Земноводные Монголии

ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ È ÏÐÈÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÓÑËÎÂÈß ÌÎÍÃÎËÈÈ

ÒÐÓÄÛ ÑÎÂÌÅÑÒÍÎÉ ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎ-ÌÎÍÃÎËÜÑÊÎÉ
ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÎÉ ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÝÊÑÏÅÄÈÖÈÈ

Òîì 62

Ñåðèÿ îñíîâàíà â 1972 ã.

С.Л. Кузьмин, Е.А. Дунаев, Х. Мунхбаяр,
М. Мунхбаатар, Ж. Оюунчимэг, Х. Тэрбиш

ЗЕМНОВОДНЫЕ
МОНГОЛИИ

ÈÍÑÒÈÒÓÒ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ È ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÈ ÈÌ. À.Í. ÑÅÂÅÐÖÎÂÀ
ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈÈ ÍÀÓÊ
          ÀÊÀÄÅÌÈß ÍÀÓÊ ÌÎÍÃÎËÈÈ
ÑÎÂÌÅÑÒÍÀß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎ-ÌÎÍÃÎËÜÑÊÀß ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÀß
ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÝÊÑÏÅÄÈÖÈß

Ìîñêâà 2017

Çåìíîâîäíûå Ìîíãîëèè. Ñ.Ë. Êóçüìèí, Å.À. Äóíàåâ, Õ. Ìóíõáàÿð, Ì. Ìóíõáààòàð,
Æ. Îþóí÷èìýã, Õ. Òýðáèø (îòâ. ðåä. Ñ.Ë. Êóçüìèí). Ì.: Òîâàðèùåñòâî íàó÷íûõ èçäàíèé ÊÌÊ, 2017. – 302 ñ.; èë. – (Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå ðåñóðñû è ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ Ìîíãîëèè: Òðóäû Ñîâìåñòíîé Ðîññèéñêî-Ìîíãîëüñêîé êîìïëåêñíîé áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè; Ò. 62).

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ èçäàíèé Òðóäîâ Ñîâìåñòíîé Ðîññèéñêî-Ìîíãîëüñêîé
êîìïëåêñíîé áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè:

Ä.Ñ. Ïàâëîâ, (îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð),
Ð.Â. Êàìåëèí , Ï.Ä. Ãóíèí, È. Òóâøèíòîãòîõ, Ö. Æàí÷èâ, ×. Äóãàðæàâ,
Þ.Þ. Äãåáóàäçå, ß. Àäúÿà, Í.È. Äîðîôåþê,
Þ.È. Äðîáûøåâ, ×. Äîðæñóðýí (ó÷åíûå ñåêðåòàðè)

Îòâåòñòâåííûé ðåäàêòîð òîìà:
êàíäèäàò áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê Ñ.Ë. Êóçüìèí

Ðåöåíçåíòû:
êàíäàäàò áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê Â.Ô. Îðëîâà,
êàíäèäàò áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê À.À. Êèäîâ

© Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè èì.
À.Í. Ñåâåðöîâà ÐÀÍ, 2017.
© Ñåðèÿ “Òðóäû ñîâìåñòíîé ðîññèéñêî-ìîíãîëüñêîé êîìïëåêñíîé áèîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè” (ðàçðàáîòêà, îôîðìëåíèå), 1972 (ãîä îñíîâàíèÿ), 2017.
© ÎÎÎ “ÊÌÊ”, èçäàíèå, 2017

