Digital Economy
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Тематика:
Экономика информационных технологий
Издательство:
Российский университет транспорта
Автор:
Лапидус Лариса Владимировна
Год издания: 2018
Кол-во страниц: 42
Дополнительно
The basics of the digital economy are disclosed in this tutorial. The correlations between the concepts "digital economy”, "Industry 4.0”, "fourth industrial revolution” are substantiated. The digital economy evolution is analyzed and the transition to new models of production, distribution, exchange and consumption is justified. It is shown, that at present, the main goal is to trigger a systemic transformation, what implies the search for new mechanisms and tools to strengthen the participation of the state, business, and every citizen in the development of the digital economy in order to achieve a comprehensive result at all levels, from small businesses to the state as a whole.
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «РОССИЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА (МИИТ)» ____________________________________________________________ Институт экономики и финансов Кафедра «Экономика и управление на транспорте» L.V. Lapidus DIGITAL ECONOMY Учебное пособие Москва – 2018
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «РОССИЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА (МИИТ)» ____________________________________________________________ Институт экономики и финансов Кафедра «Экономика и управление на транспорте» L.V. Lapidus DIGITAL ECONOMY Учебное пособие для бакалавров и магистров по направлениям «Экономика» и «Менеджмент» Москва – 2018
УДК 004 Л 24 Lapidus L.V. Digital Economy (на англ. яз.): Учебное пособие для бакалавров и магистров по направлениям «Экономика» и «Менеджмент». – М.: РУТ (МИИТ), 2018. - 42 с. The basics of the digital economy are disclosed in this tutorial. The correlations between the concepts “digital economy”, “Industry 4.0”, “fourth industrial revolution” are substantiated. The digital economy evolution is analyzed and the transition to new models of production, distribution, exchange and consumption is justified. It is shown, that at present, the main goal is to trigger a systemic transformation, what implies the search for new mechanisms and tools to strengthen the participation of the state, business, and every citizen in the development of the digital economy in order to achieve a comprehensive result at all levels, from small businesses to the state as a whole. Рецензенты: Профессор кафедры «Экономика, организация производства и менеджмент» РУТ (МИИТ), д.э.н. О.В. Ефимова. Начальник отдела управления доходностью АО «Федеральная пассажирская компания», к.э.н. А.А. Губанова. РУТ (МИИТ), 2018
CONTENT Introduction. 1. What is the Digital Economy? 2. The Reference of the Concepts of "Industry 4.0" and "Digital economy". 3. What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? 4. Evolution of the Society and the new Technological shift. 5. The Digital Economy Evolution. 6. The Origin of Online Business and The Dotcom Crisis. 7. The Digital Products and Electronic Services New markets. 8. Industry 4.0 Technologies and Business Benefits. 9. Signs of the Digital Economy. 10. Transformation of Business Models. 11. Decentralized Production. 12. Digital Leadership Strategies and Business Prospects. 13. The Industry Features of Digital Transformation. 14. The Key Principles of Digitalization and Industry 4.0. 15. System Digital Transformation: Objectives and the Necessary Conditions for Successful Transformation. Conclusion. Bibliography. Glossary. 4 6 7 9 10 11 14 17 22 23 24 26 26 29 32 32 35 36 39
Introduction To live in the era of technological change is pure luck. Digital economy, Industry 4.0, e-business, blockchain and bitcoins - every day brings new questions that you seek answers to. Everyone caught the "digital fever". Companies are launching digital transformation, restructuring business processes and designing new business models. States direct all efforts towards improving the country's competitiveness and the quality of life of the population. Citizens improve their digital literacy and develop future competencies. The world is preparing for the fourth industrial revolution. (L.V. Lapidus) The digital economy is a “living”, constantly evolving “organism”, whose behavior cannot be fully studied. Every day brings more and more new technological solutions with the according terms that are the results of the latest transformations and the need to make decisions on the choice of alternatives. The most important goal is the one of gaining, obtaining knowledge in the field of digital economics and technology, and of understanding of cause-effect links and correlations brought to light since 1990. For example, many countries caught the real “digital fever”, when Bitcoin (Bitcoin, BTC), which appeared in 2009, only in 2017 showed a rapid growth from $ 800 to $ 11,000. The total capitalization of the Bitcoin market by the end of 2017 reached 300 billion US dollars. For comparison, the world turnover of bitcoins at the beginning of 2014 was estimated at 11 billion US dollars [coinmarketcap.com]. Other popular cryptocurrencies are Peercoin (PPC, 2012), Dogecoin (DOGE, 2013), Etherium (ETH, 2015), etc. The market of all cryptocurrencies at the