Английский язык : устная речь
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Издательство:
ФЛИНТА
Автор:
Кузнецова Татьяна Сергеевна
Год издания: 2018
Кол-во страниц: 268
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-9765-3611-1
Артикул: 725843.02.99
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Практикум содержит тексты на английском языке в британском и американском вариантах по современной тематике (изобретения, нанотехнологии, экологические проблемы, глобализация и др.) с вопросами и заданиями, нацеленными на расширение словарного запаса по указанным темам и совершенствование навыков устной речи. Для студентов старших курсов бакалавриата и магистратуры языковых факультетов. Также может использоваться при подготовке к международным экзаменам по английскому языку.
Тематика:
ББК:
УДК:
ОКСО:
- ВО - Бакалавриат
- 45.03.01: Филология
- 45.03.02: Лингвистика
- ВО - Магистратура
- 45.04.01: Филология
- 45.04.02: Лингвистика
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Министерство образования и науки российской Федерации уральский Федеральный университет иМени первого президента россии б. н. ельцина т. с. кузнецова английский язык устная речь практикум Москва Екатеринбург Издательство «ФЛИНТА» Издательство Уральского университета 2018 2018 2-е издание, стереотипное
ISBN 978-5-9765-3611-1 (ФЛИНТА) © уральский федеральный университет, 2018 ISBN 978-5-7996-2210-7 (Изд-во Урал. ун-та) © Кузнецова Т. С., 2018 р е ц е н з е н т ы: кафедра иностранных языков уральского государственного экономического университета (зав. кафедрой о. л. с о ко л о в а); канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков уральского юридического института Министерства внутренних дел российской Федерации в. в. г у з и ко в а УДК 811.111(075.8) ббк 81.432.1-5я73 к89 Кузнецова Т. С. английский язык : устная речь [Электронный ресурс] : практикум / т. с. кузнецова. — 2-е изд., стер. — М. : ФЛИНТА ; екатеринбург : изд-во урал. ун-та, 2018. — 268 с. ISBN 978-5-9765-3611-1 (ФЛИНТА) ISBN 978-5-7996-2210-7 (Изд-во Урал. ун-та) Практикум содержит тексты на английском языке в британском и американском вариантах по современной тематике (изобретения, нанотехнологии, экологические проблемы, глобализация и др.) с вопросами и заданиями, нацеленными на расширение словарного запаса по указанным темам и совершенствование навыков устной речи. для студентов старших курсов бакалавриата и магистратуры язы ковых факультетов. также может использоваться при подготовке к международным экзаменам по английскому языку. К89 УДК 811.111(075.8) ббк 81.432.1-5я73
предисловие ................................................................................................. 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ................................................................. 7 Landmark Inventions of the Millennium (H. Brody) .............................. 7 NUCLEAR POWER AND WEAPONS ...................................................... 25 Energy: How Nuclear Power Works (I. Sample) .................................. 27 Nuclear Weapons: How Many Are there in 2009 and Who Has Them? .................................................................................................... 31 ROBOTS AND ROBOTICS ........................................................................ 34 Robots Create Revolution in Evolution (J. Borger, T. Radford) ........... 36 Guilty Robots (D. Kerr) ........................................................................ 40 Robot Wars Are a Reality (N. Sharkey) ................................................. 41 War Crimes and Killer Robots (A. Brown) ............................................ 43 Centre Pioneers Robotic Surgery .......................................................... 45 An Interview at the Operating Table: Your Life in a Robot’s Hands (E. Midgley) ........................................................................................... 46 The Incredible Bionic Man ..................................................................... 48 NANOTECHNOLOGY ............................................................................... 51 Future Impact of Nanotechnology (P. Yang, D. E. Luzzi) ..................... 51 The Dark Secret of Hendrik Schön — Nanotechnology ....................... 53 GENETIC ENGINEERING ........................................................................ 55 The Theory of Genetic Engineering ...................................................... 56 False Dawns in the Brave World of New Genetics (M. Bygrave) ......... 60 The Ethics of Human Cloning (L. J. Morse) ......................................... 76 Scientists Say Food Supplies Hinge on Genetic Engineering (C. Wallerstien) ..................................................................................... 89 Brave New World by A. Huxley ............................................................. 91 Оглавление
