Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы»
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Новинка
Тематика:
Английский язык
Автор:
Маркова Мария Владимировна
Год издания: 2013
Кол-во страниц: 48
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебно-методическая литература
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-7038-3757-3
Артикул: 840467.01.99
В методических указаниях приведены оригинальные тексты на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы», упражнения на развитие навыков чтения и понимания научно-технических текстов, повторение грамматического материала, освоение технической лексики, а также упражнения на развитие навыков устной речи и умения вести беседу по специальности на английском языке. Для студентов третьего курса факультета «Специальное машиностроение» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. Рекомендовано Учебно-методической комиссией Научно-учебного комплекса «Фундаментальные науки» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана.
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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана М. В. Маркова Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы» Методические указания М о с к в а Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 2 0 1 3
УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2Англ-923 М26 Рецензент З. А. Заболотская Маркова М. В. М 6 Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы» : метод. указания / М. В. Маркова. — М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2013. — 44, [4] с. : ил. ISBN 978-5-7038-3757-3 В методических указаниях приведены оригинальные тексты на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы», упражнения на развитие навыков чтения и понимания научно-технических текстов, повторение грамматического материала, освоение технической лексики, а также упражнения на развитие навыков устной речи и умения вести беседу по специальности на английском языке Для студентов третьего курса факультета «Специальное машиностроение» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. Рекомендовано Учебно-методической комиссией Научно-учебного комплекса «Фундаментальные науки» МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2Англ-923 ISBN 978-5-7038-3757-3 © МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2013 М26
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ В методических указаниях содержатся оригинальные тексты из специализированных анголоязычных изданий, подготовленные для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы» (V–VII семестры). Пособие состоит из трех разделов, в каждом представлены тексты и упражнения, целью которых является отработка навыков различных видов чтения (просмотрового, поискового, изучающего), упражнения на закрепление вводимого лексического материала, требующегося для понимания и перевода технических текстов, а также творческие упражнения, предназначенные для развития навыков устной речи на английском языке по специальности «Средства поражения и боеприпасы».
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS Text 1.1 The Basics Before you read the text, imagine you need to tell your younger brother or sister, who is still at secondary school, what an explosion is. Try to write a short explanation, keeping it as simple as possible. Then read the text and compare it with your written sample. The fundamental concept behind explosives is very simple. At the most basic level, an explosive is just something that burns or decomposes very quickly, producing a lot of heat and gas in a short amount of time. A typical explosive charge consists of some explosive material, some sort of detonation device and, typically, some sort of housing. The explosive material undergoes a rapid chemical reaction, either a combustion or decomposition reaction, when triggered by heat or shock energy from the detonator. In the chemical reaction, compounds break down to form various gases. The reactants (the original chemical compounds) have a lot of energy stored up as chemical bonds between different atoms. When the compound molecules break apart, the products (the resulting gases) may use some of this energy to form new bonds, but not all of it. Most of the “leftover” energy takes the form of extreme heat. The concentrated gases are under very high pressure, so they expand rapidly. The heat speeds up the individual gas particles, boosting the pressure even higher. If the gas expands faster than the speed of sound, it generates a powerful shock wave. The pressure can
also push pieces of solid material outward at great speed, causing them to hit people or structures with a lot of force. The explosion actually has two phases. The initial expansion inflicts most of the damage. It also creates a very low-pressure area around the explosion’s origin — the gases are moving outward so rapidly that they suck most of the gas out from the “middle” of the explosion. After the outward blast, gases rush back in to the partial vacuum, creating a second, less-destructive inward energy wave. In low explosives, such as the propellant in a bullet cartridge, the reaction occurs relatively slowly and the pressure isn’t as damaging. The expanding gases only serve to push a small object. High explosives, such as C-4 and TNT, expand more rapidly, generating much greater pressure. In a high explosive, the gas pressure is strong enough to destroy structures and injure and kill people. Explosives experts refer to rapid explosive reactions as detonation and slower explosive reactions as deflagration. Active vocabulary blast n. [blɑ:st] bond n. [bɔnd] combustion n. [kəm ʹbʌstʃən] compound n. [ʹkɔmpaʊnd] decomposition n. [ˏdi:kɔmpəʹzɪʃən] deflagration n. [ˏdɛfləʹgreɪʃən] detonation n. [ˏdɛtəʹneɪʃən] expand v. [ɪk ʹspænd] expansion n. [ɪkʹspænʃən] explosion n. [ɪkʹspləʊʒən] explosive adj., n. [ɪkʹspləʊsɪv] high explosive n. [ʹhaɪ ɪkʹspləʊsɪv] housing n. [ʹhaʊzɪη] low explosive n. [ʹləʊ ɪkʹspləʊsɪv] pressure n. [ ʹprɛʃə] product n. [ʹprɔdʌkt] propellant n. [prəʊʹpɛlənt] reactant n. [rɪʹæktənt] shock n. [ʃɔk] speed of sound n. [ʹspi:d əv ʹsaʊnd] Text 1.2 How Bomb Blasts Cause Damage Look at the picture. Prepare a small written report, describing these events in as much detail as possible, using information from the picture and your personal knowledge. Then read the text and add any
missing information to your report. Note if you have provided extra information not covered in the text. A bomb is basically some type of casing or shell that contains explosive material. The casing can be anything from a steel-walled artillery shell to a length of lead pipe that has been sealed shut. It can even be as ordinary as a coffee tin or an automobile. The explosive material inside the shell could be any type of high explosive, be it TNT or C4. A bomb causes damage in several different ways, depending on the point at which the explosion impacts. These different points include the blast wave, shock waves, fragmentation, heat and the blast wind. Blast wave: When a bomb explodes, the area around the explosion becomes overpressurized. This wave will dissipate over time and distance and will exist only for a matter of milliseconds. This initial blast wave inflicts the most damage on impact. Shockwaves: After a blast wave strikes a surface or body, highvelocity shockwaves, or stress waves, will continue to pass through. Shockwaves carry energy through the medium they pass through; they’re supersonic and transport more energy than sound waves.
