Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы»
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Год издания: 2007
Кол-во страниц: 28
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Вид издания:
Учебно-методическая литература
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
Артикул: 840503.01.99
Пособие содержит оригинальные тексты из английской и американской научно-технической литературы, а также упражнения и задания, позволяющие освоить и закрепить лексико-грамматический материал, необходимый для понимания и перевода иностранных изданий по специальности. Для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы».
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана Е. А. Яковлева ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЧТЕНИЮ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «АВТОНОМНЫЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ И УПРАВЛЯЮЩИЕ СИСТЕМЫ» Учебно-методическое пособие М о с к в а Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 2 0 0 7
УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 Я-474 Рецензент И.В. Стасенко Яковлева Е.А. Я-474 Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по спе- циальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы»: Учеб.-метод. пособие. – М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007. – 28 с. Пособие содержит оригинальные тексты из английской и американской научно-технической литературы, а также упражнения и задания, позволяющие освоить и закрепить лексико-грамматический материал, необходимый для понимания и перевода иностранных изданий по специальности. Для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы». Ил. 1. Библиогр. 6 назв. УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 Учебное издание Екатерина Александровна Яковлева Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы» Редактор Н.М. Маслова Корректор Р.В. Царева Компьютерная верстка А.Ю. Ураловой Подписано в печать 12.03.2007. Формат 60×84/16. Бумага офсетная. Печ. л. 1,75. Усл. печ. л. 1,63. Уч.-изд. л. 1,45. Тираж 100 экз. Изд. № 137. Заказ Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 105005, Москва, 2-я Бауманская ул., 5 © МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2007
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Пособие содержит оригинальные тексты из английской и американской научно-технической литературы (с элементами адаптации лишь в особенно трудных для перевода случаях) как для самостоятельной работы студентов, так и для аудиторных занятий под руководством преподавателя. Каждый из трех разделов включает лексические и грамматические упражнения и задания, выполняя которые, студенты овладевают навыками перевода с английского языка на русский и с русского на английский, а также развивают навыки устного обсуждения вопросов, связанных с изучаемой тематикой. Овладение терминологией в рамках специальности и необходимой общеупотребительной лексикой позволяет студентам и будущим специалистам получать из иностранных источников информацию, нужную им в исследовательской и другой работе. Пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов, обучающихся по специальности «Автономные информационные и управляющие системы» на факультете «Специальное машиностроение».
UNIT I 1. Learn the new words and word combinations: adaptability n адаптивность adoptable a приемлемый artilicial intelligence (AI) искусственный интеллект assertion n утверждение, суждение boom n звуковой удар; быстрое развитие bridge v преодолевать препятствие claim v претендовать cognitive a познавательный consciousness n сознание core n сущность, ядро disregard v игнорировать, пренебрегать emulate v имитировать encode v кодировать feasibility n возможность for the time being в данный момент gap n брешь, разрыв heavy parallelism значительный параллелизм ingenious a изобретательный, искусный, оригинальный intentionality n умысел magnitude n величина multistrategy approach зд. комплексный подход neural network нейронная сеть predominant a преобладающий query n вопрос real-life a реалистический reasoning n логическое мышление; доводы tie v обязывать; ограничивать 2. Match Russian and English equivalents. (1) artificial intelligence (a) навязать свой взгляд (2) to produce a boom (b) сравнение доводов «за» и «против» (3) to bridge the gap (c) широкий выбор логических устройств (4) to launch a project (d) создать системы (5) to give on-line answers (e) заявить права на …
(6) a wide range of reasoning facilities (f) ликвидировать разрыв (7) comparison of pros and cons (g) дать ответ в режиме реального времени (8) order of magnitude (h) искусственный интеллект (9) to adopt an approach (i) обеспечить быстрый рост (10) to claim one’s rights (j) принять научный метод (11) to establish a system (k) придерживаться одностороннего подхода (12) to rely on one-sided approach (l) начать работу над проектом (13) to impose its own view (m) порядок величины 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to contextual meanings of the italicized words. 1. The artificial satellite launched was manufactured in Russia. The fifth generation project was launched in Japan. A launch of a space vehicle is a complicated process. 2. Ferrous metals are subject to corrosion. Artificial intelligence is probably the subject to challenge human interest forever. Data were subjected to thorough verification. 3. Reasoning is done through argumentation, comparison and pro and con arguments. The power of reasoning belongs to “homo sapiens”. 4. Both projects have adopted the computationally strong-AI approach. Tsiolkovsky’s ideas were adopted by his followers. 5. AI technology is undergoing a boom. Aircraft manufacturers strive to make the boom of aircraft lower. 6. To bridge a gap between the two theories scientists worked more than a decade. The arches of the bridge were high enough to let a tall ship pass. 4. Translate the following words stating the part of speech they belong to. Regard – disregard – regardless; general – generality; adopt – adoption – adoptability; conscious – consciousness – unconscious; intend – intention – intentionality – unintended; execute – executive – execution. 5. Read and translate the text.