HEALTH AND MEDICINE ........................................................................ 94 The Issues and Ethics of Organ Transplantation ................................... 94 Euthanasia: Notion and Ethics (T. L. Beauchamp) ............................... 98 Australia: Euthanasia Law Overturned ............................................... 104 LAW AND ORDER ................................................................................... 106 Commonly Used Legal Terms ............................................................. 106 Saving Lives and Money ..................................................................... 114 Executing Justice ................................................................................. 116 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished? (L .C. Marshall) ................ 118 Why the Death Penalty Is a Necessary and Proper Means of Punishment? (P. G. Cassell) ........................................................... 125 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND PROTECTION ................................ 132 Threats to the Environment (M. Zimmerman) ..................................... 134 Global Warming (J. Hart) ................................................................... 145 Pacific Islands in Danger: Tuvalu and Kiribati .................................... 155 Buried in Garbage? (S. Swanson) ........................................................ 157 Will Renewable Sources of Energy Come of Age in the 21st Century? (Ch. Flavin, S. Dunn) .......................................................................... 170 THE CONSUMER SOCIETY ................................................................... 186 But Will It Make You Happy? (S. Rosenbloom) ................................. 186 Effects of Consumerism ...................................................................... 196 Advertising (B. Robbs) ........................................................................ 198 GLOBALIZATION ...................................................................................... 215 Life in the Global Marketplace (M. I. Hassan) .................................... 215 GLOBAL THREATS AND TERRORISM .................................................. 225 The Enduring Impact of 9/11 (G. LaFree, L. Dugan, E. Miller) .......... 225 THE INTERNET AND SOCIETY ............................................................ 237 Don’t Take My Internet Away (L. Hickman) ....................................... 241 What Will the Internet Look Like 40 Years in the Future? (E. Bell) ... 243 Addiction to Internet ‘Is an Illness’ (D. Smith) ................................... 245 The Internet and the ‘E-solated’ (T. Adams) ........................................ 248 The Dark Side of the Internet (A. Beckett) .......................................... 255 пример итоговой контрольной работы по разделу ................................ 263 источники ................................................................................................. 265
практикум дополняет курс устной речи и призван лечь в основу комплекса знаний, которыми студенты должны обладать по окончании курса. в практикум включены тексты для чтения, снабженные, где необходимо, вопросами и заданиями, нацелен ными на освоение базовой лексики по курсу устной речи. тексты взяты из ведущих научных, публицистических и энциклопеди ческих изданий на английском языке (в британском и американ ском его вариантах) и отражают современную лексику. тематика текстов продиктована программой курса устной речи и включает следующие разделы: «изобретения и открытия, сделанные человечеством», «наука и техника», «робототехника», «нанотехнологии», «генная инженерия: научно-этические аспекты», «Медицина: современные проблемы и пути их решения», «Экологические проблемы современности и охрана окружающей среды», «общество потребления и реклама», «глобализация», «Мировые угрозы и терроризм», «интернет». не претендуя на всеохватность, предложенные тексты отражают основные научные, гуманитарные и этические аспекты названных проблем современности и различные точки зрения ученых и обществен ности на них, позволяют составить комплексное представление об изучаемом феномене. содержание текстов рассчитано на студентов с продвинутым уровнем знания английского языка. каждый раздел предполагает как аудиторное, так и самостоятельное ознакомление студентов с лексическим материалом и дальнейшие наблюдения над его реализацией в тексте, являю щемся организующей единицей раздела. текст наиболее полно освещает поставленную проблему, ему в большинстве случаев предпослан Предисловие
набор важнейших лексических единиц, обусловли вающих адекватное понимание текста, и вопросов, ответы на ко торые студенты должны найти в процессе его прочтения. озна комление с базовой лексикой по теме, изучение особенностей ее перевода, произношения, функционирования в контексте обеспе чивает наиболее глубокое, всестороннее и эффективное овладе ние лексическим материалом. практикум также включает упражнения к аудиозаписям и фильмам, ознакомление с которыми является частью курса. по усмотрению преподавателя очередность изучения того или иного раздела может варьироваться, задания — видоизменяться в зависимости от потребностей аудитории. в конце практикума приводится пример итоговой контроль ной работы, предлагаемой студентам для проверки усвоения ими материала по конкретной теме.
