Лексикология английского языка. Теория и практика = Lectures on English Lexicology: Theory and Practice
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Английский язык
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ФЛИНТА
Год издания: 2021
Кол-во страниц: 160
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Учебник
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ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-9765-4824-4
Артикул: 785450.01.99
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Данный учебник разработан в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС ВО. Учебник включает основные сведения о лексикологии как разделе языкознания, семантике, этимологическом составе современного
английского языка, словообразовании и фразеологии, полисемии, синонимии и антонимии, стилистической дифференциации словарного состава английского языка. Учебник предлагается для преподавания основ лексикологии современного английского языка студентам очной формы обучения при подготовке по направлению 45.03.02 «Лингвистика», программе дополнительного профессионального образования и профессиональной переподготовки «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации», а также для всех, кто интересуется теорией языка.
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Н.Д. Овчинникова Е.В. Сачкова ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА Теория и практика LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Theory and Practice Учебник Москва Издательство «ФЛИНТА» 2021
УДК 81.111’373(075.8) ББК 81.432.1-3я73 О-35 Авто р ы: Овчинникова Наталья Дмитриевна ― доцент, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры «Русский и иностранные языки» Академии базовой подготовки Российского университета транспорта (МИИТ); Сачкова Елена Владимировна ― доцент, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры «Лингвистика» Института экономики и финансов Российского университета транспорта (МИИТ) Ре це нзе нты: доцент, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры «Фонетики и лексики английского языка», Института иностранных языков Московского педагогического государственного университета М.А. Кузина; канд. филол. наук, приглашенный преподаватель кафедры немецкого языка Департамента иностранных языков Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» Ю.В. Романченко Овчинникова Н.Д. О-35 Лексикология английского языка. Теория и практика = Lectures on English Lexicology: Theory and Practice : учебник / Н.Д. Овчинникова, Е.В. Сачкова. — Москва : ФЛИНТА, 2021. — 160 с. — ISBN 978-5-9765-4824-4. — Текст : электронный. Данный учебник разработан в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС ВО. Учебник включает основные сведения о лексикологии как разделе языкознания, семантике, этимологическом составе современного английского языка, словообразовании и фразеологии, полисемии, синонимии и антонимии, стилистической дифференциации словарного состава английского языка. Учебник предлагается для преподавания основ лексикологии современного английского языка студентам очной формы обучения при подготовке по направлению 45.03.02 «Лингвистика», программе дополнительного профессионального образования и профессиональной переподготовки «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации», а также для всех, кто интересуется теорией языка. УДК 81.111’373(075.8) ББК 81.432.1-3я73 ISBN 978-5-9765-4824-4 © Овчинникова Н.Д., Сачкова Е.В., 2021 © Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2021
CONTENTS Preface ...............................................................................................................6 Lecture 1. Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics .........................................7 1.1. The subject of lexicological investigation ...........................................7 1.2. Types of vocabulary units ....................................................................7 1.3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences .....................................................8 1.4. Branches of lexicology ........................................................................8 Lecture 2. A Word as the Basic Unit of Lexicology ....................................10 2.1. The defi nition of a word and its basic characteristics ........................10 2.2. The theory of a word ..........................................................................10 2.3. The morphemic structure of a word ...................................................12 Lecture 3. English Etymology ......................................................................16 3.1. The problems of English etymology ..................................................16 3.2. The Native Component (NC) .............................................................17 3.3. The Borrowed Component (BC) .......................................................19 3.4. Problems of borrowings .....................................................................22 3.5. Assimilation as a result of the pressure of the Native Core ...............26 Lecture 4. Word-building in Modern English ............................................34 4.1. The origin of word-building (WB) as a means of secondary nomination .........................................................................................34 4.2. The notion of a word-building pattern (WBP) as a two-facet linguistic unit .....................................................................................35 4.3. Productivity of word-building patterns ..............................................36 4.4. The basic types of word-building in present day English ..................37 Lecture 5. Lexical Meaning as a Linguistic Category ...............................48 5.1. Language meaning: lexical (LM) and grammatical meaning (GM) ..................................................................................................48 5.2. The defi nition of lexical meaning according to the referential approach .............................................................................................48 5.3. Componental structure of lexical meaning ........................................50 5.4. Development of new meanings: causes, semantic process, result ..................................................................................................54 Lecture 6. Polysemy as a Means of Secondary Nomination ......................58 6.1. The nature of polysemy .....................................................................58
