Аграрная история, 2023, № 15

                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
 
Publication date: July 23, 2023 
DOI: 10.52270/27132447_2023_15_3 
 
 
THE MAIN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL 
COMPLEX IN RUSSIA IN THE 1990-S 
 
Ershov, Bogdan Anatolyevich1 
  
1Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Academician of RAE, Voronezh State Technical University, 
84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street, Voronezh, Russia, E-mail: bogdan.ershov@yandex.ru 
 
Abstract 
 
The article summarizes the historical experience of reforms in the agro-industrial complex of Russia in the 
transition period of the 1990-s, on the basis of which recommendations for further development of the industry are 
proposed. The author concludes about the crisis state of the agro-industrial complex of Russia in the mid-1990-s, 
caused by the long underestimation of the importance of this sphere in the socio-economic life of the country. At 
the beginning of perestroika, agriculture was still considered by the party-state leadership as the main source of 
material and demographic resources for the development of heavy industry. 
Keywords: industry, agriculture, history, people, society. 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 
 
At the beginning of the 90s of the last century, radical economic transformations began in the agroindustrial complex of Russia. The development of the agro-industrial complex after 1990 was characterized by the 
formation of a multi-layered structure in the agricultural sector, the transition to market principles of product 
distribution, the formation of a free market of material and technical resources. By the beginning of 1999, there 
were 27 thousand large and medium-sized enterprises in the agricultural sector, of which 6 thousand (21%) 
retained the status of collective farms and state farms, 21 thousand (79%) were transformed into partnerships, 
joint-stock companies, agricultural production cooperatives and other enterprises, peasant (farmer) farms were 
formed. The problem of land ownership occupies an important place in the state agrarian policy. The share of the 
public sector in the agrarian economy is no more than 10%, the rest, most of it falls on enterprises based on 
private ownership. Agricultural organizations produce 44.8% of products. In 1997, 26.9 thousand agricultural 
organizations of various organizational and production forms were engaged in agricultural production in Russia 
(state farms, production cooperatives (collective farms), limited liability companies, joint-stock companies, faithbased partnerships, etc.), 278.6 thousand peasant (farmer) farms; about 16.4 million families run personal 
subsidiary farms (of which 14 million families in rural areas), 22.1 million families have garden and vegetable 
plots. These are agricultural organization that differ in the size of land use, production volumes and production 
relations. The number of agricultural enterprises is gradually decreasing, their size is decreasing; but they are still 
large agricultural firms. 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
 
II. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS 
 
The methodological bases of the study was dialectical methods of cognition, relying on a wide range of 
sources and literature on the problem. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, 
critical interpretation of the source, systematization and comparative analysis of data, depoliticized approach to 
history, scientific impartiality. The article used methodological principles most fully set out in the works of leading 
Russian agricultural historians. In general, the methodological bases of the work was the problem-chronological 
principles, which allows analyzing facts and events in a dialectical way. 
A new phenomenon in rural life in the 1990-s was the revival and development of peasant (farmer) farms, 
but since the second half of 1995 their number has been decreasing, with the exception of the North-Western, 
Volgo-Vyatsky and North Caucasian regions. 
Changes in the structure of land use caused by the abolition of the state monopoly on land, liberalization of 
pricing and other measures of market reform did not lead, however, to an increase in agricultural production; on 
the contrary, there was a decrease. Moreover, the decrease was more significant in livestock farming than in crop 
production. As a result, the intra-branch structure of agricultural production was transformed: the share of 
livestock farming decreased to 51.4% in 1996, compared to 64.1% in 1990. This is explained by the fact that, 
compared to crop production, livestock farming is more labor-intensive and less profitable. 
It should also be noted that, unlike collective farms, production volumes in the individual family sector did 
not decrease, but even increased, which caused an increase in the share of household farms in the structure of 
agricultural output. In 1990-1996 this share increased by 20% and amounted to 46%. 
The share of private subsidiary farms (PSF) of the population is especially high in the production of 
potatoes (90.2%) and vegetables (76.8%); somewhat lower, but significant - in the production of meat (51.6%), 
wool (45.6%), milk (45.9%), eggs (31.2%). The growth of production of these products in household farms 
partially compensated for the reduction in their output by agricultural enterprises. A certain sectoral division of 
labor is formed between these categories of farms - production of labor-intensive products is concentrated in 
LPH. 
 
