Английский язык : практикум по чтению научно-технических текстов

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ 

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ  
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ  
«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИСиС» 

 

 
 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

№ 1812 

Кафедра русского и иностранного языков и литературы

В.В. Новикова  
С.И. Перминова 
А.В. Щербакова 

Английский язык

Практикум по чтению научно-технических текстов 
для студентов II курса факультета  
полупроводниковых материалов и приборов 

 

Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским  
советом института 

Москва  2012 

УДК 811.111 
 
Н73 

Р е ц е н з е н т  
д-р филолог. наук, проф. О.А. Колыхалова (Моск. гос. пед. ун-т) 

Новикова В.В, Перминова С.И., Щербакова А.В. 
Н73  
Английский язык: Практикум по чтению научно-технических 
текстов. – М.: МИСиС, 2012. – 70 с. 

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов всех специальностей 
II курса факультета ПМП. 
Цель практикума – развить навыки чтения научно-технической литературы, а также навыки устной речи в пределах проработанных тем. При отборе текстового материала, лексики и грамматики учтена специфика стиля научно-технических текстов. Разнообразные упражнения направлены на закрепление лексико-грамматического материала, на развитие навыков разных видов чтения и устной речи. 
Соответствует программе курса английского языка. 

© НИТУ «МИСиС», 2012 

CONTENTS 
Chapter 1. Language Material ................................................................4 
Unit 1. Some Basic Facts about Matter..............................................................4 
Grammer. The Passive Construction..................................................6 
Text 1. Atomic Structure of Matter. Electrons in Motion ..................7 
Text 2. Our Electronic World...........................................................11 
Text 3. Neutrons...............................................................................13 
Text 4. Electrons in Orbit.................................................................14 
Unit 2. Semiconductors. Their Types...............................................................14 
Grammer. The Participle ..................................................................17 
Text 1. Semiconductors....................................................................17 
Text 2. Development of Semiconductor Devices.............................21 
Text 3. Recombination .....................................................................23 
Text 4. Conductivity.........................................................................24 
Unit 3. Semiconductor Materials......................................................................24 
Grammer. The Infinitive. The Infinitive Constructions ...................27 
Text 1. Silicon and Germanium .......................................................27 
Text 2. Conductivity of Semiconductors..........................................30 
Text 3. The Properrties of Semiconductors......................................32 
Unit 4. Crystals...................................................................................................33 
Grammer. The Gerund. The Complex with the Gerund...................35 
Text 1. Some facts about Crystals....................................................35 
Text 2. Techniques of Crystal Growth .............................................38 
Text 3. Characterization of Crystals used in Power Electronics ......40 
Chapter 2. Grammar Practice...............................................................41 
The Passive Voice..............................................................................................41 
The Participle. The Absolute Participle Construction ...........................46 
The Infinitive. The Infinitive Constructions ..........................................51 
The Gerund. The Complex with the Gerund .........................................56 
Chapter 3. Supplementary Reading......................................................60 
Text 1. Electron Devices...................................................................60 
Text 2. Microelectronics...................................................................61 
Text 3. Ohmic Contacts....................................................................62 
Text 4. What are Lasers and Masers?...............................................62 
Text 5. Radar ....................................................................................63 
Text 6. Laser Applications................................................................64 
Text 7. The p-n Junction...................................................................65 
Text 8. Principles of Fabrication of Semiconductor Devices ...........66 
Text 9. Crystal Growth from the Melt..............................................67 
Text 10. Crystal Growth by Chemical Transport Reaction. 
Production of Germanium Single Crystal Layer ..............................68 

CHAPTER 1. LANGUAGE MATERIAL 

Unit 1. Some Basic Facts about Matter 

I. Words to be learnt 

matter (n) – материя 
unit (n) – элемент, единица измерения, глава (книга) 
pattern (n) – модель, структура, образец, форма 
space lattice (n) – пространственная решетка 
particle (n) – частица 
dimension (n) – размер, измерение 
syn: size 
charge (n,v) – заряд, заряжать 
excess (n) – избыток, излишек 
in excess of – больше, сверх (нормы) 
excessive (adj) – чрезмерный 
current (n) – ток, поток 
lack (n,v) – недостаток, нехватка, полное отсутствие, не иметь, испытовать недостаток 
weight (n) – вес 
loose (adj) –свободный, несвязанный, просторный 
ant: tight – плотный, связанный, тесный 
considerable (adj) –значительный 
be composed of (v) – состоять из 
syn: consist of (v)  
be made up of (v) 
make up (v) – составлять 
arrange (v) – организовывать, располагать, классифицировать 
arrangement (n) – расположение (в определенном порядке) 
compare (v) – сравнивать 
comparison (n) – сравнение 
in comparison with – по сравнению с  
comparative (adj) – сравнительный 
retain (v) – сохранять 
gain (v) – приобретать 
ant: lose – терять 
consider (v) – рассматривать, считать 
equal (v,adj) – уравнивать, равный 
be equal to… – равняться 
according to (pr) – в соответствии, согласно 