beginning of 2018 was $573.98 billion. New terms appeared (ICO, token, mining farms, etc.). All this led to the emergence of new types of electronic services: services of crypto farms, bitcoin farms, crypto funds, etc. According to the world practice, the evaluation of the digital economy is done with respect to the Internet markets, whereas Internet-dependent markets are appraised separately. The same practice is adopted in the Russian Federation. Thus, by the end of 2016, the share of the digital economy in the GDP of the Russian Federation was estimated at 2.8% of GDP (Internet markets) and 19% of GDP (Internet-dependent markets). The e-commerce market was estimated at 1238 billion rubles, the digital content market at 63 billion rubles, marketing and advertising - 171 billion rubles, infrastructure and software - 2000 billion rubles. 2.5 million jobs have been created in the Internet industry1. 1 According to the Russian Association of Electronic Communications (RAEC). Zvereva T. Internet economics: zones of stability. Thematic pages of RBC +. April 13, 2016. P. 3; Economy Runet. Study “Economics of Internet Services and Content Markets in Russia 2014–2015» / RAEC, HSE. ЭкономикаРунета.рф. P. 5.
The aim of this tutorial is to reveal the methodological foundations of the digital economy, the nature and essence of the main definitions of “digital economy”, “Industry 4.0”, “fourth industrial revolution”, and the technologies massive penetration of which will lead to the transition to Economy 4.0. Let us describe the key principles of digitalization that lie in the basis of transformation of business processes and business models of modern companies in all sectors of the economy. To substantiate the importance of digital technologies in the formation of a new technological shift and to show the role of the digital economy in launching the process of large- scale digitization of social and economic systems at all levels. Below are links to resources where you can find additional materials: Official Site phd L.V.Lapidus: www.larisalapidus.ru Blog phd L.V.Lapidus of interdepartmental course MSU "Digital Economy: Managing e- business and e-commerce" group VKontakte: http://vk.com/club76268050 Blog on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/larisalapidus
1. What is the Digital Economy? Changes over the course of almost 30 years, pertained to the evolution of digital technologies, led to transformations that few could predict. Since 1990, since the opening of access to the Internet for all people on our planet, business has been forced to constantly respond to the challenges of the external environment, which is currently described by the highest degree of dynamism, complexity and uncertainty, regardless of industry sector2. As the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin noted, “digital economy is not a separate industry, in fact it is a way of life, a new basis for the development of the system of government, economy, business, social sphere and the whole society. The formation of the digital economy is a matter of national security and independence of Russia, the competitiveness of domestic companies”. 3 On July 28th, 2017, the Government of the Russian Federation approved and ratified the Program titled “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”. Understanding of the digital economy in the strict sense is associated with the consumption of electronic services and services, in a loose sense - with the penetration of cross-cutting digital technologies of Industry 4.0. At the end of 2016, the share of the digital economy in the GDP of the Russian Federation was estimated to be 2.8% of GDP (Internet markets) and 19% of GDP (Internet- dependent markets) [RAEC, www.rif.ru]. In terms of scale and strength of the technological impact of the external environment on business, industry and economy of the countries, the transformations that are currently in process have no analogues ((On-demand economy, Mobile economy, Sharing Economy, Wikinomics [Tapskott D., 2009, p. 104; Howe, Jeff, 2009; Lapidus LV, 2016 (a); Lapidus LV, 2017 (b)], the Hi- Tech Gift Economy [Barbrook R., 1998], Gig Economy (Gig Economy)). In Lapidus L.V.’s opinion, the digital economy is a set of relationships evolving in the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, based on the use of online technologies and aimed at meeting the needs with respect to life benefits, that, in turn, requires development of new ways and methods of management and effective tools of state regulation» [Lapidus LV, 2016 (g), p. 4-11]. This is primarily due to the reduction of the life cycle of innovations, that is, the acceleration of the emergence of new generation digital technologies, which allow us to increase customer value, attract the attention of an increasing number of consumers and generate additional demand 2 Lapidus L.V. Electronic Economy: New Opportunities for Business // Prospects for the development of e-business and e-commerce. Materials of the II Interfaculty Scientific-Practical Conference of Young Scientists: Moscow, Moscow State University named after M. Lomonosov, Faculty of Economics; November 25, 2015: Reports and presentations. M .: The Faculty of Economics of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. M., 2016. P. 4–11. 3 TASS. URL: http://tass.ru/ekonomika/4390974