LANDMARK INVENTIONS OF THE MILLENNIUM Study the vocabulary, get ready to define, translate and transcribe the words from the text Landmark Inventions of the Millennium. Then read the text and answer the questions below. Useful vocabulary (in order of appearance) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1) glass lens 2) wireless communications, instantaneous communications 3) printing press 4) scientific and technological breakthrough 5) stringent criteria 6) fundamental leap 7) to devise 8) steam engine 9) rapid transportation 10) to hold out 11) automobile 12) propulsive power 13) internal-combustion engine 14) gemstone 15) spectacles 16) microscope 17) telescope 18) mariner 19) to yield information 20) to throw navigators off course 21) uncharted lands 22) compass 23) lodestone/loadstone 24) antiquity 25) sundial 26) water clock 27) reservoir 28) float (n.) 29) pointer arm 30) verge escapement 31) notched wheel 32) pendulum 33) to be off (of a clock) 34) refinement
35) to reverberate 36) longitude 37) boon to science 38) shortsighted/farsighted 39) to dissolve into a blur 40) heavenly body 41) hotbed of smth. 42) optical workshops 43) teeming microbes 44) animalcules 45) bacterium, -a 46) protozoan, -a 47) immunization 48) dissemination of knowledge 49) word of mouth 50) handprinted 51) manuscript 52) to ignite 53) to predate 54) block printing 55) stamping 56) papermaking 57) bubonic plague 58) scribe 59) to copy smth. by hand 60) to foster the development 61) movable metal type 62) to stoke intellectual fires 63) to usher 64) appreciation for 65) steam engine 66) muscles 67) beast of burden 68) locomotive 69) to come about (in stages) 70) cooling chamber 71) lubrication 72) insulation 73) system of gears 74) rotary motion 75) steam-powered railroad trains 76) industrialization 77) electrical generating stations 78) to stand on the shoulders of 79) light bulb 80) centrally generated electrical power 81) battery power 82) dynamo 83) cable 84) transformer 85) electric appliance 86) to grind to a halt 87) incremental improvement 88) telegraphy 89) tinkerer 90) prototype 91) to become commonplace 92) fell swoop 93) visible medium 94) radio waves 95) electromagnetic radiation 96) ultraviolet light 97) X-rays 98) hertz 99) cholera 100) pneumonia 101) meningitis 102) scarlet fever
103) gonorrhea 104) tuberculosis 105) a mold 106) penicillium 107) penicillin 108) Petri dishes 109) huge vats 110) academia 111) allied soldiers 112) D-day 113) scourge of disease 114) silicon chips 115) electronic circuitry 116) mind-bendingly complex 117) electric voltage 118) electric current 119) binary language 120) to translate into smth. (in technology) 121) vacuum tube 122) flow of current 123) general-purpose digital computer 124) ENIAC 125) to permeate 126) analog system 127) digital explosion 128) integral part 129) technology boom 130) semiconductor chip 131) information age 132) jumbo jet 133) electronic scoreboard 134) illiterate 135) labour-saving 136) life expectancy 137) desktop/laptop Proper names (mind the pronunciation) 1) Christiaan Huygens 2) Hans Lippershey (Lipperhey) 3) Galileo 4) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 5) Johannes Gutenberg 6) James Watt 7) Michael Faraday 08) Samuel E.B. Morse 09) Alexander Graham Bell 10) Heinrich Hertz 11) Guglielmo Marconi 12) Reginald Fessenden 13) Ernest Duchesne 14) Alexander Fleming Questions 1) What are the main inventions of the millennium the author includes in the article? What are the ones he omits? Why? 2) Why is not, e.g. the telephone included?
