Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты»

Московский государственный технический университет  
имени Н.Э. Баумана 

Л.И. Иванова 
 
 
ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЧТЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ  
НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ  
ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ВЫСОКОТОЧНЫЕ  
ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫЕ АППАРАТЫ» 
 
 
Учебно-методическое пособие 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

М о с к в а  

Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 

2 0 0 7  

УДК 802.0 
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 
И20 
Рецензент З.А. Заболотская  

 
Иванова Л.И.   
   
 
       Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по 
специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты»: 
Учеб.-метод. пособие. — М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007. — 44 с.: ил.  

Пособие содержит тексты из оригинальной научно-технической 
литературы на английском языке, словарные блоки, а также лексико-грамматические упражнения, способствующие развитию навыков перевода литературы по специальности и устной речи, связанной с профессиональной проблематикой. 
Для студентов 3-го и 4-го курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты». 
 
УДК 802.0 
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Иванова Л.И., 2007 
© МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007 

И20 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 

Пособие, состоящее из трех тематически связанных разделов, содержит учебные материалы: тексты из оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке; 
словарные блоки, в которые включена главным образом терминология; предтекстовые и послетекстовые лексико-грамматические упражнения, способствующие пониманию и осмыслению 
прочитанного, 
развитию 
навыков 
перевода 
литературы по специальности, а также навыков устной речи, 
связанной с профессиональной тематикой. В конце пособия 
представлены четыре дополнительных текста, круг заданий к 
которым формирует преподаватель в зависимости от дидактических задач, стоящих перед ним в конкретных ситуациях. 
Пособие адресовано студентам старших курсов, обучающимся по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты» и другим машиностроительным специальностям. Оно 
может быть использовано как для самостоятельной, так и для 
аудиторной работы под руководством преподавателя. 

UNIT I 

New Words 

proceеd v 
продолжать  
charcoal n  
древесный уголь 
sulphur n  
сера 
available a  
имеющийся в распоряжении;  
 
доступный  
purpose n  
цель, задача 
charge n  
заряд 
expell v  
выбрасывать, выталкивать 
projectile n  
снаряд 
relate v  
относиться 
blasting cap  
капсюль-детонатор 
remain v  
оставаться 
predict v  
прогнозировать 
diatomaceous а  диатомовый 
fuse n  
запал 
core n  
стержень 
refine v  
очищать 
 
1. Translate the following word combinations 

essential ingredients; 
display and signaling purposes; 
standard military tool; 
the early 14th century cannon; 
black powder charge; 
the discovery of vast deposits; 
related developments; 

a by-product of soap manufacture; 
the behavior of NG-based explosives; 
to remain highly unpredictable; 
to result in numerous accidents; 
to absorb up to three times its own weight; 
leak resistant paste; 
numerous advances; 
fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate; 
shock tube based detonator; 
water-in-oil emulsion explosives. 
  
2. Try to guess the meaning of the words given in italics by 
the context. Translate the sentences. 

1. But the behavior of the NG-based explosives still 
remained highly unpredictable resulting in numerous 
accidents and fatalities.  
2. Its use accelerated with the discovery of vast deposits 
of sodium nitrate in Chile in 1840.  
3. In the detonation process a shock front propagates at a 
characteristic velocity into the unreacted explosive at very 
high pressures and temperatures. 
 
3. Give the meanings of the international words: 

initial, incident, powder, ingredients, credit, mixtures, 
deposits, to be pioneered by, accidents, to absorb, to convert, 
personnel.  
 
4. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Participle 
and different meanings of the word “result”.  

1. The energy from an open-air explosion results in 
compression of surrounding air which gives rise to a rapidly 
propagating shock wave. 
2. The additional hazards resulting from an explosion 
include 
the 
explosion 
fireball, 
secondary 
fragments, 
perforation and spalling. 

3. Seismic vibrations caused by ground shock can result in 
some damage to structures located at a considerable distance 
from the site of explosion.  
4. Heating a reactive material results in its exothermic 
decomposition. 
5. The resulting heat may further increase the rate of 
reaction and may eventually lead to a self-sustained reaction 
known as “deflagration”. 
6. This clear asymmetry can only result if the width of the 
shock front is approximately one particle diameter or less.  
 
5. Mind the plural forms of the nouns of origin Greek and 
Latin. 

Singular 
Plural 

axis 
axes 

radius 
radii 

phenomenon 
phenomena 

nucleus 
nuclei 

residuum 
residua 

matrix 
matrices 

 
Give plural of the following words:  
hypothesis, stratum, criterion, index, datum. 
 