Until 2013, Russia relied increasingly on imports to satisfy domestic demand for milk and dairy products; the 
government’s import substitution strategy in this segment of the economy affected market supplies, especially of high-end 
products. 
 
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Farms of all categories produced less output per 100 agricultural lands in 1996 than in 1990: by 37% for 
the industry as a whole, crop production by 15%, and livestock production by 50%. Crop yields and productivity of 
livestock and poultry were declining. 
The decline in agricultural production and the income of most Russian families has led to a reduction and 
deterioration in the structure of food consumption. In 1990-1996, only potato consumption increased, while the 
consumption of other products decreased. Moreover, if on the eve of the reform (in 1990) families of workers and 
employees (mainly urban families) consumed more milk and especially meat than families of collective farmers 
(rural families), by 1996 the situation had reversed, which is explained by the large role of private subsidiary 
farms, whose potential has increased, in the food supply of rural families. The deficit of domestic food has to be 
filled by importing food products from abroad. The share of food imports, which reached 24% in the USSR in 
1980 and decreased to 16% in 1990, has started to grow again in Russia. 24% in the USSR in 1980 and 
decreased to 16% in 1990, in Russia it started to grow again. In 1991-1994 it amounted to 28%. In the following 
years it decreased slightly. The country has to spend considerable foreign exchange resources on food defense. 
At the same time, the structure of imports has changed significantly. Starting from the 70s, the USSR was 
one of the largest importers of grain (mainly fodder grain) in the world. In the 1990s, instead of importing fodder, 
Russia began to import finished livestock products, as domestic livestock farming turned out to be less 
competitive than crop farming; imports of meat and, especially, poultry became particularly large. 
The share of imports in food resources in 1997 compared to 1992 increased from 8 to 30% for meat and 
meat products, from 12.9 to 38% for animal oil, from 31 to 34% for vegetable oil, and from 60 to 63% for sugar. 
The share of imported products in the food supply of large cities and industrial centers is especially high (about 
70% in Moscow). From 1990 to 1992, prices for realized agricultural products increased almost 14 times (for crop 
products - 30 times, livestock - 9 times), and prices for industrial products - 34 times and services - 19 times. A 
noticeable worsening of price parity occurred in 1994 after the liberalization of prices for fuel and energy 
resources. In 1996-1997, the parity index also declined, although to a lesser extent. The share of producers in the 
retail price fell, for example, of milk from 83% in 1991 to 33% in 1995, of bread from 32% to 11%, of beef meat 
from 84% to 49%, while the cost of producing and bringing sugar to consumers was on average 3-5 times higher 
than the cost of sugar beet as a raw material. In 1997, agricultural enterprises were able to cover only 50% of 
production costs at the expense of proceeds from the sale of products. 21.6 thousand agricultural enterprises 
(81%) ended the year with a loss; in 1992 this number was 5%. The profitability of agricultural production fell from 
50% in 1990-1993 to minus 20% in 1996. In 29 regions the share of unprofitable farms exceeded 90%. In order to 
maintain production and survive, most farms had to cover the minimum necessary costs by increasing debts and 
reducing labor costs; and to develop barter transactions. 
 
The diagram of the distribution of keywords in the database Web of Science, associated with agrobiotechnology in crop 
production, %. Of the 178 analyzed Russian and foreign publications on crop production technologies, the following areas are 
of the greatest interest: 53.4% precision farming, remote sensing, 3D crop modeling, robotization; 18.5% - agroecology and 
agroforestry system; 7.9% - organic waste, peat compost; 6.7% - hydroponics, aeroponics, vertical greenhouses; 6.2% - cell 
selection, genomic selection, agricultural genomics; 6.2% - soil remediation, screening of microorganisms, adaptive landscape 
system of agriculture; 1.1% - plant protection products, nutrient solution, integrate pest management. 
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The volume of capital investments in agricultural production from 1990 to 1996 decreased more than 18 
times. In estimated prices in 1991 it was estimated at 2.1 billion rubles, which is 3.3% of capital investments in the 
country's economy. At the very beginning of the reform (1990-1992), priority was given to the development of 
peasant (farmer) farms. Kolkhozes and state farms, as well as personal subsidiary farms run by 14 million 
families in the countryside, were left without modernization. As a result, rural society was split into two opposing 
camps - migrants and those who left collective farms, on the one hand, and those who remained in collective and 
state farms, on the other. The state had to find considerable resources to support farmers cut off from the 
collective and state farm infrastructure. This policy could not bring long-term success; since the second half of 
1994, there has been a weakening of the farmer movement. 
 
