Micro- and Nanoelectronics

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации 

НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
М.Д. ГОЛЫШЕВА,  
Е.В. ГУЖЕВА, С.В. НИКРОШКИНА 
 
 
 
 
 
MICRO-  
AND NANOELECTRONICS 
 
Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета 
в качестве учебного пособия 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
НОВОСИБИРСК 
2019 

 

ББК 81.432.1-7-923 
        Г 629 
 
 

Рецензенты: 

канд. филол. наук, доцент Е.С. Замашанская, 
канд. псих. наук, доцент Ю.В. Клюева 
 
 
Работа выполнена на кафедре иностранных языков ТФ НГТУ 
 
Голышева М.Д. 
Г 629   
Micro- and Nanoelectronics: учебное пособие / М.Д. Голышева, Е.В. Гужева, С.В. Никрошкина. – Новосибирск: Изд-во 
НГТУ, 2019. – 64 с. 

ISBN 978-5-7782-3875-6 

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2го курса РЭФ для 
использования на занятиях в рамках дисциплины «Иностранный 
язык». 
Целью пособия является формирование у студентов коммуникативной компетенции в области своей специальности, которая реализуется в различных видах речевой деятельности, как устной, так и 
письменной. Учебное пособие включает 4 раздела. Три из них 
направлены на развитие навыков устной и письменной речи, чтения: 
«Electronics» («Электроника»), «Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics» 
(«Микроэлектроника и наноэлектроника»), «Multichannel Communication» («Многоканальные средства связи»). Четвёртый раздел содержит теоретические и практические материалы по теме «Non-Finite 
Forms of the Verb» («Неличные формы глагола»). 
 
 
 
ББК 81.432.1-7-923 
 
 
ISBN 978-5-7782-3875-6  
 
 
 
 
 
© Голышева М.Д., Гужева Е.В.,  
    Никрошкина С.В., 2019 
© Новосибирский государственный  
    технический университет, 2019 

 

CONTENTS 

 

Module I. Electronics ............................................................................................... 4 
   Unit 1. Electonics .................................................................................................... 4 
      Text 1 ................................................................................................................... 4 
      Text 2 ................................................................................................................... 7 
   Unit 2. Semiconductors ......................................................................................... 11 
      Text 3 ................................................................................................................. 11 
      Text 4 ................................................................................................................. 14 
      Text 5 ................................................................................................................. 14 

Module II. Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics .............................................. 21 
   Unit 1. Microelectronics ....................................................................................... 21 
      Text 1 ................................................................................................................. 23 
      Text 2 ................................................................................................................. 26 
   Unit 2. Nanoelectronics ........................................................................................ 27 
      Text 3 ................................................................................................................. 27 
      Text 4 ................................................................................................................. 30 

Module III. Multichannel Communications ........................................................ 32 
   Unit 1.  Multichannel Communications ................................................................ 32 
      Text 1 ................................................................................................................. 32 
      Text 2 ................................................................................................................. 35 
   Unit 2. Methods of Multiplexing Data .................................................................. 40 
      Text 3 ................................................................................................................. 40 
      Text 4 ................................................................................................................. 45 

Supplementary Texts ............................................................................................. 50 

Module IV. Non-finite Forms of the Verb ........................................................... 53 
   The Participle ........................................................................................................ 53 
   The Gerund ........................................................................................................... 56 
   The Infinitive ........................................................................................................ 59 

References ............................................................................................................... 62 

 

MODULE I 

ELECTRONICS 

Unit 1. Electronics 

TEXT 1 

Vocabulary: 

applied physics 
[әˈplaɪd ˈfɪzɪks] 
прикладная физика 

generation, n 
[ʤenәˈreɪʃn] 
создание, формирование, 
выработка 
scientific research 
[saɪәnˈtɪfɪk rɪˈsɜːʧ] научные исследования 

due to the efforts 
[djuː] 
[ˈefәt] 
благодаря усилиям 

manipulation, n 
[mәnɪpjʊˈleɪʃn] 
управление; обработка; 
преобразование 

to replace vacuum tubes 
[rɪˈpleɪs] 
[ˈvækjʊәm tjuːbz] 
заменять электронные 
лампы 