Îáîáùåíû âñå èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå î çåìíîâîäíûõ, îáèòàþùèõ â ãîñóäàðñòâå Ìîíãîëèÿ. Îïèñûâàþòñÿ èñòîðèÿ èçó÷åíèÿ çåìíîâîäíûõ è ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ (âêëþ÷àÿ òðàäèöèîííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ìîíãîëîâ î íèõ), äàíû ñâåäåíèÿ ïî áèîãåîãðàôèè è ýêîëîãèè çåìíîâîäíûõ, ñîêðàùåíèþ èõ ïîïóëÿöèé è ïðîáëåìàì îõðàíû. Äëÿ êàæäîãî èç 6 âèäîâ (1 Caudata
è 5 Anura) ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå î âíåøíåé ìîðôîëîãèè âçðîñëûõ è ëè÷èíîê, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè (âêëþ÷àÿ êàðòû), ýêîëîãèè (áèîòîïè÷åñêîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè, îáèëèè, àêòèâíîñòè, çèìîâêå, ðàçìíîæåíèè, ðàçâèòèè, ïèòàíèè, åñòåñòâåííûì âðàãàì, ïàðàçèòàì), âëèÿíèè àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ è ïðîáëåìàõ îõðàíû. Äàíû êëþ÷è äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âçðîñëûõ è ëè÷èíîê. Îáñóæäàþòñÿ ñîìíèòåëüíûå è ïîòåíöèàëüíî âîçìîæíûå âèäû.
Îáîáùåíû âñå èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå î çåìíîâîäíûõ, îáèòàþùèõ â ãîñóäàðñòâå Ìîíãîëèÿ. Îïèñûâàþòñÿ èñòîðèÿ èçó÷åíèÿ çåìíîâîäíûõ è ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ (âêëþ÷àÿ òðàäèöèîííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ìîíãîëîâ î íèõ), äàíû ñâåäåíèÿ ïî áèîãåîãðàôèè è ýêîëîãèè çåìíîâîäíûõ, ñîêðàùåíèþ èõ ïîïóëÿöèé è ïðîáëåìàì îõðàíû. Äëÿ êàæäîãî èç 6 âèäîâ (1 Caudata
è 5 Anura) ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå î âíåøíåé ìîðôîëîãèè âçðîñëûõ è ëè÷èíîê, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè (âêëþ÷àÿ êàðòû), ýêîëîãèè (áèîòîïè÷åñêîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè, îáèëèè, àêòèâíîñòè, çèìîâêå, ðàçìíîæåíèè, ðàçâèòèè, ïèòàíèè, åñòåñòâåííûì âðàãàì, ïàðàçèòàì), âëèÿíèè àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ è ïðîáëåìàõ îõðàíû. Äàíû êëþ÷è äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âçðîñëûõ è ëè÷èíîê. Îáñóæäàþòñÿ ñîìíèòåëüíûå è ïîòåíöèàëüíî âîçìîæíûå âèäû.

ISBN 978-5-9908941-8-1

ÌÎÍÃÎË ÎÐÍÛ ÁÈÎËÎÃÈÉÍ ÁÀßËÀà ÁÀ ÁÀÉÃÀËÈÉÍ ÍÎÕÖÎË

ÎÐÎÑ-ÌÎÍÃÎËÛÍ ÕÀÌÒÀÐÑÀÍ ÁÈÎËÎÃÈÉÍ ÈÆ ÁYÐÝÍ ØÈÍÆÈËÃÝÝÍÈÉ ÀÍÃÈÉÍ
ÁYÒÝÝË

62 áîòü

Öóâðàë 1972 îíä yíäýñëýãäñýí áîëíî

C.Л. КУЗЬМИН, Е.А. ДУНАЕВ, Х. МОНХБАЯР, М. МОНХБААТАР,

Ж. ОЮУНЧИМЭГ, Х. ТЭРБИШ

МОНГОЛ ОРНЫ
ХОЁР НУТАГТАН

Ìîñêâà 2017

Монгол оронд тархсан хоёр нутагтан амьтдын талаарх судалгаа, шинжилгээний бүх

мэдээ, баримтыг хянан боловсруулж энэ бүтээлд нэгтгэсэн юм. Монгол орны хоёр
нутагтан, мөлхөгчдийн судалгааны түүх (эдгээр амьтны талаарх монголчуудын уламжлалт
мэдлэг, түүхэн төсөөлөл), хоёр нутагтны ангилал зүй, экологи, биогеографийн судалгаа,
тоо толгойн хорогдол, тэдгээрийг хамгаалах асуудлын талаар цогц мэдээлэл оруулав.
Монгол орны 6 зүйлийн хоёр нутагтан амьтны ( Caudata – 1 зүйл, Anura – 5 зүйл) зүйл тус
бүрийн бие гүйцсэн ба авгалдай үеийн биеийн гадаад бүтэц, тархалт (зүйл тус бүрээр
тархалтын зураг үйлдсэн), экологийн (биотопоор тархсан онцлог, элбэгшил, идэвхжил,
ичээлэлт, үржил, үр хөврөлийн хөгжил, идэш тэжээл, байгалийн дайсан, паразитууд)
онцлог, хүн ба аж ахуйн үйл ажиллагааны нөлөөлөл, хоёр нутагтныг хамгаалах асуудлыг
уг нэг сэдэвт зохиолд авч үзэв. Монгол орны хоёр нутагтан амьтныг бие гүйцсэн болон
авгалдайн шатанд нь таньж тодорхойлох түлхүүр бичгийг орууллаа. Уг бүтээлд Монгол
оронд тархсан байх магадлалтай юмуу ангилал зүйн хувьд эргэлзээтэй зарим зүйлийн
талаар өгүүлэв. 

