Radiobiology in test form

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION


DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND EDUCATION

SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE










                RADIOBIOLOGY
                IN TEST FORM





Teaching aid
















Saint Petersburg
2022

UDC: 616-001.29:619(075.8)=111
BBK 28.071.6-638я73
R 13
Authors:
Troshin E.I. - professor, doctor of biological sciences;
Vasilev R.O. - candidate of biological sciences, assistant professor of the department of veterinary radiobiology and BJChS, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine;
Yugatova N.Yu. - candidate of veterinary sciences, assistant professor of the department of veterinary radiobiology and BJChS, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine;
Kaidalova O.I. - head of the department of foreign languages, candidate of philology, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine;
Iglicov I.D - veterinary doctor.
Reviewers:
Karpenko L.Yu - head of the department of biochemistry and physiology, professor, doctor of biological sciences, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine;
Bakhta A.A. - candidate of biological sciences, assistant professor of the department of of biochemistry and physiology, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine.

        The teaching aid includes the main sections and topics of the discipline. It can be used in self-training, conducting intermediate and test control of knowledge by students studying in the specialty 36.05.01 "Veterinary Medicine", in the direction of training 36.03.01 "Veterinary and sanitary examination" qualification bachelor, in the direction of training 06.03.01 " Bioecology” qualification bachelor.

        Radiobiology in test form : teaching aid / E.I. Troshin, R.O. Vasilev, N.Yu. Yugatova, O.I. Kaidalova, I.D. Iglicov ; Ministry of agriculture of the russian federation, Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine. -Saint Petersburg : Publishing house Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine, 2022. - 123 p.


Recommended for publication by methodical council St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine.
Protocol №8, 12.10.2022.




                © Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine, 2022

INTRODUCTION


          Radiobiology is the science of the effect of all types of ionizing radiation on living organisms, their communities and the biosphere as a whole.
          Radiobiology is for developing methods for using ionizing radiation in medicine, agriculture, the food and microbiological industries, ways to protect biological objects from radiation, and repair damage that occurs in the body after irradiation.
          The main objective of the discipline in the training of highly qualified personnel for agricultural production is to give students the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to fulfill the tasks facing specialists -farmers: to control the radioactive contamination of agricultural surveillance objects; to carry out a set of organizational and special measures for livestock and crop production in conditions of radioactive contamination of the environment, the rational use of radionuclide-contaminated crop and livestock products. Also for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the effects of radiation on animals; for the use of methods of radioisotope analysis and radiation-biological technology in agricultural production.
          Radiobiology has important socio-economic importance, namely for farmers. Introducing them to modern scientific and practical achievements of radiobiology in conditions of radioactive pollution of the environment has provided them with safe products.
          Currently, in the process of training highly qualified specialists, a lot of attention is paid to the independent work of students. A very popular form of knowledge testing is through having the students express a high degree of formalization, simplicity and a fairly high level of objectivity.
          This training manual will allow students to quickly learn to think in terms of a veterinarian, zoo engineer and technologist for the processing of agricultural products in the field of radiation biology. It is a significant addition to the whole gamut of teaching methods that increase the level of students 'knowledge in the specified discipline, and can be successfully used by students of these specialties for independent work, intermediate and final control of students' knowledge of full-time and part-time forms of education.
          Test polls are not the main, but only an auxiliary, form of control of theoretical knowledge. They are designed to prepare the student for active work during classes, to more clearly shade those questions that are not clear enough to the student and require additional, individual or group study.

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I V A R I A N T

          PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOBIOLOGY


            1.  Radiobiology is a science that studies:


       a) features of the existence of animals and patterns occurring in their natural populations and biogeocenoses when exposed to radiation factors of the environment;
       b)  the effect of all types of ionizing radiation on living organisms, their communities and the biosphere as a whole;
       c) the pathways of the entry of radioactive isotopes into the body, the patterns of distribution in it and the incorporation into the molecular structures of tissues, especially the accumulation in various organs and their removal from the body;
       d)  patterns of environmental pollution by radioactive substances, their migration along food chains in the biogeocenosis, and the effect on living organisms.


