Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности "Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы"
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Год издания: 2014
Кол-во страниц: 40
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-7038-4023-8
Артикул: 623940.02.99
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для формирования у студентов умения продуктивно работать с оригинальной научной литературой на английском языке по своей специализации с целью извлечения наиболее значимой информации. Задания к текстам обеспечивают детальную проработку текстов и подводят обучающихся к составлению аннотаций и рефератов научных статей. Для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Радиоэлектронные
системы и комплексы».
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана И.В. Стасенко, И.Г. Сафарова, Ю.А. Кальгин Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы» Учебное пособие
УДК 802.8 ББК 81.2 Англ С77 Издание доступно в электронном виде на портале ebooks.bmstu.ru по адресу: http://ebooks.bmstu.ru/catalog/238/book569.html Факультет «Лингвистика» Кафедра «Английский язык для приборостроительных специальностей» Рекомендовано Учебно-методической комиссией Научно-учебного комплекса «Фундаментальные науки» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана Рецензент канд. пед. наук, доцент А.Г. Васильева Стасенко, И. В. С77 Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы» : учебное пособие / И. В. Стасенко, И. Г. Сафарова, Ю. А. Кальгин. — Москва : Издательство МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2014. — 35, [5] с. ISBN 978-5-7038-4023-8 Данное учебное пособие предназначено для формирования у студентов умения продуктивно работать с оригинальной научной литературой на английском языке по своей специализации с целью извлечения наиболее значимой информации. Задания к текстам обеспечивают детальную проработку текстов и подводят обучающихся к составлению аннотаций и рефератов научных статей. Для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Радиоэлектронные системы и комплексы». УДК 802.8 ББК 81.2 Англ МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2014 Оформление. Издательство ISBN 978-5-7038-4023-8 МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2014
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Основу данного учебного пособия составляют три урока, предназначенные для проработки студентами за один семестр. Каждый урок состоит из трех текстов (А, В, С), раскрывающих одну законченную тему. В конце каждого текста в скобках указан его объем (количество знаков). В первом уроке (Lesson 1) приведены общие сведения о радаре, его технические характеристики, представлена упрощенная схема радара с его основными функциональными составляющими (подсистемами). Разнообразные задания к тестам направлены как на извлечение информации о наиболее важных технических и функциональных деталях рассматриваемых систем и устройств, так и на понимание содержания текста. Во втором уроке (Lesson 2) рассматриваются радиолокационные передатчики и радиолокационные антенны. В заключительном тексте приведен обзор многочисленных видов современных радаров с выделением их специфических характеристик и областей применения. В текстах третьего урока (Lesson 3) подробно описываются основные функции радара, а именно: обнаружение объекта, определение расстояния до объекта, а также способы измерения скорости передвижения обнаруженного объекта и угловое наведение. Рассматривается вопрос наиболее эффективного использования диапазона рабочих частот. В заключительной части пособия представлены тексты на русском языке, раскрывающие такую сторону научных достижений в радиолокации, как применение радиолокационных устройств в
системах навигационного позиционирования GPS и ГЛОНАСС. Студенты должны изложить эту дополнительную информацию на английском языке в краткой форме в виде свободного высказывания. Дополнительные тексты № 1 и № 2 предназначены для самостоятельного выполнения контрольного письменного перевода как основы для подготовки презентации. Текст № 2 представляет собой оригинальную научную статью, к которой в качестве образца приложены аннотация и реферат на русском языке, оформленные в соответствии с рекомендациями ВИНИТИ РФ и требованиями Международного стандарта ГОСТ 7.9—95. Единая структура уроков позволяет реализовать и закрепить лексико-грамматические навыки студента, а также сформировать коммуникативные компетенции, предусмотренные программой УМКД «Английский язык».
Lesson 1 Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1A: medium-range radar – РЛС средней дальности (среднего радиуса действия) palm – палм (внесистемная единица длины) precipitation – выпадение осадков clear-air-turbulence – турбулентность при ясном небе angular direction – угловое направление rate of change of the range measurement – диапазон измерения ускорения track – путь; зд. направление Read text 1A and answer the questions after it. Text 1A Radar in brief Radar is an electromagnetic sensor for the detection and location of reflecting objects. Its operation can be summarized as follows: the radar radiates electromagnetic energy from an antenna to propagate in space; some of the radiated energy is intercepted by a reflecting object, usually called a target, located at a distance from the radar; the energy intercepted by the target is reradiated in many directions; some of the reradiated (echo) energy is returned to and received by the radar antenna; after amplification by a receiver and with the aid of proper signal processing, a decision is made at the output of the receiver as to whether or not a target echo signal is present. At that time, the target location and possibly other information about the target is acquired.
A common waveform radiated by a radar is a series of relatively narrow, rectangular-like pulses. An example of a waveform for a medium-range radar that detects aircraft might be described as a short pulse one millionth of a second in duration (one microsecond); the time between pulses might be one millisecond. Some radars have to detect targets at ranges as short as the distance from behind home plate to the pitcher's mound in a baseball park (to measure the speed of a pitched ball), while other radars have to operate over distances as great as the distances to the nearest planets. Thus, a radar might be small enough to hold in the palm of one hand or large enough to occupy the space of many football fields. Radar targets might be aircraft, ships, or missiles; but radar targets can also be people, birds, insects, precipitation, clear air turbulence, ionized media, land features (vegetation, mountains, roads, rivers, airfields, buildings, fences, and power-line poles), sea, ice, icebergs, buoys, underground features, meteors, aurora, spacecraft, and planets. In addition to measuring the range to a target as well as its angular direction, a radar can also find the relative velocity of a target either by determining the rate of change of the range measurement with time or by extracting the radial velocity from the Doppler frequency shift of the echo signal. If the location of a moving target is measured over a period of time, the track, or trajectory, of the target can be found from which the absolute velocity of the target and its direction of travel can be determined and a prediction can be made as to its future location. Properly designed radars can determine the size and shape of a target and might even be able to recognize one type or class of target from another. (2 149) Answer the following questions. 1. What is a radar? 2. How can its operation be summarized? 3. How can a common waveform (radiated by a radar) be described? 4. What is the range of a radar? 5. How can a radar influence on the size and shape of a target? Task 1. Describe the operation of a radar. Task 2. Speak about radar targets. Task 3. Find some more information about radar.
Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1B: duplexer – антенный переключатель spatial filter to – фильтр пространственных частот local oscillator – излучатель генератор lownoise amplifier – усилитель с низким уровнем собственных шумов Read and translate text 1B. Text 1B Basic Parts of a Radar Very elementary basic block diagram shows the subsystems usually found in a radar (See the figure). The transmitter, which is shown here as a power amplifier, generates a suitable waveform for the particular job the radar is to perform. It might have an average power as small as milliwatts or as large as megawatts. (The average power is a far better indication of the capability of a radar's performance than is its peak power.) Most radars use a short pulse waveform so that a single antenna can be used on a time-shared basis for both transmitting and receiving. The function of the duplexer is to allow a single antenna to be used by protecting the sensitive receiver from burning out while the transmitter is on and by directing the received echo signal to the receiver rather than to the transmitter. The antenna is the device that allows the transmitted energy to be propagated into space and then collects the echo energy on receive. It
is almost always a directive antenna, one that directs the radiated energy into a narrow beam to concentrate the power as well as to allow the determination of the direction to the target. An antenna that produces a narrow directive beam on transmit usually has a large area on receive to allow the collection of weak echo signals from the target. The antenna not only concentrates the energy on transmit and collects the echo energy on receive, but it also acts as a spatial filter to provide angle resolution and other capabilities. The receiver amplifies the weak received signal to a level where its presence can be detected. Because noise is the ultimate limitation on the ability of a radar to make a reliable detection decision and extract information about the target, care is taken to insure that the receiver produces very little noise of its own. At the microwave frequencies, where most radars are found, the noise that affects radar performance is usually from the first stage of the receiver, shown here in the figure as a low-noise amplifier. (1 817) Task 1. Give those radar technical characteristics that must be of interest for radar transmitter users. Task 2. Find sentences which give the main idea of each paragraph and put them down. Task 3. Write the plan of the text. Task 4. Write a summary of the text in Russian according to your plan. Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1C: clutter – мешающие отраженные сигналы (помехи) adversely affect – неблагоприятно воздействовать saturate – насыщать tolerated – допускать; tolerance – допуск intermediate frequency – промежуточная частота matched filter – согласованный фильтр Doppler processing – доплеровская обработка данных predetermined threshold – установленный заранее порог excessive false alarms – избыточный ложный сигнал тревоги locus of target locations – местоположение мишени
missile – реактивный снаряд bandwidth – диапазон рабочих частот (ширина полосы частот) degrade – искажать, ухудшать IF – intermediate frequency – промежуточная частота (ПЧ) Read text 1C with the dictionary. Text 1C Radar applications For many radar applications where the limitation to detection is the unwanted radar echoes from the environment (called clutter), the receiver needs to have a large enough dynamic range so as to avoid having the clutter echoes adversely affect detection of wanted moving targets by causing the receiver to saturate. The dynamic range of a receiver, usually expressed in decibels, is defined as the ratio of the maximum to the minimum signal input power levels over which the receiver can operate with some specified performance. The maximum signal level might be set by the nonlinear effects of the receiver response that can be tolerated (for example, the signal power at which the receiver begins to saturate), and the minimum signal might be the minimum detectable signal. The signal processor, which is often in the IF portion of the receiver, might be described as being the part of the receiver that separates the desired signal from the undesired signals that can degrade the detection process. Signal processing includes the matched filter that maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio. Signal processing also includes the Doppler processing that maximizes the signal-to-clutter ratio of a moving target when clutter is larger than receiver noise, and it separates one moving target from other moving targets or from clutter echoes. The detection decision is made at the output of the receiver, so a target is declared to be present when the receiver output exceeds a predetermined threshold. If the threshold is set too low, the receiver noise can cause excessive false alarms. If the threshold is set too high, detections of some targets might be missed that would otherwise have been detected. The criterion for determining the level of the decision threshold is to set the threshold so it produces an acceptable predetermined average rate of false alarms due to receiver noise.
After the detection decision is made, the track of a target can be determined, where a track is the locus of target locations measured over time. This is an example of data processing. The processed target detection information or its track might be displayed to an operator; or the detection information might be used to automatically guide a missile to a target; or the radar output might be further processed to provide other information about the nature of the target. The radar control insures that the various parts of a radar operate in a coordinated and cooperative manner, as, for example, providing timing signals to various parts of the radar as required. The radar engineer has as resources time that allows good Doppler processing, bandwidth for good range resolution, space that allows a large antenna, and energy for long range performance and accurate measurements. External factors affecting radar performance include the target characteristics; external noise that might enter via the antenna; unwanted clutter echoes from land, sea, birds, or rain; interference from other electromagnetic radiators; and propagation effects due to the earth's surface and atmosphere. These factors are mentioned to emphasize that they can be highly important in the design and application of a radar. (2 685) Task 1. Read text 1C again and write headings to each paragraph. Task 2. Find these words in the text. Write a short definition for each one. magnetron receiver resolution cavity predetermined threshold bandwidth frequency transmitter saturation Grammar exercise Translate into Russian the following sentences paying attention to Gerund constructions and their syntactic functions. 1. We know the Great Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) to have developed fundamentals of rocket design. He also predicted future space flights more than a century ago.