for products and/or services. This is a reason why the first sector of the economy that responded quickest to the impact of changing in consumer preferences was the sector of services. E-commerce, online banking and the media began to transform business models in 1994. [Lapidus LV, 2016 (c)] Later, the first trading digital platforms (marketplaces) and virtual exchanges are appeared. In the years 2000-2010, it was possible to observe the rapid development of new types of digital products and electronic services. Traditional business began to actively respond to the opportunities and threats of the digital economy in the early 10s. The massive penetration of Industry 4.0 technology into various industry segments began in the period 2015- 2017. Digital economy is a new business environment that forces business to respond first with respect to threats, as well as new opportunities of online technologies: reducing transaction costs, pointed targeting and wide coverage of the target audience, increasing productivity, reducing time spent on online communications with partners and customers, increasing customer satisfaction through quick and effective feedback. Omni-channeling has become a determinant of the competitiveness of online and offline companies. Taking into account the ongoing transformations of business models, the digital economy should be defined as the development of business processes and business models on the basis of digital technologies and the exchange of big data, aiming at advancing business competitiveness by increasing consumer value and achieving such key results like reducing the costs and increasing in labor productivity. We are talking about both: business models that are typical for companies that have built their businesses on the Internet, as well as traditional business that historically conduct business offline in various sectors of the economy (mining, agriculture, manufacturing, services). 2. The Reference of the Concepts of "Industry 4.0" and "Digital economy". The dating of the first mentioning of the terms goes into the distant past: “digital economy” - 1995, “Internet of things” - 1999, “Industry 4.0” - 2011. The term Industry 4.0 originated in 2011 at the Hannover Fair and was intended to mean a radical transformation of global value chains4. Currently, the term is popular in Germany as the term for the government initiative aimed at transforming industry as an integral part of the country's strategic development. 4 Schwab Klaus. The fourth industrial revolution / lane. from English Klaus Schwab. M .: Publishing house "E", 2017. P. 16.
According to BCG, 85% of German enterprises have already adopted or are planning to implement the principles of Industry 4.0. in the next 1-2 years5. The PwC report noted that Industry 4.0 implies cross-cutting digitization of all physical assets and their integration into the digital ecosystem along with the partners involved in the value chain. Over the next five years, the companies participating in the PwC survey expect an increase in annual revenue on average by 2.9% and cost reductions of 3.6% on average per year. PwC considers Industry 4.0 as a concept with the following main ideas: digitalization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains; digitalization of products and services; digital business models and customer access6. Digitalization of internal operations is launched in all countries all over the world, but Japan and Germany are considered leaders in this prospect. In author’s opinion, Industry 4.0 is a set of relations developing in processes of production, pertained to the intromission of digital technologies (Industry 4.0 technologies) and aimed at improving the competitiveness of business and the country. From the perspective of Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s system theory, Industry 4.0 is a system consisting of a chain of interrelated production processes, an integral element of which is the exchange of data in digital form between system links (people, machines, cloud (data centers)) using digital technologies. Industry 4.0 technologies penetrate both: the production cycle of services and the production cycle of goods. Based on this definition, we can conclude that the relationship between the concepts of "Industry 4.0" and "Digital Economy" as those of a part and a whole. With respect to digital economy, in the Russian Federation one should rather not adhere to the term “Industry 4.0”, but “Industry 4.0 technologies”, which are digital. The technologies of Industry 4.0 include: Big Data, neurotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, quantum technologies, distributed registry systems, Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet (IIoT), wireless technologies, components of robotics and sensor technology, virtual technologies and technologies of augmented and mixed reality (VR, AR, Mixed R), cloud and mobile technologies, drones, wearable gadgets, blockchain, 3D printers, Agile technologies, new production technologies, etc. 5 BCG. Russmann M. [et al.] Industry 4.0: The Future of Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industries, 2015. 6 PwC Industry 4.0: Digital Enterprise Creation Report. World Review of the implementation of the concept "Industry 4.0", 2016.