Text IA. Artificial Intelligence To understand current trends in artificial intelligence, the history of AI can be of great help. The first AI era was impressed by the fact that human brains are several orders of magnitude slower than computers (in transmission as well as coupling speed). Therefore, making a copy of a human brain on a computer would have to result in something ingeniously better. Three subjects were predominant: (1) learning without knowledge, (2) neural modeling (self organizing systems and decision space techniques), and (3) evolutionary learning. Major AI projects have not resulted in intelligent or commercially successful products. But intelligence cannot be easily achieved on digital computers with existing approaches. Today’s computers as well as existing approaches basically do not differ much from those of 30 years ago (apart from being faster and having better storing capacities) and, therefore, are very unlikely to approach not only human level but also any level of intelligence established by biological intelligent systems. Several other projects were started, based on logic programming (LP). The project was heavily based on logic programming to bridge the gap between applications and machines. Japan has already launched the Sixth Generation project, based on real-life domains, neural networks, optical connections, and heavy parallelism. This project addresses the tremendous task of codifying a vast quantity of knowledge possessed by a typical human into a workable system. General assertions have been put into CYC’s knowledge base, using a vocabulary with approximately 10³ atomic terms. CYC (cyclic computer) is intended to be able to give on-line sensible answers to all sensible queries. CYC includes a wide range of reasoning facilities, including general deduction and analogical inference. Reasoning is done through argumentation, through comparison of pros and cons. CYC is the first project of this magnitude. All knowledge in CYC is encoded in the form of logical sentences, and not in diagrams, procedures, semantic nets, or neural networks. The two projects mentioned could not produce intelligent systems at all. They have adopted the computationally strong AI approach instead of at least combining it with others, e.g. cognitive weak-AI. Both projects relied on a one-sided approach, disregarding the new school of
AI. This new approach claims that to design an intelligent system, none has to give it all properties of intelligent creatures: unity (i.e. multiple knowledge and multistrategy approach), intentionality, consciousness and autonomy along with generality and adaptability. One algorithm executed on a single processor cannot emulate intelligence. The process must consist of many interleaving and intensively communicating sub processes. The general approach seems promising, yet it is not clear in which particular direction the discovery of true intelligence lies. For the time being it seems that new AI is strongly related to interdisciplinary sciences, especially biological and cognitive sciences. The strong thesis of multiple knowledge states that multiple semantic models are an integral and necessary part of intelligence in any machine or being in real-life domains. A single model cannot achieve as good performance as multiple models because each model ties to fit data and noise according to its own structure and therefore ties to impose its own view. In other words, although multiple models can be at any time transformed into one single model with the same performance as a set of models, in general it is not possible to construct such a single model in the process of learning without designing multiple models. Integration of models after they are designed seems not only feasible but also sensible because of reduction in storage and classification time. 99% of all existing computer systems and most current AI orientations are based of a single model. Intelligent systems seem to have special properties, e.g. multiplicity. (3500 characters) 6. Answer the following questions. 1. What three subjects were predominant in making a copy of a human brain? 2. What was logic programming aimed at? 3. What is the sixth generation project based on? 4. What does the CYC project address? 5. What facilities is reasoning done through? 6. How is knowledge encoded in CYC projects? 7. What are the characteristic properties of intelligent creatures? 8. Which are weak and strong points of AI modeling?
7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the grammar. Object clause 1. While it is not yet clear whether digital machines can achieve intelligence at all, it is becoming accepted that on digital computers, systems simulating human thought processes will be essentially different from humans. 2. A procedure which determines whether it will stop or not, does not exist. 3. The question remains whether this approach is applicable in all the cases. 4. The problem is whether the results of the test could be recorded, whether successful or not. Complex subject 1. Intelligent systems seem to have special properties, e.g. multiplicity. 2. The new version has been formally proven to be wrong. 3. The subject is likely to stimulate the reader’s interest. 4. This change seems to have begun towards the end of the last century. 5. However, the common practice of designing such devices has been shown to be inadequate. 6. Such has indeed proved to be the case. 7. The reaction could appear to involve a rearrangement. Participle I 1. Today’s computers as well as existing approaches basically do not differ much from those of 30 years ago (apart from being faster and having better storing capacities) and, therefore, are very unlikely to approach not only human level but also any level of intelligence established by biological intelligent systems. 2. CYC includes a wide range of reasoning facilities including general deduction and analogical inference. 3. Both projects relied on a one-sided approach disregarding the new school of AI. 8. Read and translate the text without a dictionary. Give your own title. Answer the questions. 1. What new technologies are available to aerospace manufacturers? 2. What are the applications of the new technologies?
Text IB. New Generation of Computers New generation of powerful computers will soon be available to aerospace manufacturers. Neural networks, fly-by-speech advances1, smaller processors and integrated avionics will accelerate the process of automation. Neural networks are widely believed to be the next step in enhancing2 computer intelligence. Neurocomputers will be able to understand highly complex tasks which are extremely difficult to perform with current computers. Research is centering on image processing, target and feature recognition. Neural computing is also considered particularly suitable for speech recognition, enabling pilots to tell the aircraft to change course or arm missiles. Full voice control3 in combat aircraft may become a reality soon but it is unlikely to be introduced on commercial aircraft as crews do not fly hand-on-throttle4 stick as in combat aircraft. One major benefit of growing computer capacity will be the sophistication of monitoring systems, which detect and display error and damages requiring maintenance5. The latest programme is supposed to develop technologies for the new generation equipment using microwave integrated circuit technology based on one chip, incorporating the latest advances in parallel processing. New packaging6 and cooling techniques7 are certain to improve reliability. (1220 characters) 9. Speak on the main trends of AI creation from the text below. А. Use the following words and word combinations: intelligent systems; commercially successful; cognitive; approach; to bridge a gap; applications; general assertions; reasoning; argumentation. B. Use the following starting phrases: I’d like to speak about…, I’ll begin with…, I shall speak in detail about…, to sum it up…, a major advance was made… 1 fly-by-speech advances – передовая технология управления голосом. 2 enhance – усиливать, увеличивать. 3 voice control – управление голосом. 4 hand-on-throttle – в ручном режиме. 5 maintenance – ремонт, обслуживание. 6 packaging – компоновка, герметизация. 7 cooling technique – криогенная технология.
Text IC. Applications of AI Game playing You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people mainly through brute force computation—looking at hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second. Speech recognition In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient. Understanding natural language Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains. Computer vision The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use. Expert systems A «knowledge engineer» interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this work depends on whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include patients, doctors, hospitals,