III. CONCLUSION 
 
In modern conditions, the dependence of the state of the domestic agro-industrial complex on 
macroeconomic factors - inflation rates, exchange rate and its dynamics, the general state of the financial and 
credit system - is increasing. Thus, before the August crisis of 1998, despite the introduction and then 
consecutive increase of import tariffs, the production and the share of domestic foodstuffs in the domestic market 
were rapidly decreasing. After the crisis, as a result of the devaluation effect, the situation on the domestic 
agrarian and food market improved sharply without any additional budget expenditures to support agriculture, and 
in the absence of structural reforms. Import tariffs on a number of food products were even reduced, and a 
number of domestic goods became competitive on the world market. According to experts, foreign investments 
are mainly directed within vertically integrated food chains: agricultural processors and traders create their own 
raw material base through them. This state of affairs indicates low efficiency of functioning of agrarian markets in 
the country. Nevertheless, the flow of foreign investment in agriculture allows increasing its efficiency. 
By the end of the period under study, privatization of the food and processing industry, wholesale and retail 
trade had been completed. During the reforms of the 1990-s, a developed market infrastructure emerged to 
replace the former food distribution system. Along with large trading companies, thousands of small and mediumsized private intermediaries functioned to ensure the promotion of products to consumers. 
However, the reform of the agro-industrial complex in the 1990-s cannot be recognized as completed. 
Gross violations of the objective regularities of the development of the national economic complex committed in 
the 1990-s immediately manifested themselves in the country's economy. The decline and destruction of 
agricultural production as a strategically important industry led to the crisis state of many industries and 
destabilization of the economy as a whole. 
 
REFERENCE LIST 
 
Balandin Y.S. (1992) Peasant farming. M.: Agropromizdat. 80 p. (In Russ).  
Belokrylova, O. (1994) Becoming entrepreneurial relations in the agrosphere. Russian Economic Journal. 
Number 9. Pp. 29-36. (In Russ). 
Borisenko, E.H. (1997) Food security of Russia: problems and prospects. Moscow: Ekonomika. 349 p. (In 
Russ). 
Buzdalov, I.N. (1995) Cooperation in the new agrarian structure. International Agricultural Journal. Number 
5. Pp. 17-21. (In Russ). 
Chayanov A.B.  (1991) Basic ideas and forms of organization of agricultural cooperation. Moscow: Nauka. 
456 p. (In Russ). 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
 
Demyanenko, V.N. (1992) Legal problems of "denationalization" of collective farms. Gosudarstvo i pravo. 
Number 12. Pp. 54-63. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Nebolsin V.A., Solovieva S.R. (2020) Higher education in technical universities of Russia. 7th 
International conference on education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 55-58. (in Engl).  
Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important 
factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. Abstracts 
Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (in Engl). 
Khlystun, V. (1993) Russian agriculture in 1992 and prospects for 1993. APK: Economics, Management. 
Number 6. Pp. 17-19. (In Russ). 
Kozyr, M.I. (1996) Reforming ownership relations on the property of agricultural commercial organizations. 
Reforming agricultural enterprises: legal problems. MOSCOW: RAN. Pp. 22-36. (In Russ). 
Kudryashov, V.I. (1992) Peasant farms in Russia: the first steps. APK: economics, management. Number 
4. Pp. 15-18. (In Russ). 
Laptev, S. (1997) Problems of deepening reforms in the regional APK. APK: economy, management.  
Number 10. Pp. 10-16. (In Russ). 
Mozolin V.P. (1992) The right of property in the Russian Federation during the transition to a market 
economy. MOSCOW: RAN. 175 p. (In Russ). 
Nikonov A.A. (1994) One of the first laws on agricultural cooperation. Russian Federation. Number 5. Pp. 
7-10. (In Russ). 
Osokin H.H. (1992) Foreign model of organization of agriculture. Vestnik of Moscow University. Series 11. 
Law. Number 5. Pp. 69-77. (In Russ). 
Petrikov A.B. (1993) Rural society and agrarian reform. Voprosy ekonomiki. Number 10. Pp. 84-89. (In 
Russ). 
Rabinovich B.M. (1993) Land legislation and land reform. Voprosy ekonomiki. Number 10. Pp. 90-95. (In 
Russ). 
Regush V., Markova G. (1996) Private land ownership in the system of land relations. International 
Agricultural Journal. Number 3. Pp. 19-21. (In Russ). 
Samonchik O.A. (1996) Reforming land ownership relations in agriculture. Reforming agricultural 
enterprises: legal problems. MOSCOW: RAN. Pp. 36-49. (In Russ). 
Sazonov, S.N. (1995) Organizational and economic problems of the development of the farmer movement 
in Russia. International Agricultural Journal.  Number 5. Pp. 28-32. (In Russ). 
Shalyapina, I. (1994) Agrarian reform in the Tambov region. Economics of agricultural and processing 
enterprises. Number 6. Pp. 11-13. (In Russ). 
Timofeeva, A. (1995) Farms and their prospects. Economics of Agriculture in Russia. Number 9. P. 5. (In 
Russ). 
Zagorodnikova, T.E. (2000) Structural changes in the agriculture of the Tambov region. Voprosy statistiki. 
Number 1. Pp. 28-33. (In Russ). 
Zyryanov A.F. (1990) Formation of economic thinking of rural laborers. M. 61 p. (In Russ). 
 
