of the concept of research, a 
systematic approach to the study of historical processes; fundamental pedagogical approaches: humanistic, 
axiological, personality-oriented, activity-based, acmeological, etc. 
The scientific and technological essence of organizational and methodological innovations in physical 
education consists in the priority orientation of the content of the pedagogical process towards introducing 
students to physical culture, mastering by students the moral, intellectual, behavioral, motor, mobilization, 
communicative, health-forming and health-saving values of physical culture, including the conversion 
mechanism acceptable elements of the historical and pedagogical experience of Russia, as well as positive 
foreign experience in the formation of physical culture in modern physical education in the conditions of the 
sports environment of the university. 
 
III. RESULTS 
 
The results of the work also give hope for the revival of the mass physical culture and sports movement 
and the restoration of the continuity of the process of introducing physical culture from the older generation to 
the younger.  
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Russian Federation as an independent state, a 
new, fundamentally different school program in physical culture was adopted. It is no longer linked to the TRP 
complex and consists of two parts: mandatory (standard) for all schools and variable (differentiated), developed 
in specific regions on the principles of local expediency. 
Thus, physical education is aimed at strengthening health, the harmonious development of the human 
body, this is one of the indicators of the state of physical culture in society. 
Since 1996, several physical education programs for schoolchildren have been put into effect on the 
territory of the Russian Federation: a program based on one sport, a comprehensive program, an anti-stress 
plastic gymnastics program, and author's programs. In fact, this means the termination of the unified program, 
including its basic part, in all schools of the Russian Federation.  
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
 
A feature of the programs is that they not only answer the question "what to teach", but also explain "how 
to teach", i.e. contain a section of methodical recommendations. 
Thanks to the development and implementation of such programs, it was possible to maintain the state 
system of management of physical culture and sports.  
Optimization of the management of the "physical culture and sports" industry at the federal and regional 
levels depends on the creation and improvement of the activity of a specific infrastructure, including such basic 
elements as an industry information system, specialized financial, credit and legal institutions, etc. 
As positive examples, we can mention the creation of the InfoSport industry group, the specialized 
publishing house Physical Culture, Education, Science, the magazines Physical Culture: Education, Education, 
Training, Planet Basketball, Theory and Practice of Football, Aerobics. , "Velo: sport, tourism, lifestyle", etc., as 
well as "SportAka demBank", non-state pension fund "Sport and Health", etc. 
Unfortunately, these financial and credit institutions are still working only at the local level. An attempt to 
create a specialized legal institution "Sports Arbitration", which is extremely necessary for the industry, was 
unsuccessful for a number of subjective reasons. 
One of the specific manifestations of the decentralization of management in the field of "physical culture 
and sports" is the rather widespread use in recent years of the transfer of various physical culture and sports 
organizations from federal ownership to the ownership of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 
municipal ownership. Sports schools of various types (DYUSSH, SDYUSHOR, SHVSM), as well as various 
sports facilities, were most often transferred. 
There are also individual examples of the transfer of sports schools of various types from the jurisdiction 
of the Ministry of Education to the jurisdiction of the state body for managing the industry at the level of a 
constituent entity of the Russian Federation. 
Financing of the branch "physical culture and sports" is carried out from various sources, one of which is 
the budget. 
The Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sports, which 
were in force from 1993 to 1999, provided for annual financing of the industry from the state budget in the 
amount of at least 2% of its expenditure. An analysis of the volume of real investment in the industry shows that 
it did not exceed 0.14% in the specified period (the year of the Olympic Games in Atlanta). This fact is not only 
evidence of budget financing of the industry according to the so-called residual principle, but also a vivid 
example of the lack of proper control over the implementation of legislation. The state budget for 2000 (the year 
of the Olympic Games in Sydney) provided for the allocation of 0.09% of its expenditure for physical culture and 
sports. 
Some "new" sources of financing for physical culture and sports can provide real funds to the budgets of 
the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets today. Let's just give one example. Since 
1999, all non-state physical culture and sports organizations must obtain a license to carry out their activities. In 
accordance with the Temporary Licensing Procedure for the Provision of Physical Education and Sports 
Services, the fee for submitting an application for a license is set at 3 times the minimum monthly wage, and the 
fee for obtaining a license is 10 times the minimum monthly wage. 
The management of the "physical culture and sports" industry in market conditions is increasingly 
oriented towards targeted programs at both the federal and regional levels. 
Describing the federal programs, at least the following facts should be stated. Issues of physical culture 
and sports are an integral part of the federal programs "Children of Russia", "Youth of Russia", "On social 
support for the disabled", "On the patriotic education of youth", "On measures to combat crime", "On measures 
to prevent and prevent distribution of drugs, etc. 
 