6.2. A lexico-semantic variant (LSV), its notion ......................................59 6.3. Types of lexico-semantic variants ......................................................60 Lecture 7. Types of Modern English Homonymy ......................................62 7.1. The defi nition of homonyms ..............................................................62 7.2. The origin of homonyms ...................................................................62 7.3. Classifi cation of homonyms ..............................................................65 Lecture 8. Problems of English Synonyms and Antonyms ........................67 8.1. The defi nition of synonyms ...............................................................67 8.2. Criteria of synonymy .........................................................................68 8.3. Types of synonyms ............................................................................70 8.4. The dominant synonym. Euphemisms ...............................................70 8.5. Antonymy: defi nition, criteria, classifi cation .....................................72 Lecture 9. Phraseology .................................................................................80 9.1. Phraseological units as word groups with transferred meanings .......80 9.2. Causes of phraseological units ...........................................................81 9.3. Principles of classifi cation .................................................................83 Lecture 10. Stylistic Classifi cation of the English Vocabulary ..................91 10.1. Stylistic сlassifi cation ........................................................................91 10.2. The literary vocabulary ......................................................................93 10.3. The colloquial vocabulary .................................................................94 TOTAL CHECKUP ....................................................................................100 APPENDIX 1 ...............................................................................................103 Lexicon ...................................................................................................103 Lexemes .................................................................................................103 What Counts as a Word? ........................................................................105 The Structure of Words ..........................................................................106 The Table of the Most Common English Suffi xes .................................107 The Sources of the Lexicon ....................................................................110 Borrowing ..............................................................................................112 Lexical Twins and Triplets .....................................................................124 57 Varieties of Prefi xes ...........................................................................125 Anglo-Compound-o-Matics ...................................................................128 Semi-Affi xes ..........................................................................................129 The Loaded Lexicon ..............................................................................132 Connotative Functions ...........................................................................133 Snarling and Purring ..............................................................................134
Colour Vitamins .....................................................................................135 Polysemy ................................................................................................137 Homograph .............................................................................................139 Homonym ...............................................................................................139 Homophone ............................................................................................140 Synonym ................................................................................................140 Taboo ......................................................................................................141 Antonym .................................................................................................143 Hyponym ................................................................................................144 Phraseological Units ...............................................................................145 Style ........................................................................................................148 The Common Core .................................................................................152 APPENDIX 2 ...............................................................................................154 Keys to Practical Assignments ...............................................................154 Bibliography .................................................................................................157
PREFACE Why to study Lexicology? Once professor Snape said: “You are here to learn the subtle science and exact art of potionmaking. As there is little foolish wand-waving here, many of you will hardly believe this is magic. I don’t expect you will really understand the beauty of the softly simmering cauldron with its shimmering fumes, the delicate power of liquids that creep through human veins, bewitching the mind, ensnaring the senses... I can teach you how to bottle fame, brew glory, even stopper death...”1 We may say the same about a word. By using words we may bewitch the mind, ensnare the sense, cure the heart and kill a broken soul. By using words we may bewitch, enchant and bemuse, we may persuade and convince. With words we may bottle wrath, brew glory to an obscure and even stop death. And the science which teaches what word to use, what a word means and where it comes from is Lexicology. If one day you want to know why simmer is not the same as shimmer and completely different from shiver, Lexicology gives you an answer. This book is intended primarily for the English language students who major in Linguistics and, generally, for all those people, who want to master the English language. The book contains information on the etymology of the English word stock, crucial problems of word meaning, word-building and phraseological units. It also concerns the issues of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy as well as the stylistic peculiarities of the English vocabulary. The information presented in Appendix will enlarge your scope of knowledge on the given topics. We want to express our sincere gratitude to M.D. Rezvetsova, professor at Moscow Pedagogical State University who taught to love and to value a WORD. Authors 1 From J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s stone”.