            2.  Discoveries that gave rise to the development of radiobiology:


       a) V.K. Rontgen discovered x-rays, E. Rutherford proposed a planetary model of the structure of the atom, J. Chadwick discovered a neutron;
       b)  V.K. Rontgen discovered x-rays, A. Becquerel natural radioactivity of uranium, I. Curie and F. Joliot-Curie artificial radioactivity;
       c) VK. Rontgen discovered x-rays, M. Skladovskaya and P. Curie the radioactive properties of polonium and radium, I. Curie and F. Joliot-Curie artificial radioactivity;
       d)  V.K. Rontgen discovered x-rays, A. Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium, M. Warehouse and P. Curie discovered the radioactive properties of polonium and radium.


            3.  The smallest particle of a chemical element that preserves all it’s chemical properties is called:


       a) a molecule;
       b)  an atom;
       c) corpuscle;
       d)  quasar.


            4.  The nucleus of an atom consists of the following elementary particles:


       a) electrons, protons;
       b)  electrons, neutrons;
       c) protons, neutrons;
       d)  positrons, neutrons.


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   5.  Electronic levels are indicated by the letters of the Latin alphabet:
       a)   A, B, C, D, E, F, I;
       b)   H, I, I, K, L, M, N;
       c)   R, S, T, U, V, W, X;
       d)   K, L, M, N, O, P, Q.

   6.  The process of transition of an electron from one energy level to a more distant from the nucleus is called:
       a)   ionization;
       b)   excitement;
       c)   radiation;
       d)   luminescence.

   7.  The process of transition of electrons from external layers to internal is called:
       a)   ionization;
       b)   excitement;
       c)   radiation;
       d)   luminescence.

   8.  The process of an electron going beyond a given atom:
       a)   ionization;
       b)   excitement;
       c)   radiation;
       d)   luminescence.

   9.  Atoms with the same number of protons, but different in the number of neutrons are called:
       a)   isomers;
       b)   isotopes;
       c)   isobars;
       d)   isotones.

   10.  The atomic nuclei of different elements with the same mass number, but with different atomic numbers are called:
       a)   isomers;
       b)   isotopes;
       c)   isobars;
       d)   isotones.

   11.  The atomic nuclei of different elements, but with an equal number of neutrons are called:
       a)   isomers;


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       b)   isotopes;
       c)   isobars;
       d)   isotones.


   12.  Atoms of elements with the same mass number that differ from each other only in their energy state are called:
       a)   isomers;
       b)   isotopes;
       c)   isobars;
       d)   isotones.

   13.  The difference between the calculated mass of the nucleus (the mass of the nucleus of its constituent nucleons) and the actual mass is called:
       a)   excess mass;
       b)   mass defect;
       c)   mass inequality;
       d)   lack of mass.

   14.  The spontaneous transformation of the nuclei of atoms of chemical elements into the nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the release of ionizing radiation is called:
       a)   radiation dose;
       b)   the dose of radiation;
       c)   dose rate;
       d)   radioactivity.

   15.  The (daughter) element formed during alpha decay is shifted relative to the original (parent) element in the table of elements D.I. Mendeleev:
       a)   1 cell to the left;
       b)   2 cells to the left;
       c)   1 cell to the right;
       d)   2 cells to the right.

   16.  Formed during beta decay (electronic) element is shifted relative to the original in the table of elements D.I. Mendeleev:
       a)   1 cell to the left;
       b)   2 cells to the left;
       c)   1 cell to the right;
       d)   2 cells to the right.

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            17.  Formed during beta decay (positron) element is shifted relative to the original in the table of elements D.I. Mendeleev:


       a)   1 cell to the left;
       b)   2 cells to the left;
       c)   1 cell to the right;
       d)   2 cells to the right.


            18.  The amount of any radioactive isotope with time, due to the radioactive conversion of nuclei:


       a)   stabilizes;
       b)   increases exponentially;
       c)   varies depending on the effects of physical and chemical factors;
       d)   decreases according to the law of radioactive decay.


            19.  The time during which half of the original amount of radioactive atoms decays is called:


       a)   an effective half-life;
       b)   biological half-life;
       c)   half-life;
       d)   the coefficient of half attenuation.


            20.  With an increase in the amount of a radioactive substance, its radioactivity:


       a)   decreases;
       b)   increases;
       c)   changes according to the law of radioactive decay;
       d)   stabilizes.


            21.   The unit of radioactivity in the international system (SI) is:


       a)   curie;
       b)   sievert;
       c)   milligrams equivalent of radium;
       d)   becquerel.