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
Federal sectoral programs of a specific, local nature have been adopted and are being implemented to a 
certain extent - "Development of tourism in the Russian Federation", "Development of resorts of federal 
significance", etc. However, the main problem, in our opinion, is that so far not completed and the federal 
program of a global nature "Development of physical culture and formation of a healthy lifestyle of the 
population of the Russian Federation", the development of which was started back in the mid-90s of now the 
last century, has not been adopted. 
The situation is more successful in terms of the development of physical culture and mass sports on the 
basis of targeted programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To substantiate this conclusion, 
we will give the following example: in the Orel region in 1996, the Five Year Plan of Health program was 
adopted and successfully implemented, as a result of two years of implementation of which the level of juvenile 
delinquency decreased by 26%, serious positive changes were achieved in reducing the incidence rate, and the 
material and sports base continues to develop. 
There is a positive experience in the development and implementation of "private" programs in the field of 
physical culture and sports in various subjects of the Russian Federation. In Karelia, a package of normative 
and legal documents has been developed aimed at improving the quality of work of sports schools. 
As a result, the number of people involved in them increased by 20%, the number of full-time coaches 
doubled. In all secondary schools, the rates of teachers-organizers of extracurricular sports activities have been 
introduced.  
In the Samara region, the so-called difficult teenagers are actively involved in sports. Together with the 
internal affairs bodies, sports organizations involved in sports about 3 thousand children, boys and girls who had 
"troubles" with the police. After the start of such work, the growth rate of juvenile delinquency decreased by 8 
times. There is a similar experience of working with "difficult" teenagers in other regions - in the Oryol, 
Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions, etc. 
One of the pressing problems of modern Russian sports, which required its solution, was the problem of 
its professionalization. This trend is natural, it is associated with a number of objective conditions for the 
development of modern sports. 
Professionalization of sports, first of all, is the result of its multi-cost, which is dictated by a long 
educational and training process in many sports, actively continuing for 10-15 years. Early sports specialization 
is becoming more and more characteristic of big-time sports. In many types, classes begin at the age of 4-6 
years. They have been actively going on for many years with two and three workouts a day, accompanied by 
the highest psychological and physical exertion. 
The training of high-class athletes requires expensive logistical support. An actively performing athlete 
also requires appropriate financial incentives, since he cannot have another source of income due to his huge 
preoccupation with sports. 
Thus, professional sports in the Russian Federation received official legal recognition. For a professional 
athlete, sports are now recognized as the main activity for which, in accordance with the contract, he receives 
wages and/or other monetary remuneration, as well as various forms of social and medical insurance. To 
protect their rights, professional athletes can join professional unions at will. 
One of the important directions of improving the legislation of the Russian Federation on sports is a more 
detailed regulation of the organization, implementation and provision of sports training. 
In general, we are talking about creating the foundations of state policy and management practices in the 
field of physical culture and sports. This is especially important in the modern period, when the system of public 
administration in Russia depends on the established vertical of power relations and the specification of powers 
at all levels is becoming increasingly relevant. Physical culture and sports under the Constitution of the Russian 
Federation are jointly administered by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of 
the subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 72, paragraph "e"). In this regard, it is important to ensure the 
solution of the following promising areas of development of political and legal foundations in the field of physical 
culture and sports: 
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
- to clarify the powers of the federal state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of 
the subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of physical culture and sports; regulation of the organization 
of effective activities of physical culture and sports communities and organizations engaged in the development 
of mass physical culture and sports; 
- the solution at the legislative level of issues of promotion of physical culture and sports, especially for 
young people. 
A promising direction in the development of legislation on physical culture and sports is the normative 
development of sports training activities, which is due to the need to eliminate the legal gap expressed in the 
uncertainty of the status of organizations that train high-class athletes (sports training), including existing 
schools of higher sports skills, as well as employees of these organizations and athletes undergoing such 
training. 
 
