Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты»
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Новинка
Тематика:
Английский язык
Автор:
Иванова Людмила Ивановна
Год издания: 2007
Кол-во страниц: 44
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебно-методическая литература
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
Артикул: 840506.01.99
Пособие содержит тексты из оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке, словарные блоки, а также лексико-грамматические упражнения, способствующие развитию навыков перевода литературы по специальности и устной речи, связанной с профессиональной проблематикой. Для студентов 3-го и 4-го курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты».
Тематика:
ББК:
УДК:
- 6297: Авиация и космонавтика. Летательные аппараты. Ракетная техника. Космическая техника
- 808: Риторика. Литературное творчество. Редактирование. Культура речи
- 811111: Английский язык
ОКСО:
- ВО - Бакалавриат
- 24.03.05: Двигатели летательных аппаратов
- 25.03.01: Техническая эксплуатация летательных апаратов и двигателей
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана Л.И. Иванова ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЧТЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ВЫСОКОТОЧНЫЕ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫЕ АППАРАТЫ» Учебно-методическое пособие М о с к в а Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 2 0 0 7
УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 И20 Рецензент З.А. Заболотская Иванова Л.И. Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты»: Учеб.-метод. пособие. — М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007. — 44 с.: ил. Пособие содержит тексты из оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке, словарные блоки, а также лексико-грамматические упражнения, способствующие развитию навыков перевода литературы по специальности и устной речи, связанной с профессиональной проблематикой. Для студентов 3-го и 4-го курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты». УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 © Иванова Л.И., 2007 © МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007 И20
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Пособие, состоящее из трех тематически связанных разделов, содержит учебные материалы: тексты из оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке; словарные блоки, в которые включена главным образом терминология; предтекстовые и послетекстовые лексико-грамматические упражнения, способствующие пониманию и осмыслению прочитанного, развитию навыков перевода литературы по специальности, а также навыков устной речи, связанной с профессиональной тематикой. В конце пособия представлены четыре дополнительных текста, круг заданий к которым формирует преподаватель в зависимости от дидактических задач, стоящих перед ним в конкретных ситуациях. Пособие адресовано студентам старших курсов, обучающимся по специальности «Высокоточные летательные аппараты» и другим машиностроительным специальностям. Оно может быть использовано как для самостоятельной, так и для аудиторной работы под руководством преподавателя.
UNIT I New Words proceеd v продолжать charcoal n древесный уголь sulphur n сера available a имеющийся в распоряжении; доступный purpose n цель, задача charge n заряд expell v выбрасывать, выталкивать projectile n снаряд relate v относиться blasting cap капсюль-детонатор remain v оставаться predict v прогнозировать diatomaceous а диатомовый fuse n запал core n стержень refine v очищать 1. Translate the following word combinations essential ingredients; display and signaling purposes; standard military tool; the early 14th century cannon; black powder charge; the discovery of vast deposits; related developments;
a by-product of soap manufacture; the behavior of NG-based explosives; to remain highly unpredictable; to result in numerous accidents; to absorb up to three times its own weight; leak resistant paste; numerous advances; fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate; shock tube based detonator; water-in-oil emulsion explosives. 2. Try to guess the meaning of the words given in italics by the context. Translate the sentences. 1. But the behavior of the NG-based explosives still remained highly unpredictable resulting in numerous accidents and fatalities. 2. Its use accelerated with the discovery of vast deposits of sodium nitrate in Chile in 1840. 3. In the detonation process a shock front propagates at a characteristic velocity into the unreacted explosive at very high pressures and temperatures. 3. Give the meanings of the international words: initial, incident, powder, ingredients, credit, mixtures, deposits, to be pioneered by, accidents, to absorb, to convert, personnel. 4. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Participle and different meanings of the word “result”. 1. The energy from an open-air explosion results in compression of surrounding air which gives rise to a rapidly propagating shock wave. 2. The additional hazards resulting from an explosion include the explosion fireball, secondary fragments, perforation and spalling.