С.Л. Кузьмин, Е.А. Дунаев, Х. Монхбаяр, М. Монхбаатар, Ж. Оюунчимэг, Х. Тэрбиш.
Монгол орны хоёр нутагтан. – Москва: КМК, 2017.

A.N. SEVERTZOV INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

JOINT RUSSIAN-MONGOLIAN COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL EXPEDITION OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES AND THE MONGOLIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

S.L. Kuzmin, E.A. Dunayev, Kh. Munkhbayar, M. Munkhbaatar,

J. Oyuunchimeg and Kh. Terbish

Edited by S.L. Kuzmin

KMK Scientific Press

Moscow 2017

S.L. Kuzmin, E.A. Dunayev, Kh. Munkhbayar, M. Munkhbaatar, J. Oyuunchimeg
and Kh. Terbish. The Amphibians of Mongolia. – Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, 2017.

In this book, we provide a general review of the 6 amphibian species (1 Caudata and 5 Anura)
known to inhabit the State of Mongolia. We first present a detailed history of amphibian and
reptile studies within the country, including descriptions of the traditional views of Mongolians
regarding these species. This section is followed by information on biogeography, ecology,
amphibian population declines, and problems of conservation. Each species account includes a
full list of synonyms, a detailed description of morphology useful for identification, and current
data on geography (including maps), habitats, abundance, activity cycles, reproduction,
ontogenesis, diets, natural enemies and parasites, influences of anthropogenic factors affecting
amphibians, and management activities necessary for their conservation.

Содержание

Предисловие ............................................................................................................................. 10
Благодарности........................................................................................................................... 14
Глава 1. История изучения. С.Л. Кузьмин, Х. Мунхбаяр. Ж. Оюунчимэг........................... 16
Глава 2. Земноводные: видовые очерки. С.Л. Кузьмин, Е.А. Дунаев, Х. Мунхбаяр,
М. Мунхбаатар, Х. Тэрбиш ..................................................................................................... 46
Глава 3. Общая характеристика географии и экологии земноводных. С.Л. Кузьмин .... 209
Глава 4. Сокращение популяций и охрана земноводных. С.Л. Кузьмин, Х. Мунхбаяр,
М. Мунхбаатар, Х. Тэрбиш ................................................................................................... 229
Литература .............................................................................................................................. 238

Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 1. History. S.L. Kuzmin, Kh. Munkhbayar and J. Oyuunchimeg ................................16
Chapter 2. Amphibians: Species Accounts. S.L. Kuzmin, E.A. Dunayev, Kh. Munkhbayar,
M. Munkhbaatar and Kh. Terbish.............................................................................................. 46
Chapter 3. The Geography and Ecology of Mongolian Amphibians. S.L. Kuzmin ................ 209
Chapter 4. Population Declines and the Conservation of Amphibians. S.L. Kuzmin,
Kh. Munkhbayar, M. Munkhbaatar and Kh. Terbish............................................................... 229
References ................................................................................................................................ 238