IV. CONCLUSION 
 
Thus, the optimization of the management system of the "physical culture and sport" industry in market 
conditions occurs in Russia in two interrelated directions. On the one and, the composition of the elements of 
the management system is being reorganized at the level of its subjects and objects.  
On the other hand, various attempts are being made to improve the very process of functioning of the 
management system due primarily to the development of a regulatory framework, an increasingly complete 
transition to program-targeted management, the search for new sources of financial and information support for 
the development of the industry, etc. 
 
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Andryushina N.E. (1992) The spiritual world of personality as a socio-philosophical problem: Dis. 
Candidate of Philos. Sciences. M. 148 p. (In Russ). 
Anokhin A.K. (1912) News of the book market and "programs" of physical education of youth. Strength 
and health. 1912. Number 5. Pp. 488-490. (In Russ). 
Aseev V.G. (1976) Motivation of behavior and formation of personality. M.: Pedagogy. 241 p. (In Russ). 
Butovsky A.D. (1906) Questions of physical education and sports at the International Congress in 
Brussels in the summer of 1905. Pedagogical collection. Number 1. Pp. 34-69. (In Russ). 
Dementiev E.M. (1896) Gymnastics or games? Bulletin of education. Number 3. Pp. 104-129. (In Russ). 
Donskoy D.D. Development of P. F. Lesgaft's ideas about physical exercise as a motor action. Physical 
culture and sport, health of the nation. St. Petersburg. P. 128. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in countering extremism 
and terrorism in modern Russia. Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art 
history. Questions of theory and practice. Vol. 11-2 (73). Pp. 97-99. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Nebolsin V.A., Solovieva S.R. (2020) Higher education in technical universities of Russia. 
7th International conference on education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 55-58. (In Engl). 
Ershov B.A., Perepelitsyn A., Glazkov E., Volkov I., Volkov S. (2019) Church and state in Russia: 
management issues. 5th International conference on advences in education and social sciences. Abstracts & 
Proceedings, e-publication. Pp. 26-29. (In Engl). 
 
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important 
factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. 
Abstracts & Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (In Engl). 
Filippova L.V. (2000) Philosophical and pedagogical problems of valeology. N. Novgorod: NNGASU. 219 
p. (In Russ). 
Fursov V.N., Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 
patriotic education of the young generation in modern Russia. News of the Voronezh State Pedagogical 
University. Vol. 1 (270). Pp. 147-150. (In Russ). 
Gruza M.S., Vyalykh N.N., Dushkin O.A., Shcherbina I.V., Nikiforova L.A. (2022) Historical aspects of 
sports-mass work in higher educational institutions of Russia. Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian 
Research.  Vol. 13 (15). Pp. 3-9. (In Engl).  
Gudzenko I.R. (1963) A new program of physical education of students. Theory and practice of physical 
culture. Number 9. Pp. 27-31. (In Russ). 
Ignatiev V.E. (1904) Physical exercises as one of the foundations of education. Home doctor. Number 3. 
Pp. 18-21. (In Russ). 
Kradman D.A. (1945) From the history of physical education of students in pre-revolutionary Russia. 
Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 6-7. Pp. 60-67. (In Russ). 
Kulinko N.F. (1982) History and organization of physical culture. M.: Enlightenment. 223 p. (In Russ). 
Lebedev I.V. (1912) Strength and health: a guide to how to become a strong and healthy person. SPb. 
127 p. (In Russ). 
Lesgaft P.F. (1890) On the relation of physical education to mental education in secondary school. 
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Lubysheva L.I. (1994) Values of physical culture in a healthy lifestyle. Modern research in the field of 
sports science: materials of the International Conference of St. Petersburg. Pp. 48-62. (In Russ). 
Matveev L.P. (1975) Questions of formation of general theoretical foundations of physical culture and 
sports. Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 11. Pp. 65-70. (In Russ). 
Nikolaev Y.M. (2002) The integrative essence of physical culture is a reflection of the understanding of a 
person as an integrity. Actual problems of theory and practice of physical culture: St. Petersburg. Pp. 76-84. (In 
Russ). 
Ponomarev N.I. (1974) On the theory of physical culture as a science. Theory and practice of physical 
culture. Number 4. Pp. 49-53. (In Russ). 
Ratner A. (1990) Letters to Coubertin. Olympic panorama. Number 1. Pp. 34-39. (In Russ). 
Soloviev G.M. (1999) Formation of physical culture of a student's personality in the perspective of modern 
educational technologies. Stavropol: SSU. 167 p. (In Russ). 
Stolyarov V.I. (1985) To the question of the theory of physical culture (methodological analysis). Theory 
and practice of physical culture. Number 2. Pp. 39-44. (In Russ). 
Vilensky M.Y. (2001) The main essential characteristics of the pedagogical technology of the formation of 
physical culture of the individual. Physical culture: upbringing, education, training. Number 3. Pp. 2-7. (In Russ). 
Vinogradov P.A. (1996) Fundamentals of physical culture and healthy lifestyle: studies. manual. M. 1. 
Sov. sport. 587 p. (In Russ). 
 