3. What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? Some experts view the terms “Industry 4.0” and “the Fourth Industrial Revolution” as synonyms.7 According to the World Economic Forum, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a “mental model” for understanding and defining how the technologies change, how the value is created, shared and distributed through economic and social systems8. In fact, these terms are not synonyms for the reason that the perspective distinctive feature of the fourth industrial revolution is a large-scale transformation of all processes based not only on the digital technologies of Industry 4.0. The technologies of the fourth industrial revolution are digital technologies (technologies of Industry 4.0), biotechnologies and technologies of precision medicine, new materials, neurotechnologies, new approaches to the conservation and generation of energy (Table 1). Table 1. Technologies of the forth Industrial Revolution On-line technologies Industry 4.0 technologies Technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution Internet and other Web-technologies: 1990-2000 2010-2010 2020-2030 Big Data, neurotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, quantum technologies, distributed registry systems, Internet of Things (IoT), industrial Internet (IIoT), wireless technologies, components of robotics and sensor technology, virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies ( VR, AR, Mixed R), cloud and mobile technologies, drones, wearable gadgets, blockchain, 3D printers, Agile technologies, new production technologies, etc. Digital technologies, Industry 4.0 technologies, biotechnologies, precision medicine technologies, new materials, neurotechnologies, new approaches to energy conservation and generation, etc. Digital economy Economy 4.0 Author: Lapidus L.V. The fourth industrial revolution will be marked by the complex and comprehensive penetration of new technologies into all spheres of our life, which will entail a transition to the Economy 4.0. 7 Schwab Klaus. The fourth industrial revolution / lane. from English Klaus Schwab. M .: Publishing house "E", 2017. P. 16. 8 World Economic Forum, 2017.
4. Evolution of the Society and the new Technological shift. The engine of any social lies in innovative technologies. As soon as the innovations appear, they begin to influence people, by changing the consumer behavior of the latter, shaping their taste, new needs, habits, and that, in turn, leads to an increase in demand and ultimately affects the structure of the economy. This formula of evolutionary development is not new. Thus, the dominance of the services sector in the structure of GDP became a characteristic feature of the developed countries economies at the end of the twentieth century. The share of the service sector in the structure of the economies of such countries like the US, France, Great Britain, Germany exceeded 70%. This trend was strengthened during the period of rapid development of Internet and information and communications technology. Information technologies contribute to the emergence of new industries and the growth in demand for services based on IT technologies, leading to improved interpersonal communications. The impact of IT-technologies in the growth of the share of the services sector is estimated at 15%. At the same time, with innovative development, the society brings forward new demands on education. Let us turn to the ideas of one of the authors of the post-industrial society and the author of the book “The Third Wave” Alvin Toffler, according to whom the development of mankind passed through three waves, three leaps of scientific and technical progress, which predetermined different types of society: agrarian, industrial and postindustrial. The agrarian (pre-industrial) society, in other words, the traditional society with the dominance of agriculture (90% of the employed) and manual labor, is still inherent in some countries of Latin America and Africa. This type pf social development is marked by the fact that handicraft production did not contribute to the redistribution of the population in the structure of employment towards industry. In order for such a shift to take place, completely new technologies were needed that were necessary for the development of mass production. This shift took place later, when the industrial revolution was accompanied by accelerated processes of urbanization, the transformation of the economy, what ultimately, as a result of the transition from manufactures to machine production, led to the predominance of industrial production and the formation of an industrial society. The development of industry allowed to increase the welfare of the population, which affected the consumption that began to shift towards the service sector. There is an objective law: as the welfare of the population grows, the paying capacity increases too, as well as the consumption of services. People do not want to engage in routine work - be that at work and at home, there is an active transition of certain types of work to outsourcing, and therefore the need for services begins