Lecture 1. LEXICOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS 1.1. The subject of lexicological investigation Linguistics in its totality deals with the study of human language as the subject of its investigation. Language is an extremely complicated phenomenon with a lot of properties and characteristics. For the purpose of thorough examination it is decomposed into relatively independent spheres to be studied by phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicology, history of the language, stylistics, etc. The term ‘lexicology’ is derived from 2 Greek roots (lexis — word, logos — learning). The vocabulary of a language, the word-stock is studied by lexicology whose main task is to present the vocabulary as a system. The term ‘system’ denotes a whole made up of interdependent elements of the same nature which are related in certain specifi c ways. Unlike grammar and phonetics which are closed systems vocabulary is an open one which is subjected to constant changes in the number and properties of units. This peculiarity of vocabulary makes some scholars doubt its systematic character. They look upon it as chaotic. To this however there is a strong objection: there is an objective connection between words and real objects they nominate, i.e., the systematic character of objective reality is bemirrored in the system of language. So, vocabulary can be said to be a loose system, not a mathematically organized collection of elements which are interdependent and derive their signifi cance from the system as a whole. 1.2. Types of vocabulary units The lexical units are two-facet elements possessing form and meaning. These are morphemes, words and set expressions. Morphemes are parts of words into which words may be analysed and set expressions are groups of words with completely
or partially transferred meanings into which words may be combined. The word is the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds, capable of a particular grammatical employment, characterized by a positional mobility and indivisibility, capable of functioning alone. In Russian linguistics the word is taken for the basic vocabulary unit. 1.3. The position of lexicology in the language hierarchy. Links with other linguistic sciences Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Neither linguistic theory, nor linguistic practice can do without it. The word is studied in several branches of linguistics and not in lexicology only and the latter, in its turn, is closely connected with general linguistics, history of the language, phonetics, stylistics, grammar, etc. Lexicology and phonetics: phonemes participate in signifi cation: they serve to distinguish between meanings: e.g., set — sat, did — deed. Lexicology and grammar: on the one hand, words belong to some part of speech and have some lexico-grammatical characteristics of the word class to which they belong. On the other hand, the grammatical form and function of the word affect its lexical meaning: e.g., to read — read — reading. Lexicology and stylistics: stylistics studies the problems of meaning, connotations, synonymy, functional styles and other issues. 1.4. Branches of lexicology Lexicology includes such branches as: 1. General lexicology: is occupied with the general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the specifi c features of any particular 1anguage.
2. Special lexicology: deals with the description of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given 1anguage. 3. Contrastive lexicology: compares and describes the vocabularies of different languages. 4. Historical lexicology or etymology: studies the evolution of vocabulary. 5. Descriptive lexicology: describes morphological and semantic structures of a word at a given stage of its development. 6. Sociolinguistics: studies relations between the way the 1anguage works and develops, on the one hand, and the facts of social life, on the other. 7. Semaciology: specializes in the semantic studies of a word. 8. Phraseology: specializes in word groups characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning. For more information read Appendix 1. Lexicon and Lexemes.