 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
 
ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО 
КОМПЛЕКСА РОССИИ В 1990-Е ГОДЫ 
 
 
Ершов Богдан Анатольевич1 
 
1Доктор исторических наук, профессор, академик РАЕ, Воронежский государственный 
технический университет, ул. 20-летия Октября 84, Воронеж, Россия,  
E-mail: bogdan.ershov@yandex.ru 
 
Аннотация 
 
В статье обобщен исторический опыт реформирования агропромышленного комплекса России в 
переходный период 1990-х годов, на основе которого предложены рекомендации по дальнейшему 
развитию отрасли. Автор делает вывод о кризисном состоянии АПК России в середине 1990-х годов, 
вызванном длительной недооценкой значения этой сферы в социально-экономической жизни страны. В 
начале перестройки сельское хозяйство по-прежнему рассматривалось партийно-государственным 
руководством как основной источник материальных и демографических ресурсов для развития тяжелой 
промышленности. 
Ключевые слова: промышленность, сельское хозяйство, история, люди, общество. 
 
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ  
 
Balandin Y.S. (1992) Peasant farming. M.: Agropromizdat. 80 p. (In Russ).  
Belokrylova, O. (1994) Becoming entrepreneurial relations in the agrosphere. Russian Economic Journal. 
Number 9. Pp. 29-36. (In Russ). 
Borisenko, E.H. (1997) Food security of Russia: problems and prospects. Moscow: Ekonomika. 349 p. (In 
Russ). 
Buzdalov, I.N. (1995) Cooperation in the new agrarian structure. International Agricultural Journal. Number 
5. Pp. 17-21. (In Russ). 
Chayanov A.B.  (1991) Basic ideas and forms of organization of agricultural cooperation. Moscow: Nauka. 
456 p. (In Russ). 
Demyanenko, V.N. (1992) Legal problems of "denationalization" of collective farms. Gosudarstvo i pravo. 
Number 12. Pp. 54-63. (In Russ). 
Ershov B.A., Nebolsin V.A., Solovieva S.R. (2020) Higher education in technical universities of Russia. 7th 
International conference on education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 55-58. (in Engl).  
Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important 
factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. Abstracts 
Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (in Engl). 
 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
Khlystun, V. (1993) Russian agriculture in 1992 and prospects for 1993. APK: Economics, Management. 
Number 6. Pp. 17-19. (In Russ). 
Kozyr, M.I. (1996) Reforming ownership relations on the property of agricultural commercial organizations. 
Reforming agricultural enterprises: legal problems. MOSCOW: RAN. Pp. 22-36. (In Russ). 
Kudryashov, V.I. (1992) Peasant farms in Russia: the first steps. APK: economics, management. Number 
4. Pp. 15-18. (In Russ). 
Laptev, S. (1997) Problems of deepening reforms in the regional APK. APK: economy, management.  
Number 10. Pp. 10-16. (In Russ). 
Mozolin V.P. (1992) The right of property in the Russian Federation during the transition to a market 
economy. MOSCOW: RAN. 175 p. (In Russ). 
Nikonov A.A. (1994) One of the first laws on agricultural cooperation. Russian Federation. Number 5. Pp. 
7-10. (In Russ). 
Osokin H.H. (1992) Foreign model of organization of agriculture. Vestnik of Moscow University. Series 11. 
Law. Number 5. Pp. 69-77. (In Russ). 
Petrikov A.B. (1993) Rural society and agrarian reform. Voprosy ekonomiki. Number 10. Pp. 84-89. (In 
Russ). 
Rabinovich B.M. (1993) Land legislation and land reform. Voprosy ekonomiki. Number 10. Pp. 90-95. (In 
Russ). 
Regush V., Markova G. (1996) Private land ownership in the system of land relations. International 
Agricultural Journal. Number 3. Pp. 19-21. (In Russ). 
Samonchik O.A. (1996) Reforming land ownership relations in agriculture. Reforming agricultural 
enterprises: legal problems. MOSCOW: RAN. Pp. 36-49. (In Russ). 
Sazonov, S.N. (1995) Organizational and economic problems of the development of the farmer movement 
in Russia. International Agricultural Journal.  Number 5. Pp. 28-32. (In Russ). 
Shalyapina, I. (1994) Agrarian reform in the Tambov region. Economics of agricultural and processing 
enterprises. Number 6. Pp. 11-13. (In Russ). 
Timofeeva, A. (1995) Farms and their prospects. Economics of Agriculture in Russia. Number 9. P. 5. (In 
Russ). 
Zagorodnikova, T.E. (2000) Structural changes in the agriculture of the Tambov region. Voprosy statistiki. 
Number 1. Pp. 28-33. (In Russ). 
Zyryanov A.F. (1990) Formation of economic thinking of rural laborers. M. 61 p. (In Russ). 
 