3. Seismic vibrations caused by ground shock can result in some damage to structures located at a considerable distance from the site of explosion. 4. Heating a reactive material results in its exothermic decomposition. 5. The resulting heat may further increase the rate of reaction and may eventually lead to a self-sustained reaction known as “deflagration”. 6. This clear asymmetry can only result if the width of the shock front is approximately one particle diameter or less. 5. Mind the plural forms of the nouns of origin Greek and Latin. Singular Plural axis axes radius radii phenomenon phenomena nucleus nuclei residuum residua matrix matrices Give plural of the following words: hypothesis, stratum, criterion, index, datum. 6. Read and translate the text. Text IA. Historical Developments It is difficult to speak of modern explosives without referring to black powder. The discovery of black powder probably precedes its actual use. Its essential ingredients (potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur) have been available since ancient times. However, the credit for its systematic use belongs to the
Chinese, who packed these mixtures into bamboo tubes and used them as rockets for display and signaling purposes. It took several centuries before black powder became a standard military tool. Even then, the early 14th century cannons consisted simply of wooden tubes filled with black powder charge which expelled a stone projectile. The first use of the material in mining took place in Hungary in the early 14th century. Its use accelerated with the discovery of vast deposits of sodium nitrate in Chile in 1840. Other related developments quickly followed. In 1846, reacting strong nitric acid with glycerol, a by-product of soap manufacture, resulted in an oily product called glycerin tri-nitrate, which is more commonly known as nitroglycerin (NG). Practical use of NG was pioneered by the Nobel family in the years following 1859. Alfred Nobel also invented the blasting cap in 1863, which revolutionized the mining industry. But the behavior of the NG-based explosives still remained highly unpredictable, resulting in numerous accidents and fatalities. After many years of work, Nobel finally discovered that kieselguhr, a diatomaceous earth, absorbed up to three times its own weight of NG to form a relatively dry, leak resistant paste, which came to be known as “dynamite”. The word was derived from “dynamos”, the Greek word for “power”. Other momentous advances in the explosives technology include the development of safety fuse (essentially black powder core inside a tough yarn1) by William Bickford in 1831, invention of the detonating cord (a sensitive high explosive core inside a thin plastic tube or textile yarn) in 1908 in France further refined by Ensign-Bickford Corporation in USA, and the chance discovery of ammonium nitrate as being a very powerful explosive in 1947, when the ship Grand Camp carrying fertilizer2 grade ammonium nitrate (AN) blew up at its dock in Texas City following a fire. The place of AN in explosives industry has since been secure. The other significant developments in the explosive industry were the introduction of the slurry3 explosives in the late 1950s, and shock tube based detonators (“Nonel”: a plastic tube
with a wall coating of HMX and aluminum) in the early 1970s, and of water-in-oil emulsion explosives in the late 1970s. (2188) Notes 1 а tough yarn ― жесткая нить. 2 fertilizer ― удобрение. 3 slurry ― жидкая глина. 7. Answer the questions to the text. 1. What is known about black powder discovery and its first use? 2. When did black powder become a standard military tool? 3. When was it used in mining for the first time? 4. What are its essential ingredients? 5. What was nitroglycerine development based on? 6. What way did A. Nobel invention revolutionize the mining industry? 7. What were the drawbacks of NG-based explosives? 8. What’s the idea of safety fuse development? 9. What are the other significant developments in the explosive industry? 8. Make the sentences and arrange them in the chronological order. Make a review on the development of explosives. 14th century the slurry explosives 17th century essential ingredients of black powder 1846 a standard military tool 1859 a blasting cap 1863 ammonium nitrate 1831 safety fuse 1908 the first use in mining 1947 an oily product (nitroglycerine) to appear to discover to take place to manufacture to invent
late 1950s practical use of NG early 1970s water-in-oil emulsion explosives to produce late 1970s shock tube based detonators to introduce 9. Translate the text without a dictionary. Text IB. Explosion Process Heating a reactive material results in its exothermic decomposition. The resulting heat may further increase the rate of reaction and may eventually lead to a self-sustained1 reaction known as “deflagration”2. A rapidly traveling shock wave also can provide the initial source of heat in the material. Under certain conditions of initiation and confinement3 the deflagrating reaction can transit to a supersonic but steady rate of reaction, otherwise known as “detonation”. In deflagration mode, the reacted materials flow away from the unreacted material, whereas, in the detonation mode, the detonation products flow with great velocity towards the undetonated explosive. Fig. 1. Simplified structure of detonation reaction in an explosive mixture In the detonation process, a shock front or shock zone propagates at a characteristic velocity into the unreacted explosive at very high pressures and temperatures. Immediately behind the shock front is the chemical reaction zone where the detonation products chemical reaction zone detonation front undetonated explosive shock zone
original material is rapidly converted into reaction products. The width of the shock front and the reaction zone could be as low as a few millimeters depending on the nature of the explosive material and the boundary conditions. The chemical reaction zone is followed by a slower moving zone consisting of the detonation products. The mechanism is shown schematically. The pressure and temperature in the detonation zone could exceed several hundred thousand atmospheres and 3000 °C. (1186) Notes 1 self-sustained — самоподдерживающийся. 2 deflagration — быстрое горение. 3 confinement — ограничение. 10. Describe the detonation reaction in short. Refer to Fig. 1. Make your own report using of the key words and ideas from text 1B. Arrange the sentences logically. Subject Predicate Object 1. Heating results in a. reaction products 2. Further heating leads to b. into the unreacted explosive at very high pressures and temperatures 3. The reacted materials flow away from c. the unreacted materials 4. A shock wave provides d. the initial source of heat 5. The detonation products flow with e. great velocity towards the und. great velocity towards the undetonated explosive To be continued