 
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
 
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В РОССИИ В 
ПОСТСОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД 
 
Балакари Татьяна Михайловна1, Гладких Ольга Владимировна2, Надеев 
Александр Максимович3, Вялых Надежда Николаевна4,  
Лубкин Янис Янович5 
 
1Старший преподаватель, Воронежский государственный технический университет, 
ул. 20-летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: malya.tanya@mail.ru 
2Преподаватель, Воронежский государственный технический университет, 
ул. 20-летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: olga.gladkikh992@mail.ru 
3Старший преподаватель, Воронежский государственный технический университет, ул. 20летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: alekn85@yandex.ru 
4Старший преподаватель, Воронежский государственный технический университет, 
ул. 20-летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: vyalix.nadia@yandex.ru 
5Старший преподаватель, Воронежский государственный технический университет,  
ул. 20-летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: ia.iani4@yandex.ru 
 
Аннотация 
 
В статье исследуются конституционные положения 1993 года об основах законодательства 
Российской Федерации о физической культуре и спорте, на основе которых разрабатывались и 
принимались законы о физической культуре и спорте в большинстве субъектов Российской Федерации. 
Особое внимание обращается на то, что несмотря на значительные трудности, в России практически 
сохранилась организационная структура управления отраслью, в том числе – с учетом специфики 
физической культуры и спорта.  
Ключевые слова: спорт, история, институт, отрасль, право. 
 
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 
 
Andryushina N.E. (1992) The spiritual world of personality as a socio-philosophical problem: Dis. 
Candidate of Philos. Sciences. M. 148 p. (In Russ). 
Anokhin A.K. (1912) News of the book market and "programs" of physical education of youth. Strength 
and health. 1912. Number 5. Pp. 488-490. (In Russ). 
Aseev V.G. (1976) Motivation of behavior and formation of personality. M.: Pedagogy. 241 p. (In Russ). 
Butovsky A.D. (1906) Questions of physical education and sports at the International Congress in 
Brussels in the summer of 1905. Pedagogical collection. Number 1. Pp. 34-69. (In Russ). 
9 
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 
 