3) What is the difference between an invention and a discovery? 4) Why was the invention of the compass essential? 5) What is the origin of the compass? 6) When does the story of the mechanical clock start? 7) When did the first mechanical clocks appear? Where? 8) What is the mechanism of verge escapement? 9) Who made it possible for the clock to become more accurate? How? What else do you know about this person? 10) Why was the invention of the clock important? 11) When and what for was the first lens introduced? 12) Who invented the telescope? What is the story behind the invention? 13) What was Galileo’s telescope like? 14) Why is Holland called “the hotbed of optics development of the early 17th century”? 15) What are animalcules? What is the origin of the word? 16) When did printing first appear? Where? 17) What was the situation with printing in Europe? Give details. 18) Speak about Johannes Gutenberg and his contribution to the development of printing. 19) How does the steam engine work? 20) How was the technology of the steam engine developed? 21) Who invented the steam engine? 22) Why does electricity stand out among all the other inventions? 23) When did the study of electricity first begin? Describe the way scientists’ attention to it grew. 24) What was the invention that led to a larger availability of electricity? 25) How did this discovery change people’s lives? 26) What is the history of delivering the news? 27) Describe how the telegraph functions. 28) Who stands at the roots of the invention? 29) What was the first message Morse sent? 30) What is the principle the radio works on? 31) What is Guglielmo Marconi famous for? 32) Was the way the radio functioned at the beginning different from how it functions now?
33) Tell the story of the discovery of antibiotics. 34) How does the transistor work? 35) What was the first computer like? 36) Who invented the transistor? How did it influence the development of technology? 37) Comment on the importance of the inventions of the millennium. In this September 1999 Encarta Yearbook feature article, Technology Review senior editor Herb Brody identifies and describes the most important inventions of the past 1,000 years. (Can you name more?) By Herb Brody* You get up in the morning and put on your glasses, snap on the radio, and grab the morning paper. Already you have directly benefited from three of the greatest inventions of the last 1,000 years: the glass lens, wireless communications, and the printing press. Later you ride the subway to work, where you use a computer and make telephone calls — three more developments made possible by scientific breakthroughs during the fertile millennium that is now coming to an end. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs — but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some stringent criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have enabled significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries. And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. * Herb Brody is a veteran technology journalist and senior editor at Technology Review.
Fundamental Breakthroughs Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs that are included in this discussion. While a device that could artificially transmit the human voice was clearly significant, the telephone was not really a fundamental leap when it was developed in the 1870s. That came decades earlier, when the first telegraph machine ushered in our present era of instantaneous communications. Indeed, American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was working on ways to improve the telegraph when he devised the telephone. The phone was, in origin and in practice, an improvement on existing technology. Similarly, the steam engine brought for the first time the possibility of rapid transportation. Before that, no person could travel on land faster or farther than an animal could hold out. After the invention of the steam engine, the only limits were the amount of fuel and the reliability of the machine — both factors that people could control. The airplane, the automobile, and even the rocket are based on this basic idea of deriving huge amounts of propulsive power by burning fuel. Once the steam engine put that idea into practice, developments such as the internalcombustion engine — which now powers the world’s millions of automobiles — came as almost inevitable refinements. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: The difference between “invention” and “discovery” is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist. For example, ancient people discovered that drops of water and certain gemstones distorted light in a predictable way. However, it was not until medieval times that others tried to reproduce this effect by applying new glass-shaping technology to the formation of lenses — the basic elements of spectacles, microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. Similarly, people knew about and studied electricity as
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