Предисловие

 1988 ã. â ñåðèè «Ïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå Ìîíãîëüñêîé Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêè» âûøëà
ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòü äâóõòîìíèêà «Çåìíîâîäíûå è ïðåñìûêàþùèåñÿ ÌÍл, ïîñâÿùåííàÿ îáùèì
âîïðîñàì èçó÷åíèÿ îáîèõ êëàññîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñâîäêå ïî çåìíîâîäíûì. ×åðåç äåâÿòü ëåò – â 1997 ã. âûøëà âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü, ïîñâÿùåííàÿ ïðåñìûêàþùèìñÿ. Ê òîìó
âðåìåíè â Ìîíãîëèè ìíîãîå èçìåíèëîñü – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî èçìåíèëîñü è íàçâàíèå íà «Ïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå Ìîíãîëèè».
Ïðîøëî åùå ïî÷òè 20 ëåò. Çà ýòî âðåìÿ ïðîèçîøëè íîâûå èçìåíåíèÿ – â òîì ÷èñëå â
ìåòîäîëîãèè è íàïðàâëåíèÿõ áàòðàõîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ãåðïåòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Ìîíãîëüñêèå áèîëîãè ïðîäîëæèëè èçó÷åíèå ïðèðîäû ñâîåé ñòðàíû êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, òàê è
ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ñïåöèàëèñòîâ èç ìíîãèõ ñòðàí – â òîì ÷èñëå òåõ, êîòîðûå ðàíüøå íå ìîãëè
ïðîâîäèòü òàêèå ðàáîòû ïî ïîëèòè÷åñêèì ïðè÷èíàì.  òî æå âðåìÿ, ïðîäîëæèëèñü ñîâìåñòíûå ðîññèéñêî-ìîíãîëüñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, íà÷àâøèåñÿ â ñîâåòñêîå âðåìÿ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà
âñå òðóäíîñòè ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà, çîîëîãè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû â Ìîíãîëèè íå òîëüêî íå ïðåêðàòèëèñü, íî è ïîçâîëèëè íàêîïèòü ìíîãî íîâûõ è âàæíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.
Ýòè ìàòåðèàëû ëåãëè â îñíîâó ðÿäà êíèã, îïóáëèêîâàííûõ íà ìîíãîëüñêîì ÿçûêå, à
òàêæå îïðåäåëèòåëÿ çåìíîâîäíûõ è ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ Ìîíãîëèè íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå,
âûäåðæàâøåãî äâà èçäàíèÿ. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, èçäàííûå íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â 1988 è 1997 ãã.
ìîíîãðàôèè îñòàëèñü óíèêàëüíûìè â ñâîåì ðîäå è äî ñèõ ïîð ñëóæàò âàæíåéøèì èñòî÷íèêîì èíôîðìàöèè, õîòÿ ðÿä äàííûõ, â îñîáåííîñòè êàñàþùèõñÿ ñèñòåìàòèêè è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäîâ, íóæäàåòñÿ â ïåðåñìîòðå ñîãëàñíî èçìåíåíèÿì â òàêñîíîìèè ðÿäà ôîðì è
íàêîïèâøèìñÿ íîâûì íàõîäêàì. Êðîìå òîãî, îáå ýòè ìîíîãðàôèè ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè
ñòàëè áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêèìè ðåäêîñòÿìè. Âûçîâû â îáëàñòè îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è ðàçâèòèÿ
íàóêè â Ìîíãîëèè â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ òðåáóþò èõ ïåðåèçäàíèÿ ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì íîâûõ
ñâåäåíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ çà èñòåêøèé ïåðèîä.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, âîçíèêëà èäåÿ èçäàíèÿ ýòèõ
êíèã â íîâîì – ïåðåñìîòðåííîì âèäå, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ òåì, ÷òîáû â íîâîì èçäàíèè ñîõðàíèëèñü íàèáîëåå âàæíûå äàííûå, îïóáëèêîâàííûå ðàíåå.
Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Ìîíãîëèè áîëüøå, ÷åì ñîâðåìåííîå
ãîñóäàðñòâî Ìîíãîëèÿ: çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ìîíãîëüñêèõ çåìåëü ñ÷èòàåòñÿ òåððèòîðèåé
Êèòàÿ. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, äàííàÿ ìîíîãðàôèÿ îõâàòûâàåò òîëüêî ñîâðåìåííîå ãîñóäàðñòâî
Ìîíãîëèÿ, äî òîãî íàçûâàâøååñÿ ÌÍÐ.
 äàííîé ìîíîãðàôèè, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ èçäàíèåì 1988 ã., òåêñò ñóùåñòâåííî ïåðåñìîòðåí, íåñêîëüêî ïî-äðóãîìó ðóáðèöèðîâàí, ñíàáæåí íîâûìè êàðòàìè, êàäàñòðàìè, èëëþñòðàöèÿìè è òàáëèöàìè.  îòëè÷èå îò èçäàíèÿ 1988 ã., êóäà âîøëè ñèëüíî äåòàëèçèðîâàííûå
äàííûå ïî ñèñòåìàòèêå, ãåîãðàôèè è ýêîëîãèè (âïëîòü äî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ îá ýêîëîãèè ðàçâèòèÿ âèäîâ â êîíêðåòíûõ áèîòîïàõ), â íàñòîÿùåì èçäàíèè áîëüøèíñòâî äåòàëåé
ñîêðàùåíî è îñòàâëåíû ëèøü òå, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìû äëÿ îáùåé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñèñòåìàòèêè è ýêîëîãèè. Êðîìå òîãî, ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàùåíà ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà
ïàðàìåòðîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ñèñòåìàòèêè è áèîëîãèè çåìíîâîäíûõ Ìîíãîëèè ñ òàêîâûìè ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíîâ. Â ñâÿçè ñ íåäîñòàòêîì ñîâðåìåííûõ äàííûõ ïî ãåíåòèêå ïîïóëÿöèé çåìíîâîäíûõ Ìîíãîëèè è îòñóòñòâèåì íîâûõ îáîáùåíèé ïî ãåîãðàôèè åå áàòðàõîôà