        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
Dementiev E.M. (1896) Gymnastics or games? Bulletin of education. Number 3. Pp. 104-129. (In Russ). 
Donskoy D.D. Development of P. F. Lesgaft's ideas about physical exercise as a motor action. Physical 
culture and sport, health of the nation. St. Petersburg. P. 128. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in countering extremism 
and terrorism in modern Russia. Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art 
history. Questions of theory and practice. Vol. 11-2 (73). Pp. 97-99. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Nebolsin V.A., Solovieva S.R. (2020) Higher education in technical universities of Russia. 
7th International conference on education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 55-58. (In Engl). 
Ershov B.A., Perepelitsyn A., Glazkov E., Volkov I., Volkov S. (2019) Church and state in Russia: 
management issues. 5th International conference on advences in education and social sciences. Abstracts & 
Proceedings, e-publication. Pp. 26-29. (In Engl). 
Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important 
factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. 
Abstracts & Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (In Engl). 
Filippova L.V. (2000) Philosophical and pedagogical problems of valeology. N. Novgorod: NNGASU. 219 
p. (In Russ). 
Fursov V.N., Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 
patriotic education of the young generation in modern Russia. News of the Voronezh State Pedagogical 
University. Vol. 1 (270). Pp. 147-150. (In Russ). 
Gruza M.S., Vyalykh N.N., Dushkin O.A., Shcherbina I.V., Nikiforova L.A. (2022) Historical aspects of 
sports-mass work in higher educational institutions of Russia. Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian 
Research.  Vol. 13 (15). Pp. 3-9. (In Engl).  
Gudzenko I.R. (1963) A new program of physical education of students. Theory and practice of physical 
culture. Number 9. Pp. 27-31. (In Russ). 
Ignatiev V.E. (1904) Physical exercises as one of the foundations of education. Home doctor. Number 3. 
Pp. 18-21. (In Russ). 
Kradman D.A. (1945) From the history of physical education of students in pre-revolutionary Russia. 
Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 6-7. Pp. 60-67. (In Russ). 
Kulinko N.F. (1982) History and organization of physical culture. M.: Enlightenment. 223 p. (In Russ). 
Lebedev I.V. (1912) Strength and health: a guide to how to become a strong and healthy person. SPb. 
127 p. (In Russ). 
Lesgaft P.F. (1890) On the relation of physical education to mental education in secondary school. 
Russian school. Number 7. Pp. 1-15. (In Russ). 
Lubysheva L.I. (1994) Values of physical culture in a healthy lifestyle. Modern research in the field of 
sports science: materials of the International Conference of St. Petersburg. Pp. 48-62. (In Russ). 
Matveev L.P. (1975) Questions of formation of general theoretical foundations of physical culture and 
sports. Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 11. Pp. 65-70. (In Russ). 
Nikolaev Y.M. (2002) The integrative essence of physical culture is a reflection of the understanding of a 
person as an integrity. Actual problems of theory and practice of physical culture: St. Petersburg. Pp. 76-84. (In 
Russ). 
Ponomarev N.I. (1974) On the theory of physical culture as a science. Theory and practice of physical 
culture. Number 4. Pp. 49-53. (In Russ). 
Ratner A. (1990) Letters to Coubertin. Olympic panorama. Number 1. Pp. 34-39. (In Russ). 
10 
  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 
 

        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
 
Дата публикации: 20 апреля 2023 
DOI: 10.52270/26585561_2023_18_20_11  
 
                                                        Философские науки  
 
СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ НОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ РОССИИ ПОСЛЕ ОКТЯБРЬСКОЙ 
РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 
 
Рудаков Сергей Иванович1, Карасева Екатерина Сергеевна2 
 
1Доктор философских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры истории философии и культуры, 
Воронежский государственный университет, Университетская площадь 1, Воронеж, Россия,  
E-mail: rudakovprof@mail.ru 
2Исследователь, Воронежский государственный университет, Университетская площадь 1, 
Воронеж, Россия, E-mail: catarinakarasyova@yandex.ru 
 
Аннотация 
 
В статье рассматривается процесс формирования новой культуры и основы управления 
культурной сферой после Великой Октябрьской социалистической революции. Реформы, которые 
произошли в сфере культуры после прихода большевиков к власти, имели ряд предпосылок задолго до 
революции 1917 года. Революционные события 1917 года положили начало коренным переменам в 
российском государстве и обществе. Новое руководство России считает сферу культуры одним из 
приоритетов в формировании нового общества. 
Ключевые слова: революция, культура, большевики, пролеткульт. 
 
I. ВВЕДЕНИЕ 
 
Культура, которая начала формироваться в России в 1917 году, а впоследствии и в СССР, в 1922 
году имела под собой основания, появившиеся намного раньше. Сама по себе революция 1917 года не 
была стихийной и хаотичной – это был процесс, имевший целый ряд предпосылок различного характера. 
 
II. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ 
 
По мнению Бердяева, революция была глубоко пессимистичной и проникнутой глубоким духовным 
кризисом русского общества [2, С.107-109]. Культурный кризис русского общества конца XIX - начала ХХ 
века наложился на жестокость Первой мировой войны. Попытки русской интеллигенции пробудить в 
людях гуманные принципы были не поняты населением России.  
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        © Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, № 18 (20), 2023, e-ISSN 2658-5561 
 
В обществе царили хаос и анархия, солдаты были готовы при первой же возможности сбежать с 
фронта, а гражданское население устало от ужасов, которые были принесены войной и нищетой. 
Русские писатели начинают говорить о грядущих переменах уже в конце XIX века.  
Достоевский в «Дневниках писателя» очень четко и ярко описывает духовный кризис 
предреволюционного общества. «Что-то носится в воздухе полное материализма и скептицизма; 
началось обожание даровой наживы, наслаждение без труда; всякий обман, всякое злодейство 
совершаются хладнокровно, убивают, чтобы вынуть хоть рубль из кармана.» [3, С. 132]  
Стоит отметить, что дух грядущих перемен осознают не только жители страны. Западные 
писатели, в частности Уэллс, чувствуют грядущие перемены и осознают их неизбежность. Уэллс 
посещал страну дважды. Первый визит состоялся в 1914 году, второй – в 1920, причем стоит отметить 
один важный нюанс – в 1914 году Уэллсу удалось посетить Россию инкогнито, что позволило ему 
создать свое, независимое мнение о будущем России. Во второй части романа «Джоан и Питер», автор 
отправляет своих персонажей в путешествие по России, причем их маршрут полностью совпадает с 
маршрутом Уэллса во время его первого посещения России. В тексте Уэллс акцентирует внимание на 
Великой Русской Идее, которая в тот период имеет большое распространение в Европе. Но с другой 
стороны, Уэллс видит все контрасты России, видит страну имеющую жесткие противоречия, 
задавленную 
царским 
самодержавием, 
темнотой 
и 
нищетой. 
Очень 
ярким, 
скорее 
даже 
кульминационным моментом произведения является встреча героя с самодержцем. А если быть точнее 
– с его портретом, висящим в Государственной Думе.  
«Перед ним стояла фигура самодержца, с длинным неумным лицом, в четыре раза больше 
натуральной величины, одетая в военный мундир и высокие кавалерийские сапоги. Портрет был таким 
же явным оскорблением, вызовом к самоуважению русских людей, каким был бы грубый шум или 
непристойный жест. 
«Вы и вся империя существуете для меня», – говорило глупое лицо этого портрета в сдвинутой 
набекрень папахе и с лежавшей на рукоятке сабли дряблой рукой... И верноподданности — вот этой-то 
фигуре требовали от молодой России».»[4, С.3] 
Для Уэллса портрет царя олицетворяет собой жесткую и насквозь подкупленную систему 
репрессий. Стоит отметить, что писатель в своем произведении не говорит прямым текстом о 
возможности революции, но дух грядущих перемен отчетливо чувствуется в тексте. Еще один важный 
эпизод в произведении связан с посещением главным героем Художественного театра. В нем он видит 
ту часть населения страны, которая всеми силами ищет новых путей. И на этом контрасте, контрасте 
деятельных молодых людей и мрачных символов самодержавия, дух приближающихся перемен, еще до 
этого витавший в воздухе, чувствуется еще сильнее.  
Необходимо также вспомнить, что с середины 90-х годов XIX века в общественно-политической 
жизни начинается общественный подъем, особенностью которого становится либеральное движение, а 
российская интеллигенция оказывается совершенно беспомощной перед новыми требованиями 
общественно-политического развития.  
Несмотря на то, что ощущение приближающегося «конца мира» отчетливо витает в воздухе, 
начало XX века все равно смогло стать временем культурного ренессанса, Серебряным веком русской 
культуры.  
Переломным этапом становится революция 1905-1907, которая смогла уже в этот период 
определить идейные позиции части художественной интеллигенции. Параллельно с этим поднимается 
вопрос о роли интеллигенции в общественной борьбе, а во многих произведениях того времени 
отчетливо видно, что старая эпоха рушится как карточный домик.   
К 1917 году русская интеллигенция отчетливо понимает, что перед ними стоят новые задачи, 
которые требуют глубокого понимания и включения в данные вопросы и связаны с построением нового 
мира и нового общества. Особенно сильно эти задачи стоят в культурной сфере.   
 
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