Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Системы автоматического управления»

 

Московский государственный технический университет 
 имени Н.Э. Баумана 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Г.П. Курчаткина, И.В. Цайтлер 
 
 
 
Обучение чтению литературы 
на английском языке 
по специальности 
«Системы автоматического управления»  
 
 
Учебно-методическое пособие 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Москва 
Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана  
2008 

 

УДК 802.0 
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 
        К 939 
Рецензент С.Ю. Бабанова  

Курчаткина Г.П., Цайтлер И.В. 
Обучение чтению литературы на английском языке по специальности «Системы автоматического управления»: Учеб.-метод. 
пособие. – М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008. – 32 с.: ил.  
  
Во второе пособие по специальности «Системы автоматического 
управления» авторы включили оригинальные тексты из американских и 
британских научных изданий, посвященные проблемам классической и 
современной теории управления, а также лексико-грамматические задания и упражнения, позволяющие усвоить соответствующую терминологию, развить и закрепить навыки чтения и перевода научно-технической 
литературы на английском языке. 
Для студентов 3-го курса, обучающихся по специальности «Системы автоматического управления». 
Ил. 1. Библиогр. 9 назв.  
                                                                                          УДК 802.0    
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 
Учебное издание 
 
Галина Павловна Курчаткина 
Ирина Владимировна Цайтлер  
 
Обучение чтению литературы  
на английском языке по специальности  
«Системы автоматического управления» 
 
Редактор Н.М. Маслова 
Корректор Л.И. Малютина 
Компьютерная верстка  Е.В. Зимакова 
 
Подписано в печать 21.05.2007. Формат  60х84/16. Бумага офсетная. 
Печ. л. 2,0. Усл. печ. л. 1,86.  Уч.-изд. л. 1.75. Тираж 300 экз.  
Изд № 61. Заказ  
 
Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. 
105005, Москва, 2-я Бауманская ул., 5. 
 
 
 
         
© 
МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008 

К 939 

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 

Второе пособие, написанное авторами по специальности «Системы автоматического управления», позволяет совершенствовать 
навыки чтения и перевода оригинальной научно-технической литературы в целях получения нужной информации и ее обобщения, 
а также приобрести навыки, необходимые для ведения бесед по 
темам прочитанных текстов.  
Все тексты пособия взяты из оригинальной американской и 
британской литературы, они сокращены и в некоторых случаях 
незначительно адаптированы. Отобранные материалы посвящены 
различным проблемам классической и современной теории управления. В процессе работы студенты получат возможность овладеть 
терминологией, расширить и углубить знания по изучаемой специальности. Стилистическая разноплановость текстов и их объем, 
а также предполагаемые формы работы позволяют моделировать 
условия реальной информационно-поисковой деятельности специалиста. 
Пособие состоит из трех разделов, каждый из которых содержит три учебных текста. Тексты А предназначены для формирования навыков изучающего чтения. Тексты В нацелены на развитие 
навыков чтения книг и достаточно больших и сложных в информативном и языковом планах научных статей для извлечения основной информации по определенному алгоритму и последующего ее устного обобщения в реферативной форме. Тексты С 
способствуют формированию навыков ознакомительного чтения и 
расширению словарного запаса.  
Относящиеся к текстам упражнения направлены на усвоение 
активной лексики, закрепление грамматических конструкций и 
стилистических приемов, характерных для научно-технической 
литературы. В конечном счете эти упражнения нацелены на творческую работу с информацией, полученной из иностранных источников (монографий, статей, справочников). 

В конце каждого раздела дан словарь (Essential Vocabulary), 
содержащий новые для студентов специальные термины и общеупотребительную лексику, необходимые для понимания и перевода текстов. Разумеется, помимо этих словарей студентам следует 
использовать разнообразные словари, изданные как в нашей стране, так и за рубежом. 
Пособие предназначено для студентов 3-го курса, обучающихся по специальности «Системы автоматического управления». 

 

UNIT 1 

TASK 1. Read and translate the text using Essential Vocabulary 
and a dictionary.  

