Machine-Building Automation. Автоматизация машиностроения

MACHINE-BUILDING AUTOMATION 

АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ 

Учебное пособие 

4-е издание, стереотипное

Москва 
Издательство «ФЛИНТА 
2021 

УДК 811.111(075.8) 
ББК 81.2Англ-923 
        М38 

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: 
канд. пед. наук, доцент, зав. циклом иностранных языков  
Пензенской государственной технологической академии
О.Н. Ясаревская; 
канд. педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков 
военного учебно-научного центра сухопутных войск
«Общевойсковая академия вооруженных сил 
Российской Федерации» (филиал, г. Пенза) 
Т.В. Ханжина 

        Machine-Building Automation. Автоматизация машиностроения 
М38  [Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие / Л.В. Аристова, О.С. Воячек,  

Т.Н. Кондрашина, С.А. Кокурина; при участии Г.Б. Моисеевой, 
Ю.В. Шепелевой; под ред. Т.Н. Кондрашиной. – 4-е изд., стереотип. – 
М. : ФЛИНТА, 2021. – 143 с. 

ISBN 978-5-9765-1201-6 

Учебное 
пособие 
предназначено 
для 
студентов
машиностроительных специальностей. Задания для чтения составлены
на материале текстов, взятых из оригинальных источников, и
способствуют развитию навыков изучающего и ознакомительного
чтения, а также формированию коммуникативной компетенции в сфере
профессионального общения. Тексты сопровождаются упражнениями и
заданиями для тренировки фонетических, лексических, грамматических
и коммуникативных навыков. 

Учебное пособие составлено на кафедре «Английский язык» ПГУ. 

УДК 811.111(075.8) 
ББК 81.2Англ-923 

ISBN 978-5-9765-1201-6 
              © Колл. авторов, 2016

© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2016 

UNIT 1 

FROM MECHANIZATION TO AUTOMATION 

VOCABULARY 

1. technology – технология; техника; технические средства

technology of automation(=automation technology) – автоматизированная

техника; автоматизированные технические 
средства; технические средства автоматизации 

2. to evolve – эволюционировать, развиваться
3. replacement – замещение, замена
4. to power – приводить в действие, служить приводным двигателем

power – сила; мощность, энергия

5. to drive – приводить в движение; приводить в действие

driving force – движущая сила

6. tool – инструмент; станок
7. to develop – создавать; развивать; совершенствовать; разрабатывать

development – развитие; сооружение; разработка; усовершенствование

8. wheel – колесо, маховик
9. lever – рычаг, рукоятка
10. pulley – блок; шкив
11. muscle – мускул; сила
12. to magnify – увеличивать; усиливать
13. extension – расширение; распространение; продолжение
14. to operate – работать; управлять
15. mill – мельница
16. trip-hammer – рычажный молот
17. to assemble – собирать, монтировать

assembly – сборка; узел; агрегат

18. sail – парус; крыло ветряной мельницы
19. engine – машина; двигатель

steam engine – паровая машина
analytical engine – аналитическая машина

20. loom – ткацкий станок
21. pattern – рисунок, узор; образец
22. shuttle – челнок
23. thread – нитка, нить
24. to punch – пробивать; перфорировать
25. ancestor – предок, прародитель
26. tape – лента
27. data – данные; информация
28. to process – обрабатывать
29. precursor – предшественник; предвестник

VOCABULARY EXERCISES 

I. Consult a dictionary and mind the pronunciation of the following words: 

1. muscle, 2. mechanization, 3. undoubtedly, 4. wheel, 5. machine, 6. source,  
7. mathematician, 8. arithmetic, 9. data, 10. programming, 11. processing. 

II. Read and translate the words of the same stem: 

1. mechanism – mechanization – mechanical – mechanically 
2. automation – automatic – automated – automatically 
3. history – historic – prehistoric 
4. to operate – operation – operator 
5. to react – reaction – reactor 
6. to power – power – powered – powerful 
7. to program – program – programmable – programming – programmer 
8. to control – control – controlling – controlled 
9. to process – process – processing – processor 

III. Read the phrases and give their Russian equivalents: 

1. related field, 2. driving force, 3. early developments, 4. physical strength,  
5. powered machines, 6. simple reaction motors, 7. major advance, 8. analytical 
engine, 9. to perform arithmetic. 

IV. Choose some English equivalents for every Russian word: 
A. 1. сила, 2. управлять, 3. усовершенствование. 

B. a. to direct, b. advance, c. power, d. to control, e. development, f. force,  

g. to operate, h. strength. 