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óíû, ýòè âîïðîñû òàêæå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ëèøü â îáùèõ ÷åðòàõ. Ãëàâà ïî èñòîðèè èçó÷åíèÿ çåìíîâîäíûõ è ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ Ìîíãîëèè çíà÷èòåëüíî ðàñøèðåíà, â îñíîâíîì, çà
ñ÷åò ýòíîáèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.
Íàçâàíèÿ ðîäîâ çåìíîâîäíûõ â ýòîé êíèãå ïðèâåäåíû ñîãëàñíî ïîñëåäíåé òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîé ñâîäêå, ïîñòðîåííîé íà îñíîâå ìîëåêóëÿðíî-ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà (Frost, 2016).
Ìû ïðåäïî÷èòàåì íå îáñóæäàòü çäåñü äîñòîèíñòâà è íåäîñòàòêè ïðåäëàãàåìûõ íîìåíêëàòóðíûõ èçìåíåíèé, òàê êàê ñåé÷àñ ïðîâîäèòñÿ ìíîãî èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ñèñòåìàòèêå çåìíîâîäíûõ, è íåò êîíñåíñóñà ïî íîìåíêëàòóðå ìíîãèõ ðîäîâ.
 êàäàñòðàõ òî÷åê íàõîäîê çåìíîâîäíûõ èõ êîîðäèíàòû îïðåäåëåíû ïî ëè÷íûì ñîîáùåíèÿì íàáëþäàòåëåé (GPS-êîîðäèíàòû è (èëè) íàçâàíèÿ ëîêàëèòåòîâ), ìóçåéíûì ýòèêåòêàì è ïóáëèêàöèÿì ñ êîîðäèíàòàìè è (èëè) íàçâàíèÿìè ëîêàëèòåòîâ ñ êàðòàìè èëè áåç
íèõ. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè òî÷íûõ äàííûõ î êîîðäèíàòàõ ïîñëåäíèå îïðåäåëÿëèñü ïî áóìàæíûì
è öèôðîâûì êàðòàì, â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, âàðüèðóåò òî÷íîñòü êîîðäèíàò, ïðèâîäèìûõ â êàäàñòðàõ òî÷åê íàõîäîê âèäîâ. Ññûëêè íà ïóáëèêàöèè
äàþòñÿ ñòàíäàðòíûì îáðàçîì (íàïðèìåð, Ìóíõáàÿð, 1976), ññûëêè íà íàáëþäàòåëåé èëè
ñáîðùèêîâ ìàòåðèàëà è íà ãîäû íàáëþäåíèé èëè ñáîðîâ â êàäàñòðàõ òî÷åê íàõîäîê âèäîâ
– ñ áóêâîé «ã.» (íàïðèìåð, Õ. Ìóíõáàÿð, 1976 ã.: ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî Õ. Ìóíõáàÿð íàáëþäàë
èëè ñîáðàë äàííûé âèä â äàííîé òî÷êå â 1976 ã.).
Èñïîëüçîâàíû ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: ÇÈÍ – Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò ÐÀÍ (Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã); ÇÌÌÃÓ – Çîîëîãè÷åñêèé ìóçåé Ìîñêîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ìîñêâà); CAS –
California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco); MTKD – Museum fuer Naturkunde Dresden,
ZMB – Zoologisches Museum Berlin; BMNH – British Museum of Natural History (London),
NMNH – Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (Washington); áåð. – áåðåã; âîñò.
– âîñòî÷íûé, âîñòî÷íåå; ã. – ãîðîä; äîë. – äîëèíà; æ.-ä. – æåëåçíîäîðîæíûé; çàï. – çàïàäíûé, çàïàäíåå; çàïîâ. – çàïîâåäíèê; êîë. – êîëîäåö; êîòë. – êîòëîâèíà; ëåâ. – ëåâûé; íàä
óð.ì. – íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ; îáë. – îáëàñòü; î. – îñòðîâ; îç. – îçåðî; îêð. – îêðåñòíîñòè; ï. –
ïîñåëîê; ï-îâ – ïîëóîñòðîâ; ïðàâ. – ïðàâûé; ïðîâ. – ïðîâèíöèÿ; ð. – ðåêà; ðîäí. – ðîäíèê;
ñåâ. – ñåâåðíûé, ñåâåðíåå; ñåì. – ñåìåéñòâî; ñêë. – ñêëîí; ñð. – ñðåäíèé; òå÷. – òå÷åíèå;
óðî÷. – óðî÷èùå; õð. – õðåáåò; þæ. – þæíûé, þæíåå.