Text IA. Control Theory 

Control engineering has taken several major steps forward at crucial 
events in history. Each of these steps has been matched by a corresponding burst of development in the underlying theory of control. 
Early on, when the compelling concept of feedback was applied, 
engineers sometimes encountered unexpected results. These then became catalysts for rigorous analysis. For example, if we go back to 
Watt’s fly-ball governor, it was found that, under certain circumstances, 
these systems could produce self-sustaining oscillations. Toward the 
end of the 19th century, several researchers (including Maxwell) 
showed how these oscillations could be described via the properties of 
ordinary differential equations. 
The developments around the period of the Second World War were 
also matched by significant developments in Control theory. For example, the pioneering work of Bode, Nyquist, Nichols, Evans and others 
appeared at that time. This resulted in simple graphical means for analyzing single-input, single-output feedback control problems. These methods 
are now generally known by the generic term Classical Control theory. 
Classical Control theory was naturally couched in the frequency domain and the s-plane. Relying on transform methods, it is primarily applicable for linear time-invariant systems, though some extensions to 
nonlinear systems were made using, for instance, the describing function. 
The system description needed for controls design is the magnitude 
and phase of the frequency response. This is advantageous since the 
frequency response can be experimentally measured. The transfer function can then be computed. For root locus design, the transfer function 
is needed. An exact description of the internal system dynamics is not 
needed for classical design; that is, only the input/output behavior of 
the system is of importance. The design may be carried out by hand 
using graphical techniques. These methods impart a great deal of intuition and afford the controls designer with a range of design possibilities, so that the resulting control systems are not unique. The design 
process here is an engineering art.  

The 1960’s saw the development of an alternative state space approach to control. This followed the publication of work on optical estimation and control by Wiener, Kalman, etc. This work allowed multivariable problems to be treated in a unified fashion. This had been 
difficult, if not impossible, in the classical framework. This set of developments is loosely termed Modern Control theory. With all its 
power and advantages, modern control was lacking in some aspects. 
The guaranteed performance obtained by solving matrix design equations means that it is often possible to design a control system that 
works in theory without gaining any engineering intuition about the 
problem.  
Another problem is that a modern control system with any compensation dynamics can fail to be robust to disturbances, unmodelled dynamics and measurement noise. On the other hand, robustness is built 
in with a frequency – domain approach using notions like the gain and 
phase margin. 
Thus these various approaches to control reached a sophisticated 
level and emphasis then shifted to other related issues, including the 
effect of model error on the performance of feedback controllers. This 
can be classified as the period of Robust Control theory.  
There have been numerous other developments including adaptive 
control, autotuning and intelligent control. 

TASK 2. Read and translate the following words: 

major, crucial, rigorous, circumstance, generic, exact, techniques, unique, disturbance, margin. 

TASK 3. Complete the table: 

Noun 
Verb 
Adjective 

development 
– 
– 

– 
apply 
– 

– 
describe 
– 

– 
– 
significant 

difference 
– 
– 

extension 
– 
– 

– 
– 
advantageous 

– 
measure 
– 

alternative 
– 
– 

TASK 4. Translate the following word combinations. Compose 
sentences with them. 

Major steps forward; crucial events in history; burst of development; unexpected results; exact description; multivariable problems; engineering intuition; sophisticated 
level. 

TASK 5. Give definitions to the following word combinations: 

rigorous analysis, differential equations, pioneering work, 
controls designer, autotuning control. 

TASK 6. Match the verbs and the prepositions and translate them. 
Compose sentences with the resulting phrasal verbs. 

to match  
 

to go back 
 

to result 
 

to carry 
to, in, out, by, with 

to afford 
 

to lack 
 

to shift 
 

TASK 7. Make up sentences with suggested elements using the 
preposition under. 

The substance 
 
some pressure 

The systems 
 
various conditions 

The solution 
to be under 
special circumstances 

The properties 
 
the action of 

The state 
 
the influence of 

The assumption 
 
 

 
TASK 8. Translate the following phrases: 

при высоких температурах; со скоростью 300 000 км/с; 
при нормальном атмосферном давлении; с постоянной 
частотой; при высоких энергиях. 
Note: Remember that you should use the preposition at with the 
words: temperature, energy, speed, velocity, voltage, rate, intensity. 