V. Match the synonyms and translate them: 

A. 1. to magnify, 2. device, 3. to operate, 4. power, 5. to develop, 6. engine,  

7. to devise, 8. to obtain, 9. important, 10. to demonstrate, 11. data,  
12. advance, 13. to drive. 

B.  a. machine, b. to control, c. to invent, d. information, e. instrument, f. force,  

g. to power, h. to expose, i. progress, j. to evolve, k. to strengthen,  
l. to receive, m. major. 

VI. Read and translate the word-combinations: 

1. automation technology, 2. stone tool, 3. trip-hammer, 4. power source,  
5. windmill mechanism, 6. water power, 7. textiles patterns, 8. shuttle motion,  
9. card hole, 10. data processing, 11. powered machine development,  
12. programmable machine concept, 13. automatic loom program, 14. automatic 
machine control. 

VII. Add the second word to complete the word-combination: 

 
1. industrial … 
2. mechanical … 
3. human … 
4. powered … 
5. complex … 

6. automatic … 
7. nuclear … 
8. digital … 
9. important ... 
10. modern … 

TEXT 1A 

I. Read and translate the text: 

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION 

The technology of automation has evolved from the related field of 

mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution. 
Mechanization refers to the replacement of human (or animal) power with 
mechanical power of some form. The driving force behind mechanization has been 
humankind's propensity to create tools and mechanical devices. Some of the 
important historical developments in mechanization and automation leading to 
modern automated systems are described here. 

The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man's attempts to direct 

his own physical strength under the control of human intelligence. Thousands of 
years were undoubtedly required for the development of simple mechanical 
devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley, by which the 
power of human muscle could be magnified.  

The next extension was the development of powered machines that did not 

require human strength to operate. Examples of these machines include 
waterwheels, windmills, and simple steam-driven devices. More than 2,000 years 
ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and 
waterwheels. The early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered 
by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a rather complex assembly with its 
own built-in power source (a weight), was developed about 1335 in Europe. 
Windmills with mechanisms for automatically turning the sails were developed 
during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine 
represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked 
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries since the 
introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines and machines have been 
devised that obtain their energy from steam, electricity, and chemical, mechanical, 
and nuclear sources. 

Another important development in the history of automation was the 

Jacquard loom, which demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine. 
About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised an automatic loom 
capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of 

many shuttles of different coloured threads. The selection of the different patterns 
was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were 
punched. These cards were the ancestors of the paper cards and tapes that control 
modern automatic machines. The concept of programming a machine was further 
developed later in the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English 
mathematician, proposed a complex, mechanical “analytical engine" that could 
perform arithmetic and data processing. Although Babbage was never able to 
complete it, this device was the precursor of the modern digital computer. 

II. Find the English equivalents in the text: 

1. промышленная революция, 2. исторические достижения, 3. следующий 
шаг, 4. сложная конструкция (агрегат), 5. паровая машина, 6. источник 
ядерной энергии, 7. важное достижение, 8. обработка информации. 

III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings 

of the underlined words: 

1. a. The early tools were made of stone. 

b. Modern tools are programmable machines. 

2. a. Automation has developed from mechanization. 

b. The first powered machines were developed during the Middle Ages. 

3. a. The process of producing complex patterns in textiles could be realized by 

Jacquard loom in 1801. 

b. Charles Babbage proposed to process data by means of his mechanical 

“analytical engine”. 

4. a. Powered machines did not require human strength to operate. 

b. The Jacquard loom was operated by means of a program contained in steel 

cards with punched holes. 

IV. Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences: 

1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human … with mechanical power. 
2. Simple mechanical … were replaced by powered machines. 
3. The Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing … . 
4. The mechanical clock represented a complex … with its own built-in power 

source. 

5. Windmills had … for automatical turning the sails. 
6. The Watt steam … marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. 
7. The Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a programmable … . 
The “analytical engine” proposed by Charles Babbage was the precursor of the 
modern digital … . 

a. engine, b. power, c. devices, d. water, e. computer, f. mechanisms,  
g. assembly, h. machine. 
 
 

GRAMMAR REVISION EXERCISES. 

I. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ing-forms” in 

different functions: 

1. Mechanization had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution. 
2. Simple mechanical devices magnifying the power of human muscle were 

developed hundreds of years ago. 

3. The mechanical clock representing a complex assembly with its own built-in 

power source was designed in 1335 in Europe. 

4. Windmills with mechanisms for turning the sails were created during the 

Middle Ages. 

5. Devising the steam engine by James Watt marked the beginning of the 

Industrial Revolution. 

