Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины»
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Автор:
Смелкова Елизавета Андреевна
Год издания: 2008
Кол-во страниц: 34
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебно-методическая литература
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
Артикул: 840507.01.99
В учебно-методическое пособие включены тексты из оригинальной научно-технической английской и американской литературы по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины» для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов. Каждый урок включает задания по развитию навыков перевода с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский, ведению беседы по основным проблемам, затронутым в пособии, а также лексические и
грамматические упражнения. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины».
Тематика:
ББК:
УДК:
ОКСО:
- ВО - Бакалавриат
- 15.03.01: Машиностроение
- 15.03.02: Технологические машины и оборудование
- 15.03.03: Прикладная механика
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана Е.А. Смелкова ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЧТЕНИЮ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ГУСЕНИЧНЫЕ И КОЛЕСНЫЕ МАШИНЫ» Учебно-методическое пособие М о с к в а Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 2 0 0 8
УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 С501 Рецензент И.В. Стасенко Смелкова Е.А. Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины»: Учеб.метод. пособие. — М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008. — 34 с. В учебно-методическое пособие включены тексты из оригинальной научно-технической английской и американской литературы по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины» для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов. Каждый урок включает задания по развитию навыков перевода с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский, ведению беседы по основным проблемам, затронутым в пособии, а также лексические и грамматические упражнения. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Гусеничные и колесные машины». УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 © МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008 С501
UNIT 1 1. New words and word combinations. take place быть, происходить combustion n сгорание occur v возникать, происходить arrange v располагать, организовывать converge v пересекать, пересекаться slide up and down v скользить вверх-вниз piston n поршень joint n шарнир, палец crank n колено (коленвала) bearing n подшипник clamp v закреплять, закрепляться, защелкиваться transmission n трансмиссия rotate v вращать, вращаться ignition n воспламенение, зажигание head n головка блока цилиндров throttle n дроссельная заслонка require v требовать lean a бедный, ненасыщенный valve n клапан manifold n коллектор pipe n трубопровод water-cooled a водоохлаждаемый 2. Pay attention to the translation of the following terms and learn them. To convert energy of gasoline combustion into motion — преобразовать энергию горения бензина в механическую энергию. Internal combustion engine (ICE) — двигатель внутреннего сгорания (ДВС).
Opposite cylinders — противоположно расположенные ци- линдры. Reciprocating (up-and-down) motions — возвратно-поступа- тельные движения. In-line engine — рядный двигатель. V-engine — v-образный двигатель (индукторный двигатель). W-engine — w-образный двигатель (трехрядный индукторный двигатель). Opposed, pancake, flat, or boxer engine — двигатель с проти- воположным расположением цилиндров (оппозитный двигатель). Connecting rod — шатун. Crankshaft — коленчатый вал. Drive wheel — ведущее колесо. Engine speed — частота вращений. Spark plug — свеча зажигания. Threaded aperture — резьбовое отверстие. Intake port — впускной патрубок. Exhaust pipe — выхлопная труба. Noise muffler — глушитель. Coil spring — винтовая пружина. Camshaft — кулачковый вал (распределительный вал). Carburetor — карбюратор. Fuel injector — топливный инжектор. Exhaust port — выпускной патрубок. Idling speed — холостой ход. Diesel engine — дизельный двигатель. Diesel fuel — дизельное топливо. Compression ratio — степень сжатия. Wide open throttle — широко открытая дроссельная заслонка. Partly open throttle — частично открытая дроссельная заслонка. Closed throttle — закрытая дроссельная заслонка. 3. Translate the following word combinations. The most common internal combustion engine. A single row with the centerlines of the cylinders vertical. A double row with the centerlines of opposite cylinders converging in a V. Two horizontal opposed rows. The mixture is rich at idling speed.
