Обучение чтению и устной речи на английском языке по специальности «Теплофизика»
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Автор:
Захарова Светлана Сергеевна
Год издания: 2016
Кол-во страниц: 58
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-7038-4618-6
Артикул: 840481.01.99
Издание состоит из трех модульных блоков (Units), содержит современные оригинальные тексты на английском языке по изучаемой специальности, лексико-грамматические и коммуникативные задания и упражнения, позволяющие развивать навыки чтения, аннотирования научно-технической литературы, а также профессионально-ориентированного общения и устной речи. Для студентов старших курсов, магистрантов и аспирантов,
обучающихся по специальности «Теплофизика» на факультете «Энергомашиностроение» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана.
Тематика:
ББК:
УДК:
ОКСО:
- ВО - Бакалавриат
- 13.03.01: Теплоэнергетика и теплотехника
- 14.03.01: Ядерная энергетика и теплофизика
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана С.С. Захарова Обучение чтению и устной речи на английском языке по специальности «Теплофизика» Учебное пособие
УДК 802.0 ББК 81. Англ.-923 З-38 Захарова, С. С. Обучение чтению и устной речи на английском языке по специ альности «Теплофизика» : учебное пособие / C. C. Захарова. — Москва : Издательство МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2016. — 55, [5] с. ISBN 978-5-7038-4618-6 Издание состоит из трех модульных блоков (Units), содержит современные оригинальные тексты на английском языке по изучаемой специальности, лексико-грамматические и коммуникативные задания и упражнения, позволяющие развивать навыки чтения, аннотирования научно-технической литературы, а также профессионально-ориентированного общения и устной речи. Для студентов старших курсов, магистрантов и аспирантов, обучающихся по специальности «Теплофизика» на факультете «Энергомашиностроение» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. УДК 802.0 ББК 81. Англ.-923 © МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2016 © Оформление. Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э.Баумана, 2016 Издание доступно в электронном виде на портале ebooks.bmstu.ru по адресу: http://ebooks.bmstu.ru/catalog/107/book1606.html Факультет «Лингвистика» Кафедра «Английский язык для машиностроительных специальностей» Рекомендовано Редакционно-издательским советом МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана в качестве учебного пособия З-38 ISBN 9978-5-7038-4618-6
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Учебное пособие состоит из трех модульных блоков (Units), со держит учебные материалы: тексты из оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке; словарные блоки, в которые включены термины и общетехническая лексика; лексико-грамматические упражнения, а также речевые упражнения, разговорные модели и клише, направленные на формирование у студентов навыков и умений вести профессионально-ориентированную беседу на английском языке и выступать с презентацией по соответствующей тематике. Целью работы является развитие и закрепление навыков чте ния, говорения, аннотирования научно-технической литературы на английском языке по изучаемой специальности. Пособие предназначено для студентов старших курсов, ма гистрантов и аспирантов факультета «Энергомашиностроение» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, обучающихся по специальности «Теплофизика».
UNIT 1 Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics New words and word combinations to be memorized: equilibrium n — равновесие heat transfer — теплопередача flow n — поток; расход uninhabitable adj — необитаемый tempt v — искушать erroneous adj — ошибочный, неправильный restrict v — ограничивать primarily adv — главным образом variable n — переменная (величина) uniform adj — единообразный; однородный, постоянный devise v — разрабатывать, придумывать experience n,v — опыт; испытывать, знать по опыту sole adj — единственный; исключительный gross adj — общий generalize v — обобщать, делать общие выводы identify v — распознавать, устанавливать quantify v — определять количество 1. Match the words in column A with their definitions in column B. A B 1 equilibrium a the act or process of changing sth from one form to another 2 thermodynamics b the detailed study or examination of sth in order to understand more about it 3 hypothesis c a source of power
4 heat d heat, energy that is sent out in the form of rays 5 transfer e a number or quantity that can vary or be varied 6 energy f a state of balance, especially between opposing forces or influences 7 radiation g the quality of being hot 8 analysis h the process of becoming slowly mixed with the substance 9 variable i the act of moving sb/sth from one place to another 10 diffusion j an idea or explanation of sth that is based on a few known facts but has not yet been proved to be true or correct; gueses and ideas that are not based on certain knowledge. 11 сonversion k the science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy 2. Read the following nouns derived from Latin and Greek; mind the pronunciation in the singular and plural forms. Hypothesis — hypotheses; basis — bases; datum — data; symbiosis — symbioses; medium — media; spectrum — spectra; phenomenon — phenomena; axis — axes; analysis — analyses. 3. Translate the following words both as nouns and verbs. Effect, contact, finish, pass, force, place, use, work, size, house, help, stop, cut, result, attempt, drive, range, design, form, experience, process, transport, transfer. 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations. Net transfer of heat, energy transport, at first glance, conclusion would be erroneous, initial energy, heat flow, a lack of equilibrium, in terms of gross characteristics. 5. You are going to read the introductory Text 1A. Before reading try to answer the following questions. Share your answers with your fellow students. 1. What do you know about the subject of heat transfer? 2. Were you given lectures on the laws of thermodynamiсs? 3. Do you agree that the