Lecture 2. A WORD AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LEXICOLOGY 2.1. The defi nition of a word and its basic characteristics To give the defi nition of a word is one of the most diffi cult tasks in linguistics, because the simplest word has many different aspects. It has a sound form being a certain arrangement of phonemes; it has its morphological structure being a certain arrangement of morphemes; when used in actual speech it may occur in different word forms, have different syntactic functions and signal various meanings. In linguistics a word has been defi ned syntactically, semantically, phonologically and by combining different approaches. E.g., It has been syntactically defi ned as “the minimum sentence” by H. Sweet and much later by L. Bloomfi eld as “the minimum free form”. A word should possess some characteristics which distinguish it from other 1anguage units: ● indivisibility — nothing can be inserted between its elements; ● positional mobility — it’s positionally mobile; ● uninterruptability — it’s internally stable in terms of the order of the component morphemes. Taking into account all these characteristics we may conclude that a word is the smallest signifi cant unit of a given 1anguage capable of functioning alone and characterized by positional mobility within a sentence, morphological uninterruptability and semantic integrity. 2.2. The theory of a word The fi rst problem any science is to solve is that of its basic units. To solve this problem we result from the purposes of language as a
tool of communication. As language refl ects notions the basic unit of lexicology must be capable of carrying content (information about reality). The theory of a word was introduced in the mid-50s by Professor A.I. Smirnitsky. In it he argued the basic status of a word as the smallest vocabulary unit, pointing out the major properties of a word and its differences from the other types of vocabulary units. The essence of the issue is summed up in 2 problems: ● the size of unit problem, ● the identity of unit problem. In the vocabulary we fi nd 3 types of units one of which to be recognized as basic should possess 2 obligatory purposes: ● to name an object (nominative function), ● to be able to take part in the construction of a sentence to make communication possible (communicative function). Professor A.I. Smirnitsky compared the 3 types of vocabulary units (a morpheme, a word, a phrase) to select the one to meet these two criteria: nominative and communicative functions. By comparison he isolated a word as the basic unit for the following reasons. A morpheme is a carrier of only one type of language meaning either lexical or grammatical or word-building, it is the smallest meaningful unit but incapable of functioning in a sentence. A phrase is both meaningful and functional but cannot be accepted as the smallest one being a word combination. In such a way a word is the basic vocabulary unit. It’s only a word that combines both types of meaning (lexical and grammatical) and is the smallest one for that matter. This solution was achieved within the framework of the fi rst problem. Examination of a word’s behaviour shows that it’s a variable unit whose both planes are subject to deviation. This objective fact was taken by Professor A.I. Smirnitsky into consideration and studied within the framework of the second problem: what is the extent to which a word may vary in both planes to remain the same unit (to retain its identity). He produced a classifi cation of types of variation of a word.
Types of variation of a word: 1. phonetic variants (slightly different in sound shape). E.g., Compare the variants of pronunciation of the words: often, direct, nephew. 2. morphemic variants / word-building: Poetic — poetical, Lyric — lyrical. 3. morphological variants (one and the same grammatical form can be expressed by different grammatical means): learnt — learned, spoilt — spoiled. 4. lexico-semantic variants (LSV) (numerous related meanings making up a polysemantic word). LSV is a separate meaning of a polysemantic word related to its other meanings due to a common semantic component present in the meaning of all LSVs. 2.3. The morphemic structure of a word A word consists of morphemes which can be defi ned as the smallest meaningful units which have a sound form and meaning, and which occur in speech only as a part of a word. Morphemes are subdivided into root-morphemes and affi xational morphemes. The root morpheme is the lexical centre of the word while the affi xational morpheme is a structurally important element of a word. In many cases it adds the part of speech meaning. e.g., dark — darkness, care — careful — careless. According to their position affi xational morphemes are divided into prefi xes, suffi xes and infi xes. According to their ability to function alone morphemes are divided into free and bound. Free morphemes may occur in isolation and coincide with word forms: e.g., blackberry. Bound morphemes are not found in isolation: e.g., manlyness.
There are groups of words in which it is by no means easy to single out morphemes because what looks like a root morpheme has no meaning of its own: e.g., perceive, deceive, conceive, receive. Such morphemes are called pseudo-morphemes. Root morphemes (ill, monger, half) are on their way to becoming affi xational morphemes: e.g., fi shmonger’s, newsmonger’s, ill-tempered, ill-mannered, illbread. They are semi-affi xes. The relationship between the two classifi cations of morphemes discussed above can be graphically presented in the following diagram: For more information read Appendix 1. What counts as a word? and The structure of words, The table of the most common English suffi xes, 57 varieties of prefi xes, semi-affi xes. PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 1. Find a word with an infl ection: worker, darkness, books, rewrite 2. Find a word with a derivational affi x: night, heartless, Ivanov’s, papers
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