Лексические и грамматические единицы в профессиональной деятельности (английский язык)

И. В. Щербакова 

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ И ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ 
ЕДИНИЦЫ В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ 
ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ 
(АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК) 

Учебное пособие 

Москва 
Берлин 
2020 

УДК  811.111(075) 
ББК 81.432.1я73
 Щ61 
Рецензенты 
Т. В. Евсюкова, доктор филологических наук, профессор 
кафедры лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации 
Ростовского государственного экономического университета 
(РИНХ) 
Н. В. Ковальчук, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры 
«Иностранные языки» Донского государственного технического 
университета 
Щербакова, И. В. 
Щ61       Лексические и грамматические единицы в профессиональной 
   деятельности 
(английский 
язык) 
: 
учебное 
пособие 
/ 
  И. В. Щербакова. – Москва ; Берлин :  2020. – 191 с. 

ISBN 978-5-4499-1614-3 

Учебное пособие рассчитано на обучающихся первого курса 
факультетов технических специальностей и отвечает требованиям 
программы Министерства Высшего Образования Российской Федерации. Пособие включает два составных элемента (модуля): 
Topics & vocabulary и Grammar practice. Все модули состоят из 
разделов (Units). В начале каждого раздела первого модуля дается 
список лексики, тема, вопросы для вовлечения обучающегося в 
данную тематику. Затем идет основной текст, связанный с изучаемой темой, вопросы, контролирующие понимание текста, и/или 
упражнения, направленные на отработку навыков говорения. 
Каждый 
раздел 
включает 
в 
себя 
профессиональноориентированные тексты для перевода с английского языка на 
русский со словарем. Второй модуль направлен на развитие 
грамматических навыков, включает грамматические упражнения, 
направленных на отработку и закрепление материала. 

УДК 811.111(075) 
ББК 81.432.1я73

ISBN 978-5-4499-1614-3
© Щербакова И. В., текст, 2020
© Издательство «Директ-Медиа», оформление, 2020

Оглавление 

Предисловие ................................................................................................... 5 

Module 1 ........................................................................................................... 6 

Unit 1. ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS ................. 6 

Unit 2.  THE PROFESSION OF AN ARCHITECT ................................ 11 

Unit 3. EARLY RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE ........................................ 14 

Unit 4. CATHEDRAL OF THE ASSUMPTION (USPENSKY) ............ 18 

Unit 5.  EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE .................................................. 22 

Unit 6. GREAT SPHINX ........................................................................... 26 

Unit 7. GREEK ARCHITECTURE ........................................................... 29 

Unit 8. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ........................................................ 34 

Unit 9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ........................................... 39 

Unit 10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ...................................................... 42 

Unit 11. THE RENAISSANCE ................................................................. 47 

Unit 12. BAROQUE ................................................................................... 52 

Unit 13. ROCOCO ..................................................................................... 56 

Unit 14. CONSTRUCTIVISM .................................................................. 59 

Unit 15. RICHARD MEIER ...................................................................... 62 

Unit 16. VITRUVIUS ................................................................................. 64 

Unit 17. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH ...................................... 67 

Unit 18. LEONARDO DA VINCI............................................................ 69 

Unit 19. IMHOTEP .................................................................................... 71 

Unit 20. ANDREA PALLADIO ............................................................... 74 

Module 2 ......................................................................................................... 77 

I. Порядок слов ........................................................................................ 77 

II. Существительное................................................................................ 82 

III. Артикль ............................................................................................... 85 

IV. Местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные .............. 93 

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V. Прилагательное .................................................................................. 97 

VI. Предлоги ........................................................................................... 100

VII. Числительные ................................................................................. 105

VIII. Местоименные прилагательные ............................................... 109

IX. Глагол to be ........................................................................................ 113

X. Глагол to have ..................................................................................... 118 

XI. Активный залог (the active voice) ................................................. 121

1. The Present Simple Tense ............................................................. 121

2. The Past Simple Tense ................................................................... 123

3. The Future Simple Tense................................................................ 126

4. The Present Continuous Tense ...................................................... 127

5. The Past Continuous Tense ........................................................... 131

6. The Future Continuous Tense ....................................................... 134

7. The Present Perfect Tense .............................................................. 136

8. The Past Perfect Tense .................................................................... 139

9. The Future Perfect Tense ................................................................ 141

10. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ....................................... 144

11. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ............................................ 146

12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense ........................................ 149

XII. Страдательный залог (the passive voice) ................................... 151

XIII. Conditionals (условные предложения) ..................................... 155

XIV. Модальные глаголы (modals) ..................................................... 158

XV. Косвенная речь ............................................................................... 175

Приложение ................................................................................................ 183 

Таблица неправильных глаголов ........................................................... 183 

Рекомендуемая литература ..................................................................... 189 

Предисловие 

Пособие предназначено для лиц, имеющих базовую начальную подготовку по английскому языку, овладевших лексическим и 
грамматическим минимумом для осуществления речевой деятельности.  
Целью пособия является развитие речевой профессиональной деятельности при изучении английского языка. Реализация 
этой цели осуществляется благодаря специально подобранным 
аутентичным текстам и упражнениям, методически организованным таким образом, чтобы способствовать формированию у обучающихся коммуникативной компетенции в профессиональном 
общении. Тексты пособия адаптированы, переработаны из современных английских изданий (журнальные и газетные статьи, учебные пособия, сайты) и отражают богатство, разнообразие, 
вариативность современного английского языка в профессиональной деятельности. Представленный в пособии материал углубляет 
знания обучающихся по специальности «Архитектура».  
Учебное пособие содержит два модуля: лексический и грамматический. Лексический модуль содержит 20 тем. Каждая тема 
включает в себя глоссарий и систему упражнений, активизирующие все лексические, грамматические и теоретические знания и 
умения, приобретенные в процессе работы с каждой темой. Все 
разделы имеют единую структуру, что позволяет осуществлять поэтапное, целенаправленное формирование языковых речевых коммуникативных навыков и умений.  
Грамматический модуль предназначен для студентов, совершенствующих знания грамматики английского языка. Он содержит 
15 тем. Каждая тема включает систему упражнений, направленных 
на закрепление грамматических знаний, а также на развитие монологической и диалогической речи. 
 
 
 

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Module 1 

Unit 1 
ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS 

1. Read the text. 
Words and word combinations: 
architecture – архитектура 
consideration – рассмотрение 
aesthetical – эстетический 
evolve – развиваться 
expression – выражение 
consequently – следовательно 
evident – очевидный 
repetition – повторение 
necessity – необходимость 
harmonious – гармоничный 
 
Architecture: its forms and functions 
Architecture is the art or science of planning, building and structures. Without consideration of structural principles, materials, social 
and economic requirements a building cannot take form. But without 
aesthetical quality inherent in it's form a building cannot be considered 
as a work of architectural as well. 
 

 

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From the very beginning of construction in human history lots of 
architectural skills, systems and theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings, which have housed nations and generations 
of people in any kind of their activity. Writings on architecture are almost as old asw riting itself. Books on the theory of architecture, on the 
art of buildings, and on the aesthetical view of buildings exist in great 
number. The oldest book, which sets forth the principles, upon which 
buildings should be designed and which aim is to guide the architect, is 
the work of Markus Vitruvius Pollio written in the first century B. C. 
Architecture is an art. It's nowadays expression should be creative 
and consequently new. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored, but it 
must be expressed in modern terms. There exists an evident paradox in 
the coexistence of change and survival in every period of human civilisation. This paradox of change and repetition is clearly illustrated in 
any architectural style. 
Architecture is also the style or manner of building in a particular 
country or period of history. There are widely known examples of Gothic architecture all round the globe. During many centuries mankind 
admires the architecture of ancient Greece or Roman Empire as well. 
Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius 
listed three basic factors in architecture. They are convenience, strength 
and beauty. These three factors have been present and are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 21st century. No true architect 
could think of any of them without almost automatically considering 
the other two as well. Thus, architectural design entails not only the necessity to study various solutions for convenience, structure, and appearance as three separate processes. Architectural design also includes 
the necessity to keep in mind the constant interaction of these factors. 
It's impossible for an architect first plan a building from the point of 
view of convenience, and then make the design of a strong construction 
around his plan to shelter it. Then, as a final touch, try to adjust and 
decorate the whole to make it pretty. Any design evolving from such 
kind of work will produce only a confused, incoherent, and unsatisfactory building. When speaking about any truly great building we cannot 
but say that every element in it has a triple implication or significance. 
This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons 
why architecture is a difficult art. It needs some unique type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to make a designer 