sun is the initial source of energy? 4. What do you know about radiation? 5. What would happen if we were to cut off the radiation from the sun? 6. What does classical thermodynamics deal with? TEXT 1A Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics The subject of heat transfer, or more generally the transport of energy, is of importance to all engineers and scientists, for it is energy, initially derived from the sun, on which the world runs. If we were to cut off the radiation from the sun we would soon find the world to be an uninhabitable sphere, and if we misuse the energy that is currently available to us a similar result may occur for other reasons. The branch of science that deals with the relation between heat and other forms of energy, including mechanical work in particular, is called thermodynamics. Its principles, like all laws of nature, are based on observations and have been generalized into laws that are believed to hold for all processes occurring in nature because no exceptions have ever been found. For example, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another. It governs all energy transformations quantitatively, but places no restrictions on the direction of the transformation. It is known, however, from experience that no process is possible whose sole result is the net transfer of heat from a region of lower temperature to a region of higher temperature. This statement of experimental truth is known as the second law of thermodynamics. Whenever a temperature gradient exists within a system, or whenever two systems at different temperatures are brought into contact energy is transferred. The process by which the energy transport takes place is known as heat transfer. The thing in transit, called heat, cannot be observed or measured directly. However, its effects can be identified and quantified through measurements and analysis. The flow of heat, like the performance of work, is a process by which the initial energy of a system is changed. All heat transfer processes involve the exchange and/or conversion of energy. They must, therefore, obey the first as well as the second law of thermodynamics. At first glance, one might therefore be tempted to assume that the principles of heat transfer can be derived from the basic laws of thermodynamics. This conclusion, however, would be
erroneous, because classical thermodynamics is restricted primarily to the study of equilibrium states including mechanical, chemical, and thermal equilibriums, and is therefore, by itself, of little help in determining quantitatively the transformations that occur from a lack of equilibrium in engineering processes. Since heat flow is the result of temperature nonequilibrium, its quantitative treatment must be based on other branches of science. The same reasoning applies to other types of transport processes such as mass transfer and diffusion. Classical thermodynamics deals with the states of systems from a macroscopic view and makes no hypotheses about the structure of matter. To perform a thermodynamic analysis it is necessary to describe the state of a system in terms of gross characteristics, such as pressure, volume, and temperature, that can be measured directly and involve no special assumptions regarding the structure of matter. These variables (or thermodynamic properties) are of significance for the system as a whole only when they are uniform throughout it, that is, when the system is in equilibrium. Thus, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the details of a process but rather with equilibrium states and the relations among them. The processes employed in a thermodynamic analysis are idealized processes devised to give information concerning equilibrium states. 6. Answer the questions. 1. What is the subject of heat transfer? 2. What does the world run on? 3. What branch of science is called thermodynamics? 4. How many laws of thermodynamics are described in the text? 5. What does the first law of thermodynamics state? 6. What statement is known as the second law of thermodynamics? 7. What kind of process is known as heat transfer? 8. Сan heat be observed or measured directly? 9. How can the effects of heat be identified and quantified? 10. What do all heat transfer processes involve? 11. What must all heat transfer processes obey? 12. What is classical thermodynamics primarily restricted to? 13. What kinds of equilibrium are mentioned in the text? 7. Сhoose the correct option: a, b or c. 1. Classical thermodynamics deals with a) condition in which the body temperature is much lower than normal; b) an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but has not yet been proved to be true or correct;