Ñ.Ë. Êóçüìèí

PREFACE

In 1988, the first book of a two-volume edition entitled «Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia»
was published in the series «Vertebrates of the Mongolian People’s Republic.» This initial book
contained chapters on the history of herpetological investigations in Mongolia and the conservation problems facing amphibians and reptiles in the country, in addition to amphibian species
accounts and general accounts of amphibian ecology and geography. The second book, focusing
on reptiles, was published in 1997, although by that time much had changed in Mongolia; accordingly, the series title was changed to “Vertebrates of Mongolia”.
Over the next 20 years, many new developments took place, especially regarding research
methodology and the direction of batrachological and herpetological studies. Mongolian biologists continued to conduct research on their country’s natural history, both independently and
with the involvement of colleagues from many other countries, including some who were previously unable to carry out such work for political reasons. At the same time, joint Russian-Mongolian studies that had started during the era of the Soviet Union continued. Despite many difficulties during the transition period, zoological research in Mongolia did not stop, and indeed has
resulted in new and important findings.
The information gathered from these many studies formed the basis of a number of books
published in Mongolian, as well as an English language guide to the amphibians and reptiles of
Mongolia that went through two editions. However, the monographs published in Russian in
1988 and 1997 remain unique and very important sources of information, although these books
need revision because of changes in taxonomy and the need to add new distribution records. In
addition, these two monographs have become bibliographic rarities. Because of the need for
updated information, particularly in conservation and in the development of Mongolian science,
it seems especially advisable to reissue these books to include the new updated information.
Accordingly, this new edition of Amphibians of Mongolia combines the most important data
published previously with the latest information on Mongolian amphibian species.
It should be noted that the historical extent of Mongolian territory exceeds that of the modern
State of Mongolia, inasmuch as a significant portion of Mongolian territory now is considered to
be a part of China (for example, Inner Mongolia). In this regard, this revised monograph covers
only the territory of the modern State of Mongolia, formerly known as the Mongolian People’s
Republic (MPR).
Amphibians of Mongolia contains significantly revised text and somewhat different headings, as well as new maps, illustrations, and tables compared to the 1988 edition. In contrast to
the 1988 edition, which encompassed much detailed information on taxonomy, biogeography,
and ecology, including information on the ecology of particular species in particular habitats,
detailed descriptions have been condensed, leaving only information that is necessary for a general characterization of systematics and ecology. In addition, comparisons of the distribution,
taxonomy, and biology of Mongolian amphibians with those of neighboring regions also have
been significantly shortened. Due to a paucity of new data on population genetics and the lack of
new biogeographic reviews of the Mongolian batrachofauna, these topics are discussed only in
general terms. The chapter on the history of studies of Mongolian amphibians and reptiles is
significantly expanded, mainly due to the addition of ethnobiological data.

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The names of amphibian genera used in this book are in accordance with the latest taxonomic
reviews of amphibian relationships based on molecular analysis (Frost, 2016). We prefer not to
discuss the merits of proposed nomenclatural changes, as much research is still being carried out
on amphibian systematics and there does not appear to be a consensus on the nomenclature of
many genera.
Geographic coordinates for amphibian localities were identified based on personal communications from observers (using GPS-coordinates and/or locality names), museum labels and
publications with coordinates and/or locality names with or without maps. In situations when
exact data on coordinates were lacking, locations were determined based on paper or digitized
maps, in some cases an approximation of the locality was used. As a result, the precision of the
coordinates varies by locality in the lists of species records. Publications are quoted using a
standardized method (e.g. Munkhbayar, 1967), based on author and year of publication. Quotations by observers or collectors and years of collecting in the lists of localities are cited otherwise
(e.g. Kh. Munkhbayar in 1976; this means that Kh. Munkhbayar observed or collected the species at this locality in the year 1976).
The following abbreviations were used: ZISP – Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy
of Sciences (St. Petersburg); ZMMU – Zoological Museum of Moscow State UIniversity (Moscow); CAS – California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco); MTKD – Museum fuer Naturkunde
Dresden, ZMB – Zoologisches Museum Berlin; BMNH – British Museum of Natural History
(London), USNM – Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (Washington); E – east;
N – north; S – south; W – west.

S.L. Kuzmin