Combustion chamber of the cylinder. Heavier petroleum oil. Air-gasoline mixture. The piston-type gasoline engine. Four-stroke cycle. Heavy truck. Tracked vehicle. Revolutions per minute. 4. Find in text 1A the equivalents for the following Russian terms. Бензиновый двигатель поршневого типа, двигатель с противоположным расположением цилиндров, воздушнотопливная смесь (свежий заряд, рабочая смесь), камера сгорания цилиндра, грузовик, гусеничная машина, степень сжатия, частота вращений. 5. Read and translate the text. TEXT 1A Engine structure Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke cycle to convert energy of gasoline combustion into motion, so that the car can move. The easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Combustion taking place internally, a car engine is called an internal combustion engine (ICE). The most common internal combustion engine is the piston-type gasoline engine, used in most automobiles. The confined space in which combustion occurs is a combustion chamber that can be inside a cylinder. The cylinders are usually arranged in one of four ways: a single row with the centerlines of the cylinders vertical (in-line engine); a double row with the centerlines of opposite cylinders converging in a V (V-engine); a double zigzag row somewhat similar to that of the V-engine but with alternate pairs of opposite cylinders converging in two Vs (W-engine); or two horizontal, opposed rows (opposed, pancake, flat, or boxer engine). In each cylinder a piston slides up and down. One end of a connecting rod is attached to the bottom of the piston by a joint; the other end of the rod clamping around a bearing on one of the cranks. The reciprocating (up-and
down) motions of the piston rotate the crankshaft, which is connected to the drive wheels of the automobile by transmission. The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute is called the engine speed. The top of the cylinder is closed by a metal cover (called the head) bolted onto it. Into a threaded aperture in the head is screwed the spark plug, which provides ignition. Two other openings in the cylinder are called ports. The intake port admits the air-gasoline mixture; the exhaust port lets out the products of combustion. A valve is held tightly over each port by a coil spring, and a camshaft rotating at one-half engine speed opens the valves in correct sequence. A pipe runs from each intake port to a carburetor or injector, the pipes from all the cylinders joining to form a manifold. A similar manifold connects the exhaust ports with an exhaust pipe and noise muffler. A carburetor or fuel injector mixes air with gasoline in proportions of weight varying from 11 to 1 at the richest to a little over 16 to 1 at the leanest. The composition of the mixture is regulated by the throttle and an air valve in the intake manifold that varies the flow of fuel to the combustion chambers of the cylinders. The mixture is rich at idling speed (closed throttle) and at high speeds (wide-open throttle) and is lean at medium and slow speeds (partly open throttle). The other main type of reciprocating engine is known to be the diesel engine invented by Rudolf Diesel and patented in 1892. The diesel uses the heat produced by compression rather than the spark from a plug to ignite an injected mixture of air and diesel fuel (heavier petroleum oil) instead of gasoline. Diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines because of the extra strength required to contain the higher temperatures and compression ratios. Because of the high temperatures of operation, a diesel engine must be water-cooled. Diesel engines are most widely used where large amounts of power are required: heavy trucks, locomotives, tracked vehicles and ships. 6. Answer the following questions to the text. 1. What makes any car move? 2. What engine is used in most automobiles nowadays? 3. What is the principle of operation of piston-type gasoline engine? 4. How can cylinders be arranged in internal combustion engine? 5. What is called the engine speed? 6. What provides ignition?
7. What do intake and exhaust ports do? 8. What regulates air-gasoline mixture? 9. What is the difference in operation of gasoline and diesel engines? 10. Why must a diesel engine be water-cooled? 11. Why is diesel engine used in heavy trucks and tracked vehicles? 7. Compare Participle I and Participle II: using — used clamping — clamped converging — converged varying — varied opposing — opposed regulating — regulated connecting — connected producing — produced reciprocating — reciprocated injecting — injected 8. Translate the text paying attention to the highlighted words. Although diesel engine was designed to use coal dust as fuel, it now burns low-cost fuel oil. The diesel engine does not require a large water supply or a long warming-up period and is highly efficient in converting heat energy into work. The diesel engine differs from the gasoline engine in that the ignition of fuel is caused by compression of air in its cylinders instead of by a spark: the high compression ratio allows the air in the cylinder to become hot enough to ignite the fuel. Diesel engine is sure to be water-cooled because of the high temperatures of operation. The construction of the diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine; there are usually three or more cylinders, which are supported on a framework and bedplate and a heavy flywheel. The cylinders are set to work alternately to give a smooth-turning effect, and the flywheel contributes further to smooth action. The speed and power of the diesel are known to be controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder rather than the amount of air admitted as in the gasoline engine. 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Passive Voice. 1. Tank classification can be done in a variety of ways: usually either by intended role, or by weight. 2. Heavy tanks have usually been deployed to fulfill the need for a breakthrough tank, though in practice they have been more useful in the defensive role than in the attack.