6. Powered engines and machines obtaining their energy from mechanical, 

chemical, electrical and nuclear sources were being devised during two 
centuries. 

7. The Jacquard automatic loom was capable of producing complex patterns in 

textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles. 

8. The concept of programming a machine was developed in the 19-th century. 
9. Mechanical data processing was proposed by Charles Babbage in the 19-th 

century. 

II. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ed-forms” in 

different functions: 

1. The technology of automation has evolved from mechanization. 
2. Many modern automated systems are derived from mechanical systems. 
3. Thousands of years were required for the development of the wheel, the lever 

and the pulley. 

4. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese devised trip-hammers powered by 

flowing water. 

5. The early Greeks experimented with motors powered by steam. 
6. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered 

machines. 

7. When invented in 1801 the Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a 

programmable machine. 

8. In the Jacquard loom the selection of the pattern in textiles was determined by a 

program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched. 

9. Modern digital computer has been improved many times since Charles Babbage 

proposed his “analytical engine” programmed to perform arithmetic and data 
processing. 

ORAL PRACTICE TASKS 

I.  Divide the text into logical parts and entitle each part. 

II. Answer the questions: 

1. What field has the technology of automation evolved from? 
2. What does mechanization refer to? 
3. What were the first tools made of in prehistoric times? 
4. What kinds of simple mechanical devices and machines were developed under 

the control of human intelligence? 

5. What was the next extension in the development of mechanization? 
6. What are the examples of powered machines that did not require human 

strength to operate? 

7. What powered tool was developed by the Chinese 2,000 years ago? 
8. What motors did the early Greeks experimented with? 
9. What kind of clock was developed in 1335 in Europe? 
10. What kinds of windmills were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and 

the Middle East? 

11. What powered machine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? 
12. Who was the inventor of the steam engine? 
13. What kinds of powered engines and machines have been devised since the 

introduction of the Watt steam engine? 

14. What is the next important development in the history of automation? 
15. What concept did the Jacquard loom demonstrate? 
16. When did Jacquard devise his automatic loom? 
17. What could this automatic loom produce? 
18. How did the Jacquard loom work? 
19. Who developed the concept of programming a machine in the 19-th century? 
20. What engine did Charles Babbage propose? 
21. What operations could his “analytical engine” perform? 
22. What is the historical role of this device? 

III. Do the tasks below: 

1. Look through the scheme. 
2. Using the scheme put some questions concerning the development of 

automation technology. 

3. Comment on the scheme. 

IV. Speak on the development of: 

a) mechanical devices; 
b) powered automatic devices and engines; 
c) programmable automatic machines. 

V. Make a short report on the historical development of automation. 

TEXT 1B 

Translate the text in written form using a dictionary: 

FROM THE HISTORY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

The invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century, 

providing a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution, gave an enormous 
impetus to the development of machinery of all types. As a result, a new major 
classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines developed, receiving 
formal recognition in 1847 in the founding of the Institution of Mechanical 
Engineers in Birmingham, Eng. 

Mechanical engineering has evolved from the practice by the mechanic of 

an art based largely on trial and error to the application by the professional 
engineer of the scientific method in research, design, and production. The demand 
for increased efficiency is continually raising the quality of work expected from a 
mechanical engineer and requiring a higher degree of education and training. 

The Development of Automation Technology 

mechanical devices 
powered machines 
programmable machines 

wheels 

levers 

pulleys

waterwheels

windmills

trip hammers

steam motors

steam engines

mechanical clocks

Jackard loom 
analytical engine 

TEXT 1C 

Look through the text and do the tasks below: 

DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS 

The high standard of living in the developed countries owes much to 

mechanical engineering. The mechanical engineer invents machines to produce 
goods and develops machine tools of increasing accuracy and complexity to build 
the machines. 

The principal lines of development of machinery have been an increase in 

the speed of operation to obtain high rates of production, improvement in 
accuracy to obtain quality and economy in the product, and minimization of 
operating costs. These three requirements have led to the evolution of complex 
control systems. 

The most successful production machinery is that in which the mechanical 

design of the machine is closely integrated with the control system. A modern 
transfer (conveyor) line for the manufacture of automobile engines is a good 
example of the mechanization of a complex series of manufacturing processes. 
Developments are in hand to automate production machinery further, using 
computers to store and process the vast amount of data required for 
manufacturing a variety of components with a small number of versatile machine 
tools. 

1. Translate the title of the text. 
2. Formulate the main idea of the text. 
3. Choose the main information from every paragraph. 
4. Make up the plan of the text. 
Write down the annotation of the text in Russian