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capable of getting requite in the light of these three factors use, construction, and aesthetic effect simultaneously. The designer must have a 
good knowledge as of engineering so of building materials. This 
knowledge will enable him to create economically strong and practical 
construction. The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction 
into the harmonious whole. The architect's feeling of satisfaction in 
achieving such integration is one of his/her (their) greatest rewards. 
2. Answer the following questions. 
1. What is architecture? 
2. What is the oldest book to set forth the principles of construction? 
3. How should mankind deal with the heritage of the past? 
4. What architecture are widely known all round the globe? 
5. What architecture does mankind admire during many centuries? 
6. What three basic factors in architecture were listed nearly two 
thousand years ago? 
7. Why architecture is a difficult art? 
8. What can we say about any truly great building? 
9. What integration must an architect achieve? 
10. Why the designer must possess the creative imagination? 
3. Read the text again and find out if the following statements 
are true or false. 
1) 
There are not widely known examples of Gothic architecture 
all round the globe. 
2) 
This triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons 
why architecture is not a difficult art. 
3) 
These three factors have been present and are always interrelated in the best constructions till the 22thcentury. 
4) 
The oldest book is not the work of Markus Vitruvius Pollio 
written in the first century B. C. 
5) 
Without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements a building can take form. 
6) 
The designer, in addition, must possess the creative imagination, which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction 
into the harmonious whole. 

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7) 
The designer must have a bad knowledge as of engineering 
so of building materials. 
8) 
This paradox of change and repetition is not illustrated in 
any architectural style. 
9) 
Books on the theory of architecture, on the art of buildings, 
and on the aesthetical view of buildings exist in great number. 
10) 
Architecture is not the art or science of planning, building 
and structures. 
4. Give the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations. 
1) архитектура – это искусство или наука о планировании, 
социальные и экономические требования, архитектурные навыки, 
строительство, системы и теории для строительства зданий. 
2) основные факторы архитектуры; удобство, сила и красота; 
архитектурный дизайн; иметь в виду; с точки зрения удобства; в 
качестве последнего штриха; архитектура является сложным искусством; уникальный тип воображения; обладать хорошими знаниями в области инженерных и строительных материалов. 
5. Complete the following sentences using the text above. 
1) 
Its nowadays expression should … 
2) 
This triple nature of architectural design … 
3) 
Architectural design also includes the … 
4) 
Any design evolving from such kind … 
5) 
The designer, in addition, must possess … 
6) 
These three factors have … 
7) 
… buildings exist in great number. 
6. Match the terms and their definitions. 

1. Science 
a) the work of building or making something,
especially buildings, bridges, etc.

2. Construction 
b) a person whose job is building things, especially
houses

3. Architecture 

c) the careful study of the structure and behavior
of the physical world, especially by watching, 
measuring, and doing experiments

4. Building 

d) the art and practice of designing and making 
buildings 

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5. Skill 
e) a person who plans new buildings and is responsible for making sure that they are built properly

6. Architect 
f) a structure with walls and a roof, such as a house 
or factory

7. Builder 
g) an ability to do an activity or job well, especially 
because you have practiced it

8.Architect
h) the state of being convenient

9. Design 
i) the degree to which something is strong or powerful

10. Convenience 
k) a person who plans new buildings and is responsible for making sure that they are built properly

11. Shelter 
l) (the process of getting) knowledge or skill from 
doing, seeing, or feeling things

12. Strength 
m) (a building designed to give) protection from 
bad weather, danger, or attack

13. Art 
n) to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or buildings

14. Experience 
o) the making of objects, images, music, etc. that
are beautiful or that express feelings

 
 
 

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