3. Cruise tank were designed to move fast, break through enemy lines, assault from the rear and destroy enemy tanks. 4. It is generally accepted that battle tanks should be tracked and not wheeled. 5. Tanks are often referred to by weight-based classification, such as “light”, “medium” or “heavy”. 6. An entirely different approach to steering is represented by articulated tracked vehicles. 7. The widely used M113 armoured carriers are fitted with what are variously called geared differential. 8. Currently, when military budgets are being reduced everywhere, modernization is considered to be the most cost-efficient way towards extending the service life and improving the combat capability of military vehicles. 10. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle construction. 1. Combustion taking place internally, a car engine is called an internal combustion engine ICE. 2. One end of a connecting rod is attached to the bottom of the piston by a joint; the other end of the rod clamping around a bearing on one of the cranks. 3. A pipe runs from each intake port to a carburetor or injector, the pipes from all the cylinders joining to form a manifold 4. With a supercharger attached directly to the engine, it spins the compressor. 5. Engine being developed by the German engineer Felix Wankel in 1965, it is called Wankel engine. 11. Agree or disagree with the statement. 1. The diesel uses the heat produced by compression rather than the spark from a plug to ignite an injected mixture of air and diesel fuel instead of gasoline. 2. Gasoline engines are heavier than diesel ones because of the extra strength required to contain the higher temperatures and compression ratios. 3. It is generally accepted that battle tanks should be wheeled and not tracked.
4. Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke cycle to convert energy of gasoline combustion into motion, so that the car can move. 5. The easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline outside an engine. 6. The most common internal-combustion engine is the piston-type gasoline engine, used in most tanks. 7. Because of the high temperatures of operation, a diesel engine mustn’t be water-cooled. 8. Gasoline engines are most widely used where large amounts of power are required: heavy trucks, locomotives, tracked vehicles and ships. 12. Translate the text with a dictionary, paying attention to the highlighted word combinations. TEXT 1B Engines for military trucks The engines for military trucks are nowadays characterized by constantly increasing specific power values (power output/swept volume ratio of around 35–40 hp/dm3), mostly thanks to sophisticated solutions for turbocharging/inter-cooling and injection control injection pressures in excess of 1200 bar. Needless to say, these solutions were originally developed for commercial applications. The combination of high power densities with relatively small swept volumes produces high thermal loads, which demand high-efficiency cooling and heat dissipation systems. Furthermore, high performance must be accompanied by low specific consumption because of the increasingly severe emission control norms. Electronic control systems (EDC) are increasingly popular to monitor the working conditions of engine and exactly tailor the amount of fuel to be injected in order to obtain the required power output. In addition to traditional solutions such as fuel injection pumps and pump-injectors, it is to be expected that the new “Common Rail” technology will soon be adopted for military vehicle engines. In this system, fuel is pumped at very high pressure into a common chamber, from which tubes lead to the single injectors (electric valves). This allows for optimal control of all working parameters of engine, with significant fuel efficiency gains particularly under conditions of low rotation speeds and high torque.
13. Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. Основными характеристиками любых двигателей являются степень сжатия, мощность и экономичность. 2. Автомобильный двигатель — устройство, в котором химическая энергия топлива превращается в механическую работу. Это происходит благодаря сгоранию топлива внутри цилиндров двигателя. 3, Современные гусеничные транспортные средства оснащаются либо дизельными, либо газотурбинными двигателями, но ни один серийный танк никогда не выпускался с роторным двигателем. 4. Независимо от вида, легкие бронированные транспортные средства имеют достаточно малый вес, чтобы оснащаться двигателями массового производства для грузовиков и танков. 5. У карбюраторного двигателя топливо и воздух поступают в цилиндр одновременно через открытый впускной клапан в виде горючей смеси, приготовленной карбюратором. 14. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Emphatic construction. 1. It is the diesel engine, the main type of reciprocating engine that was invented by Rudolf Diesel and patented in 1892. 2. It is a four-stroke cycle that converts energy of gasoline combustion into motion, so that the car can move. 3. It is Wankel-type rotary engine that continues to be developed in the United States, but there is no evidence of further interest in using them in light armoured vehicles. 4. It is academician E.A. Chudakov who was the founder of the “wheeled vehicles” department and who can be considered to be a father of Russian automotive engineering in Russia. 5. It is a battle tank that should be tracked not wheeled. 15. Translate the text without a dictionary and highlight terminological word combinations. TEXT 1C Engines for light armourd vehicles Whatever their form, light armoured vehicles1 are generally light enough to be powered by engines mass produced by the automotive