6. Read and translate the text. 

Text IA. Historical Developments 

It is difficult to speak of modern explosives without referring 
to black powder. The discovery of black powder probably 
precedes its actual use. Its essential ingredients (potassium 
nitrate, charcoal and sulphur) have been available since ancient 
times. However, the credit for its systematic use belongs to the 

Chinese, who packed these mixtures into bamboo tubes and used 
them as rockets for display and signaling purposes. It took several 
centuries before black powder became a standard military tool. 
Even then, the early 14th century cannons consisted simply of 
wooden tubes filled with black powder charge which expelled a 
stone projectile. The first use of the material in mining took place 
in Hungary in the early 14th century. Its use accelerated with the 
discovery of vast deposits of sodium nitrate in Chile in 1840. 
Other related developments quickly followed. In 1846, 
reacting strong nitric acid with glycerol, a by-product of soap 
manufacture, resulted in an oily product called glycerin tri-nitrate, 
which is more commonly known as nitroglycerin (NG). Practical 
use of NG was pioneered by the Nobel family in the years 
following 1859. Alfred Nobel also invented the blasting cap in 
1863, which revolutionized the mining industry. But the behavior 
of the NG-based explosives still remained highly unpredictable, 
resulting in numerous accidents and fatalities. After many years 
of work, Nobel finally discovered that kieselguhr, a diatomaceous 
earth, absorbed up to three times its own weight of NG to form a 
relatively dry, leak resistant paste, which came to be known as 
“dynamite”. The word was derived from “dynamos”, the Greek 
word for “power”. 
Other momentous advances in the explosives technology 
include the development of safety fuse (essentially black powder 
core inside a tough yarn1) by William Bickford in 1831, invention 
of the detonating cord (a sensitive high explosive core inside a 
thin plastic tube or textile yarn) in 1908 in France further refined 
by Ensign-Bickford Corporation in USA, and the chance 
discovery of ammonium nitrate as being a very powerful 
explosive in 1947, when the ship Grand Camp carrying fertilizer2 
grade ammonium nitrate (AN) blew up at its dock in Texas City 
following a fire. The place of AN in explosives industry has since 
been secure. The other significant developments in the explosive 
industry were the introduction of the slurry3 explosives in the late 
1950s, and shock tube based detonators (“Nonel”: a plastic tube 

with a wall coating of HMX and aluminum) in the early 1970s, 
and of water-in-oil emulsion explosives in the late 1970s. 
(2188) 
Notes 

1 а tough yarn ― жесткая нить. 
2 fertilizer ― удобрение. 
3 slurry ― жидкая глина. 
 
7. Answer the questions to the text. 

1. What is known about black powder discovery and its 
first use?  
2. When did black powder become a standard military tool? 
3. When was it used in mining for the first time? 
4. What are its essential ingredients? 
5. What was nitroglycerine development based on? 
6. What way did A. Nobel invention revolutionize the 
mining industry? 
7. What were the drawbacks of NG-based explosives? 
8. What’s the idea of safety fuse development? 
9. What are the other significant developments in the 
explosive industry? 
 
8. Make the sentences and arrange them in the 
chronological order. Make a review on the development of 
explosives. 

14th century  the slurry explosives  
17th century  essential ingredients of black 
powder  

1846  
a standard military tool  

1859  
a blasting cap  

1863  
ammonium nitrate  

1831  
safety fuse  

1908  
the first use in mining  

1947  
an oily product (nitroglycerine) 

to appear 

to discover  

to take place 

to manufacture 

to invent 

late 1950s  
practical use of NG 

early 1970s  
water-in-oil emulsion explosives 
to produce 

late 1970s  
shock tube based detonators 
to introduce 

 
9. Translate the text without a dictionary. 

Text IB. Explosion Process 

Heating a reactive material results in its exothermic 

decomposition. The resulting heat may further increase the rate of 
reaction and may eventually lead to a self-sustained1 reaction 
known as “deflagration”2. A rapidly traveling shock wave also can 
provide the initial source of heat in the material. Under certain 
conditions of initiation and confinement3 the deflagrating reaction 
can transit to a supersonic but steady rate of reaction, otherwise 
known as “detonation”. In deflagration mode, the reacted 
materials flow away from the unreacted material, whereas, in the 
detonation mode, the detonation products flow with great 
velocity towards the undetonated explosive.  

 
 

 
 
Fig. 1. Simplified structure of detonation reaction in an explosive mixture 
 
In the detonation process, a shock front or shock zone 

propagates at a characteristic velocity into the unreacted 
explosive at very high pressures and temperatures. Immediately 
behind the shock front is the chemical reaction zone where the 

detonation 
products 

chemical 
reaction zone 
detonation 
front 
undetonated 
explosive 

shock 
zone 

original material is rapidly converted into reaction products. The 
width of the shock front and the reaction zone could be as low 
as a few millimeters depending on the nature of the explosive 
material and the boundary conditions. The chemical reaction 
zone is followed by a slower moving zone consisting of the 
detonation products. The mechanism is shown schematically. The 
pressure and temperature in the detonation zone could exceed 
several hundred thousand atmospheres and 3000 °C. 

(1186) 
Notes 

1 self-sustained — самоподдерживающийся. 
2 deflagration — быстрое горение. 
3 confinement — ограничение. 
 
10. Describe the detonation reaction in short. Refer to  
Fig. 1. Make your own report using of the key words and 
ideas from text 1B. Arrange the sentences logically. 
 

Subject  
Predicate 
Object 

1. Heating  
results in  
a. reaction products 

2. Further heating  leads to 
b. into the unreacted 
explosive at very high 
pressures and 
temperatures 

3. The reacted  
materials 
flow away  
from  
c. the unreacted materials 

4. A shock wave  
provides  
d. the initial source of heat 

5. The detonation 
products 
flow with  
e. great velocity towards 
the und. great velocity 
towards the undetonated 
explosive 

To be continued