a piece of semiconductor [piːs] 
[ˈsemɪkәnˈdʌktә] 
полупроводниковый кристалл 

reduced weight 
[rɪˈdjuːst] 
[weɪt] 
уменьшенный вес 

power consumption 
[ˈpaʊә kәnˈsʌmpʃn] потребление (расход) 
электроэнергии 
to carry out, v 
[ˈkærɪ aʊt] 
выполнять; осуществлять 

solid body 
[ˈsɔlɪd ˈbɔdɪ] 
твердое тело; кристалл; 
полупроводник 
to respond, v 
[rɪsˈpɔnd] 
отвечать; реагировать 

at a rate 
[æt ә reɪt] 
со скоростью 
integrated circuit (IС) 
[ˈɪntɪgreɪtɪd ˈsɜːkɪt] интегральная схема 
batch processing 
[bæʧ ˈprәʊsesɪŋ] 
пакетная обработка 
to assemble, v 
[әˈsembl] 
собирать; монтировать 

to lower manufacturing 
[ˈlәʊә] 
[mænjʊˈfækʧәrɪŋ] 
снизить производительность 
to increase reliability 
[ˈɪnkriːs rɪlaɪәˈbɪlɪtɪ] увеличить надежность 

1. Answer these questions: 

1. What springs to your mind when you hear the word “electronics”? 
Put down as many associations as you can: 

 

2. Using the mind map given above think of the definition to the term 
“electronics”. 
3. How has electronics changed the life of people? 
4. What do you know about the most important breakthroughs in electronics? 
5. Can you imagine your life without electronic devices? Why? 
6. What is the future of electronics? 

2. Read the text below and answer the questions: 

1. What does electronics study? 
2. What discoveries contributed to its development? 

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS 

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the 
design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and 
storage of information. 

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds 
us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and 
industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on 
living organisms became possible due to electronics. 
The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was 
the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes 
assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of 
tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio 
communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of 
early computers during and shortly after the war. 
The transistor invented by American scientists W. Shockly, J. Bardeen 
and W. Brattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the 
vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high 
reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions 
could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early 
transistors could respond at a fate of a few million times a second. This was 
fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for 
high speed computers or for microwave communication systems. 
The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the 
integrated circuit (IС), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science – integrated electronics. 
The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling discrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these 
components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. IС 
greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the 
same time they provided high speed and increased reliability. 

3. Answer the questions: 

1. What is electronics? 
2. Where are electronic devices used? 
3. What was the beginning of electronics development? 
4. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 
5. When was the transistor invented? 

6. What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor? 
7. When were integrated circuits discovered? 
8. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes? 

4. Guess the meaning of the following international  
    words and phrases: 

Electrons; physics; information; microelectronics; industrial design; to 
calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automatization of production 
processes; organisms; vacuum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communication technology; transistor; electrode; components; to realize; communication system; technology; discrete components; chip. 

5. Find equivalents in the text: 

Прикладная физика; передача и прием информации; поток электронов; научные исследования; промышленное проектирование; обнаруживать явления природы; отправная точка; способствовать управлению сигналами; быстрый рост; создание первых компьютеров; полупроводниковый кристалл; потребление электроэнергии; высокая 
надежность; твердотельные компоненты; высокоскоростной компьютер; микроволновые системы связи; полупроводниковая технология; 
область науки; интегральная схема; пакетная обработка; сборка дискретных компонентов на кристалле; снизить производственные затраты; обеспечить высокую скорость. 

6. Make a 2-3 minute report about the importance of electronics.  
    Support your ideas with different examples. 

TEXT 2 

Vocabulary: 

large-scale, adj [ˈlɑːʤˈskeɪl] – крупномасштабный 
powerful amplifier [ˈpaʊәfʊl ˈæmplɪfaɪә] – мощный усилитель 
broadcasting, g [ˈbrɔːdkɑːstɪŋ] – вещание 
to enumerate, v [ɪˈnjuːmәreɪt] – перечислять 
applied science [әˈplaɪd ˈsaɪәns] – прикладная наука 
trajectory, n [ˈtræʤɪktәrɪ] – траектория 
wafer-thin piece [ˈweɪfә θɪn piːs] – тонкая пластина 
reliability, n [rɪlaɪәˈbɪlɪtɪ] – надежность 
puzzling phenomena [ˈpʌzlɪŋ fɪˈnɔmɪnә] – загадочные явления 
to give rise to [gɪv raɪz tuː] – привести к 
commonplace, n [ˈkɔmәnpleɪs] – банальность