 
 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
 
Publication date: August 28, 2023 
DOI: 10.52270/27132447_2023_15_10 
 
 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AFRICA AND RUSSIA: PROSPECTS AND 
TASKS FOR THE FUTURE 
 
Ndahendekire, Sam1 
  
1Researcher, Republic of Uganda, East Africa, E-mail: ndahendekires@gmail.com 
 
Abstract 
 
The article examines the relations between Russia and Africa in historical retrospect. It is shown that many 
African governments have traditionally maintained and continue to maintain good relations with Moscow, and 
these ties date back to the Soviet era. Russia has historically been a reliable partner for African countries, as 
economic and ideological ambitions have often coincided, and ties between Russia and Africa have been 
strengthened by mutual distrust of Western states. 
Keywords: industry, Russia, Africa, Union, trade, agriculture, history. 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 
 
The scramble for Africa is a term widely used by historians to describe the invasion, annexation, division 
and colonisation of most of Africa by seven western European powers during an era known as" New imperialism" 
between 1833-1914, the partition of Africa began with the earnest with the Berlin conference of 1884-1885, and 
was cause of most of Africa's borders today. In this belief period, the prospective colonisers partitioned Africa into 
spheres of influence, protectorates, colonies and free-trade areas. Roughly 1880 and 1914,  the African continent 
was partitioned into more than 50 colonies. This process is called scramble for Africa. By 1900, a significant part 
of Africa had been colonized by mainly seven European powers which include: Britain, France, Germany, 
Belgium, Spain, portugal and Italy. After the conquest of African decentralized and centralized states, the 
European powers set about establishing colonial state systems, some of African countries that were led by 
European powers include: Uganda was led by Britain, Algeria by France, Kenya by Britain, Nigeria by Britain, 
mozambique by portugal, Senegal by France etc. Britain established control over many parts of Africa including 
sudan and much of the south, France began to rule a large territory in the west and north Africa. 
 
II. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS 
 
The methodological bases of the study was dialectical methods of cognition, relying on a wide range of 
sources and literature on the problem. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, 
critical interpretation of the source, systematization and comparative analysis of data, depoliticized approach to 
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                                   © Agrarian History, № 15, 2023, e-ISSN 2713-2447  
 
history, scientific impartiality. In general, the methodological bases of the work was the problem-chronological 
principles, which allows analyzing facts and events in a dialectical way. 
In the whole of Africa, we have two countries that were not colonized by European powers, that's Ethiopia 
and Liberia, the reason why Ethiopia was not colonized is that, it had strong leaders like the Putin of today! And 
those leaders rejected the colonial rule and Ethiopia by then was a strong country, another reason why it was not 
colonized is that, the land was very mountainous with poor roads which hindered the transport and 
communication and it became a problem for colonialists to lead Ethiopia. Another country that was not colonized 
by European powers is Liberia currently led by George weah, the arsenal fc legend, the reason why it was not 
colonized is that the land was used as a collecting center of slaves from different parts of Africa and we're later 
transported through atlantic ocean and took them to work in sugarcane plantations in caribbean region in 
countries like Jamaica, dominican republic, Trinidad and Tobago etc, others were taken to south America in 
countries like Brazil, colombia, Ecuador etc that's why you see many Brazilian football players are black like the 
legend pele, Ronaldinho, venecious junior etc their grand father's we're from Africa and went there as slaves, and 
a smaller percentage went to North America.  
Though colonisation of Africa had got a number of effects both negatives and positives and are shown 
below, some of negative effects include: Africans lost large tracts of their land to the European settlers, many 
Africans were forced to live in crowded areas and were never able to regain their land, another effect is that many 
followers of traditional religion were converted into christianity, they were made to believe that their traditional 
beliefs were primitive, some traditional political institutions were destroyed and replaced with foreign ones, foreign 
culture was imposed on Africans without regard for their own culture, this led to the loss of the African culture. 
The African continent was broken up into political units that later became independent countries. People from the 
same traditional communities were divided and placed in different countries or colonies. The Africans were forced 
to trade with the colonial masters much more than with fellow Africans living in neighbouring states. Development 
within the colonies was not balanced or uniform for example it tended to favour areas occupied by white settlers. 
Africans were discriminated against and mistreated in their own countries.  
They introduced slave trade in Africa, majority of africans were forced to slavery to work in sugarcane 
plantations in south America, carribean region like in Jamaica and north America which was against the humanity. 
Though colonisation of Africa also had got some positive effects and these include: the African people developed 
a desire to control their own future and worked towards achieving justice and equality, New breeds of animals and 
crops that could do well under the African climate were introduced. Modern health facilities, formal education and 
other social services were introduced. Colonialism introduced a common currency which had not existed in the 
past. It introduced modern machines which are now used in agriculture and industries. it introduced modern 
methods of communication like the use of phones, radios etc which improved easy communication in Africa. 
Many governments in Africa have traditionally maintained good relations with moscow, with ties forged 
under sovient rule, Russia has historically enjoyed warm relations with African countries as their economic and 
ideologic ambitions often align and their ties are bolstered by a mutual mistrust of the west. Here in Africa, many 
western countries they use propaganda telling our people that, there is no democracy in Eastern world countries 
like in Russia and china, but now africans have opened the eyes and they understand who is right, because they 
asked themselves in their hearts. Because they spent many years dealing with western countries but they gained 
nothing and remained poor, now where is democracy there? Democracy means poverty in Africa! Or imposing 
homosexuality to destroy African culture, so you pray for Uganda because the world bank stopped giving financial 
aid to my country because that Uganda rejected the homosexuals in the country, the western countries do it 
intentionally to support civil wars in Africa such that they get minerals like uranium, gold, copper, minerals which 
are used to make smart phones etc to get them for free or at a low price. Take an example of my neighbors of 
democratic republic of congo, they have many minerals like uranium, gold, copper, minerals which are used to 
make smart phones, forests, fertile soils etc but when you look the way how they live, you can cry, they are so 
poor and their country is among the poorest countries of this world, so because of all these reasons, many African 
countries have decided to join Russia to save them from western countries and support it to develop by it 
financially and defense, what we need is development, military equipment is a key factor in the relationship 
between Africa and Russia.  
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International Parliamentary Conference "Russia-Africa in a Multipolar World". 
Russia is trying to help Africa to develop in nuclear technology by constructing nuclear power plants like in 
Egypt, Uganda to generate electricity which will lead to the development of Africa. For example, the niger 
government recently was overthrow Ed by militants and the reason they are giving is their country is rich in 
uranium and they don't have any nuclear power plant in their country to generate electricity, all the uranium is 
exported outside and they remain poor, Africa and Russia are planning to cooperate more closely in the higher 
education and scientific research spheres. 
 
 
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