            22.  The most common off-system unit of activity is:


       a)   curie;
       b)   sievert;
       c)   milligrams equivalent of radium;
       d)   becquerel.


            23.  The unit of activity of gamma sources is:


       a)   curie;
       b)   1 decay per minute


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       c)  milligrams equivalent of radium;
       d)  becquerel.

   24.   Under normal conditions, per unit (1 cm) of the path in air, an alpha particle forms the following number of ion pairs:
       a)  1 - 2;
       b)  50 - 100;
       c)  up to 500 thousand;
       d)  does not form at all.

   25.   Under normal conditions, per unit (1 cm) of the path in air, a beta particle forms the following number of ion pairs:
       a)  1 - 2;
       b)  50 - 100;
       c)  up to 500 thousand;
       d)  does not form at all.

   26.   Under normal conditions, per unit (1 cm) of the path in air, a gamma ray forms the following number of ion pairs:
       a)  1 - 2;
       b)  50 - 100;
       c)  up to 500 thousand;
       d)  does not form at all.

   27.   The range of alpha particles in the air reaches:
       a)  up to 25 m;
       b)  up to 10 cm;
       c)  up to 150 m;
       d)  up to 1 cm.

   28. The range of beta particles in the air reaches:
       a)  up to 25 m;
       b)  up to 10 cm;
       c)  up to 150 m;
       d)  up to 1 cm.

   29.   The gamma ray mileage in air reaches:
       a)  up to 25 m;
       b)  up to 10 cm;
       c)  up to 150 m;
       d)  up to 1 cm.

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   30.  Penetration of alpha particles in soft biological tissue:
       a)  up to 1 cm;
       b)  up to several tens of micrometers;
       c)  up to 0.5 m;
       d)  penetrates through.

   31.  The penetrating ability of beta particles in biological tissue is:
       a)  up to 1 cm;
       b)  up to several tens of micrometers;
       c)  up to 0.5 m;
       d)  penetrates through.

   32.  The penetrating ability of gamma rays in biological tissue is:
       a)  up to 1 cm;
       b)  up to several tens of micrometers;
       c)  up to 0.5 m;
       d)  penetrates through.

   33.  All nuclei of radioactive atoms are subject to the following category of nuclear transformations:
       a)  radioactive decay;
       b)  radiation capture;
       c)  activation reactions;
       d)  photoelectric effect.

   34.  Both radioactive and stable isotopes are subject to the following category of nuclear transformations:
       a)  a decay;
       b)  в decay (electronic);
       c)  в decay (positron);
       d)  nuclear reactions.

   35.  When a gamma ray with an energy of up to 0.05 MeVpasses through a substance, the following of the effects is manifested:
       a)  the formation of electron-positron pairs;
       b)  photoelectric effect;
       c)  Compton effect;
       d)  k-capture.

   36.  When a gamma ray with an energy of more than 0.05 MeV passes through a substance, the following of the effects is manifested: a) the formation of electron-positron pairs;
       b)  photoelectric effect;


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       c)  Compton effect;
       d)   k-capture.

   37.  When a gamma quantum with an energy of at least 1.022 MeVpasses through a substance, the following of the effects is manifested: a) the formation of electron-positron pairs;
       b)   photoelectric effect;
       c)  Compton effect;
       d)   k-capture.


            38.  An atom consists of:


       a)  electrons and protons;
       b)   protons and neutrons;
       c)  protons, neutrons, electrons;
       d)   electrons and neutrons.


            39.  The upper symbol of the chemical element 235 U means:


       a)  the number of protons;
       b)   atomic number;
       c)  mass number;
       d)   the number of neutrons.


            40.  Alpha radiation is a stream:


       a)  electrons or positrons;
       b)   nuclei of helium atoms;
       c)  electromagnetic radiation;
       d)   neutrons.


            41.  Beta radiation is a stream:


       a)  electrons or positrons;
       b)   nuclei of helium atoms;
       c)  electromagnetic radiation;
       d)   protons.


            42.  Gamma radiation is a stream:


       a)  electrons or positrons;
       b)   nuclei of helium atoms;
       c)  electromagnetic radiation;
       d)   neutrons and protons.


            43.  The mass number of the isotope is equal to the sum:


       a)  protons and electrons;
       b)   electrons and neutrons;


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