c) the states of systems from a macroscopic view and makes no hypotheses about the structure of matter. 2. Heat flow is a result of a) measurements and analysis; b) temperature nonequilibrium; c) temperature equilibrium. 3. Heat transfer processes involve a) fundamental equations; b) reduction of difficulties; c) the exchange and conversion of energy. 4. If we were to cut off the radiation from the sun a) we would soon find the world to be an inhabitable sphere; b) we would soon find the world to be an uninhabitable sphere; c) we would soon find the world to be full of the new inhabitants. 8. Speak about the laws of thermodynamics, using the information obtained from Text 1A. 9. Put the words in the correct order to make up questions in writing; answer the questions. 1. Heat transfer / is / what / concerned / with? 2. State / what / thermodynamics / the first law of / does? 3. Be identified / can / heat effects / and quantified? 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of ‘since’. 1. It’s such a long time since we’ve seen you. You must come up to the house soon. 2. In ordinary heat transfer on the Earth, it is difficult to quantify the effects of convection since it inherently depends upon small nonuniformities (неоднородности) in an otherwise fairly homogeneous medium (однородная среда). 3. Since convection also accomplishes transmission of energy from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature, the term “heat transfer by convection” has become generally accepted. 4. He graduated from the university and we have not seen him since. 5. Since the introduction of faster processors cooling devices became essential in every computer. 11. Translate the Conditional sentences; mind three types of Conditionals. 1. If we knew the temperature gradient and the thermal conductivity at this interface, we could calculate the rate of heat transfer. 2. If there
were more time, I could finish my article. 3. If we don’t miss the bus, we’ll be in time for the lecture on thermodynamics. 4. If the decision had been taken two years ago, the problem would have been solved. 5. If I were you, I would study computer science. 6. If the device is tested successfully, it will be produced at our plant. 7. If we place a hot body in an evacuated cavity (полость с выкаченным воздухом) having walls at a lower temperature than the body, the body will steadily lose energy until its temperature is the same as that of the surrounding cavity. 8. If heat is transferred from an object to the surroundings, then the object can cool down and the surroundings can warm up. 9. I would be grateful if you could send me some additional information concerning new heat exchangers. 12. Complete the sentences about yourself in the first, second and third conditional and indicate the type of the conditional used. Finish each sentence in the most interesting way you can. For example: If I spent more time practising, I could become very good at English. (2). 1. If I knew… . 2. If I had attended all seminars,… . 3. If I hadn’t spent… . 4. I would have gone… . 5. I could read… . 6. If the weather is fine, I… . 7. Had I made an experiment on heat transfer,… . 8. I would have tried to … . 9. I would do research into thermodynamics, if … . 10. If I hadn’t found… . 11. If I had more free time,… . 12. If I wrote the report,… . 13. I would have chatted on the Internet yesterday, if… . 14. If I really make an effort,… . 13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood. 1. I’ve got a book on Heat Transfer. — Could I have a look at it? 2. I am offered a job in Canada. What would you do in my position? — I would go there. 3. We are going to the conference. Mike would like to join us. It is desirable that he should be present there. 4. I am not sure where to go for my holidays, but I might go to Italy. 5. The engineer demanded that the test should be repeated. 6. I wish you wouldn’t interrupt me. 7. The students must be attentive lest they should make mistakes. 8. He speaks English as if he were an Englishman. 9. He would have helped with your experiment, but he couldn’t come. 10. You could have done this work. Why didn’t you try? 11. I wish the teacher could come to my presentation, but he is at the conference in the USA. 12. Repeat these words so that
you should remember them. 13. It is essential that we should reduce our expenditure on scientific experiment. 14. The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association recommends that tubes be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. 15. The fluids may be liquids or gases, and in some heat exchangers more than two fluids might flow. 16. Gases transfer heat by direct collisions between molecules, and as might be expected, their thermal conductivity is low compared to most solids since they are dilute (разбавлять) media. 14. Read the following extracts with the Subjunctive Mood given in bold. Define the main idea of each extract. Could you continue the author’s idea? While speaking use as many sentences with the Subjunctive Mood as you can. 1. The average kinetic energy of the hot water particles gradually decreases; the average kinetic energy of the cold-water particles gradually increases; and eventually, thermal equilibrium could be reached at the point where the particles of the hot water and the cold water have the same average kinetic energy. At the macroscopic level, one would observe a decrease in temperature of the hot water and an increase in temperature of the cold water. 2. What would happen if the heat were transferred from hot water through glass to cold water? What would happen if the heat were transferred from hot water through Styrofoam to cold water? Answer: the rate of heat transfer would be different. Replacing the inner metal can (металлическая банка) with a glass jar would change the rate of heat transfer. 15. Read the text paying attention to the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood. Could you suggest your own heading to this text? Think of as many questions to the text as you can and let your fellow students answer them. Heat Transfer Calculations and the Typical Design Cycle The engineer must gather sufficient information so that some basic heat transfer calculations could be made. This phase would involve consideration of the basic heat transfer modes - conduction, convection and radiation and a quantitative assessment of heat transfer modes which need to be considered on the basis of their significance. The calculations would most likely involve the classical equations for describing heat transfer and could be simple linear equations or more complex differential equations using a math program. From this series