Fragmentation: When the bomb explodes, the bomb casing, as well as any additional shrapnel (nails, screws or other items included in the bomb), will be violently thrown outward. When these fragments strike buildings and people, they may fragment even further and cause even more damage. This is known as secondary fragmentation. Fire and heat: The explosion may also create a fireball and high temperatures, which may cause secondary fires or explosions, depending on whether any other fuel sources or flammable materials are located near the blast. Blast wind: At the explosion site, a vacuum is created by the rapid outward movement of the blast wave. This vacuum will almost immediately refill itself with the surrounding atmosphere. As this void is refilled, it creates a high-intensity wind that causes fragmented objects, glass and debris to be drawn back in toward the source of the explosion. Active vocabulary casing n. [ʹkeɪsɪη] debris n. [ʹdeɪbri:] dissipate v. [ʹdɪsɪˏpeɪt] flammable adj. [ʹflæməbəl] fragmentation n. [ˏfrægmɛnʹteɪʃən] impact n. [ʹɪmpækt], v. [ɪmʹpækt] shrapnel n. [ʹʃræpnl] shell n. [ʃɛl] supersonic adj. [ˏsupəʹsɔnɪk] site n. [saɪt] Exercise 1 True or false? 1. Explosives are materials that are capable of decomposing rapidly. 2. Explosive reactions usually start spontaneously, without any external impulse. 3. When the chemical bonds in a molecule of explosive break, most of this chemical energy turns into heat. 4. The majority of products in an explosive reaction are compressed gases. 5. A shock wave is supersonic.
6. The expansion of the gaseous products creates a high-pressure area in the center of the blast wave. 7. Deflagration is the fastest explosive reaction possible. 8. A sound wave transports as much energy as a shockwave. 9. Secondary fragmentation occurs when fragments of the bomb casing break up upon impact. 10. After the explosion, there will most likely be some debris where the bomb used to sit. Exercise 2 Answer the questions. 1. What is an explosive? 2. What does a detonation device do to the explosive? 3. What is the difference between reactants and products of a chemical reaction? 4. Where does the heat produced by an explosion come from? 5. When is a shock wave generated? 6. What is the difference between high and low explosives for the end user? 7. What are the factors that cause blast damage? 8. What factor causes the most damage? 9. What does ‘secondary fragmentation’ mean? 10. What is the source of the ‘blast wind’? Exercise 3 Put these events in order: • shock waves are generated in surrounding structures • high-pressure gaseous products rapidly expand • compound molecules of the explosive break up • a detonation wave starts moving quickly through the charge • a detonator triggers the decomposition reaction in the explosive charge
Vocabulary practice Exercise 1 Match the words and their definitions: propellant combustion that rapidly propagates through a gas or an explosive, driven by the transfer of heat low explosives a supersonic exothermic reaction front accelerating through a medium detonation explosive materials that detonate explosion something that propels or provides thrust high explosives mostly solid combustible materials that decompose rapidly, but do not normally explode deflagration a sudden, often violent release of energy Exercise 2 Use the correct form of the words from the box to fill the gaps. product / expand / blast / shock / impact / compound 1. The scientists studied the effect of the … wave upon vehicles. 2. A molecule of a … is made when two or more different atoms form a chemical bond. 3. When there is an explosion underwater, the gas bubble … rapidly until it either reaches the surface or until the pressure inside it becomes smaller than the pressure of the water around it. 4. If an asteroid hits a planet, the energy that creates an explosion comes from its speed on …. 5. After an explosion, when reaction … come in contact with atmospheric oxygen, full combustion of the carbon occurs. 6. The explosive did not respond to … loading. Exercise 3 Translate from Russian into English. 1. Опасность может представлять не только дробление оболочки взрывного устройства, но и перенесение обломков с места взрыва волной давления в воздухе.
2. По мере движения ударной волны ее энергия рассеивается и она превращается в звуковую волну. 3. При разложении какого-либо соединения разрушаются химические связи между составляющими его атомами. 4. Следует осторожно обращаться с горючими веществами. 5. При сгорании вещества расширение продуктов реакции происходит намного медленнее, чем в том случае, если бы оно взорвалось. 6. Скорость выше скорости звука называется сверхзвуковой.