TASK 9. Translate the sentences into English. 

1. При каких обстоятельствах это произошло? 
2. Реакция протекает (to proceed) при нормальном давлении и при комнатной температуре. 
3. Открытие было сделано при следующих обстоятельствах. 
4. Радиосигналы посылались с постоянной частотой.  
5. Этот закон справедлив только при некоторых условиях. 
6. В нашем опыте газ находился под большим давлением. 

TASK 10. Find English equivalents for the following phrases and 
word combinations: 

to encounter unexpected results; to be couched in the frequency domain and the s-plane; to carry out the design by 
hand; engineering art; claimed theory; to shift emphasis to 
other reached issues. 

TASK 11. Answer the questions. 

1. What crucial events in history connected with control engineering can you name? 
2. How could unexpected results sometimes become catalysts for new analysis? 
3. In what way did the Second World War influence the developments in control theory? 
4. Why can the frequency response be regarded as advantageous? 
5. Why is intuition so important for controls designer? 
6. Does Modern Control Theory have any disadvantages? 
Which ones? 
7. Can you explain the necessity of Robust Control Theory? 
8. What new control theory developments do you know? 

TASK 12. Speak about different methods of Control Theory. 

TASK 13. Read the text using Essential Vocabulary and a dictionary to know its content in detail. Complete the tasks that follow.  

Text IB. Basic Concepts of Control Theory 

The concepts of control theory are simple and applicationindependent. This universality of control theory means that it is best 
considered as applied to an abstract situation called a system. It is this 
generality which constitutes the core idea of control theory: the high 
level of abstraction allows for control theory to be applicable to any 
situation with greater specificity.  
Control theory concerns itself with means by which to alter the future behavior of systems (clearly the past cannot be influenced nor, 
since no response can take place in any system in zero time, can the 
present). Furthermore, the objective of any control system in every case 
is connected with the performance of the system over some period of 
time. For control theory to be successfully applied there needs to be at 
least two possible actions at any stage in the control system as the system would follow an unchangeable course otherwise. In addition, control theory also needs access to some means of choosing the correct (or 
most applicable) actions that will result in the desired behavior being 
produced.  
Control theory was developed to support the emergent activity of 
automatic control. A central idea of control theory is the control loop, 
labeled as information channel in Fig. 1. 

 

Fig. 1. Automatic process control using a negative feedback (control) loop 

In the broadest form, a control loop operates on the principles of 
negative feedback. The effects of an action are reported to the controller through an information channel. The controller strives to minimize 
the error difference between the measured and the desired behaviors 
and commands the next action appropriately. A straight-forward example of this control concept is the cruise control feature of a car: if the 

measured speed of the car drops below the set speed (because of an uphill stretch), the cruise controller will accelerate; if the car rolls too fast, 
the controller will shift down in an attempt to minimize the discrepancy 
between the desired and the measured speeds.  
Historically, automatic control was concerned with the replacement 
of a human worker in a manually controlled process with an automatic 
controller supervised by a human being. The control loop of the manually steered process was closed by the operator, who manipulated levers 
and switches in an attempt to assimilate the measured behavior (as displayed by the control panel) with the desired one. However, human 
control is expensive and subject to human errors. Furthermore, there 
exist a number of situations in which a human control loop is not possible, or at least not feasible, be it due to dangerous circumstances or 
small scales.  
All control loops have the same basic form, regardless of the particular application area. Thus, control theory can be considered to concentrate on studying the universal situations that underlie all applications of quantitative control. 

TASK 14. Thoroughly read paragraphs 1 and 2 and define their 
main points. 

TASK 15. Thoroughly read paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 and condense 
their content. 

TASK 16. Summarize paragraphs 1 and 2 in no more than three 
sentences. Begin with: The text provides information on… 

TASK 17. Compress paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 into a statement begining with the phrases: 

The text describes a central idea of… 
It is reported that… 
The text claims that... 

TASK 18. After reading the following guidelines summarize the 
text. 
Guidelines for Making Summaries 
1. Read the text through carefully – the importance of this reading 
period cannot be overemphasized. You really need to “think yourself 
into the theme” of the text and ensure a complete grasp of the topic before continuing.