Ex. 1. Learn to pronounce the words given below. 
a) atom [ætəm], molecule [moʊlikjul], weight [weit], electron [ilektrən], path [pa:θ], proton [proʊtən], neutron [nju:trən], 
charge [t∫a:d], particle [pa:tikl], equal [i:kwəl], compare [kəmpεə], excess [ikses], dimension [dimen∫ən], current [krənt], lose [lu:z], 
loose [lu:s], occupy [כkjupai], neucleus [nju:kliəs], retain [ritein], 
mica [maikə], rubber [rbə], temperature [temprit∫ə], pressure [pre∫ə], 
structure [strkt∫ə] 
b) ´increase (n) – inćrease (v) 
´import (n) – im´port (v) 
´decrease (n) – dećrease (v) 
´export (n) – ex´port (v) 
´present (n,adj) – preśent (v) 
´subject (n) – sub´ject to (v) 
´object (n) – ob´ject (v) 

Ex. 2. Translate the international words given below. 
To occupy, positive, negative, neutral, a form, to form, portions of 
molecules, an atomic theory, extreme temperatures, orbital electrons, a 
conductor, conductive, an insulator, a mass. 

Ex. 3. Give the Russian equivalents of the word combinations given below. 
At extremely high temperatures, to be concentrated within the nucleus, 
the total space occupied by an atom, a loose structure of electrons, a negatively charged particle, to make up a crystalline structure, a difference of 
potential, a conductive path, to occupy the nuclei, a free exchange of orbital electrons, to form the electric current. 

II. Grammar. The Passive Construction 

Ex. 4. Study and remember the following charts: 

№ 1. 
Indefinite 
Continuous 
Perfect 

Present 
am, is, are 
– 
discussed (made) 

am, is, are 
being 
discussed (made) 

have/has been 
– 
discussed (made) 

Past 
was/were 
– 
discussed (made) 

was/were 
being 
discussed (made) 

had been 
– 
discussed (made) 

Future 
will be (shall) 
– 
discussed (made) 

 
– 
 

will have been 
– 
discussed (made) 

№ 2. 
to allow 
| 
позволять кому-либо 
to ask 
| 
спрашивать кого-либо 
to give 
| 
давать кому-либо 
to offer 
| somebody 
предлагать кому-либо 
to tell 
| 
сообщать кому-либо 
to teach 
| 
учить кого-либо 
to train 
| 
готовить (обучать) кого-либо 
to promise | 
обещать кому-либо 

Examples: The speaker was asked a lot of questions. 
Оператору задали … (оператора спросили …). 
We have been given all the necessary data. 
Нам дали … . 
№ 3. 
to account for 
– 
объяснять 
to agree on (upon) 
– 
соглашаться 
to call for 
– 
призывать, требовать 
to deal with 
– 
иметь дело (с), рассматривать 
to work at 
– 
работать над 
to speak about 
– 
сообщать о 
to rely on (upon) 
– 
полагаться 
to insist on (upon) 
– 
настаивать 
to depend on (upon) – 
зависеть 
to touch on (upon) 
– 
затрагивать, касаться (вопроса) 
to think of 
– 
думать 
to pay attention to 
– 
обращать внимание на 
to refer to 
– 
ссылаться, относиться 
Examples: This method can’t be relied on 
На этот метод … . 
This theory is often referred to. 
На эту теорию… . 
№ 4. 
to affect (influence) 
влиять на 
to follow 
smth следовать за 
to join 
smth присоединяться к 
to attend 
присутствовать на 
to watch 
наблюдать за 
Examples: His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 
За его лекциями … .  

Ex. 5. Do Grammar Exercises from chapter 2 (Exercises 1–8) 

III. Text Study 

Ex. 6. Read text 1 and find out: 
a) what matter is made up of; 
b) what the structure of an atom is. 

Text 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER. ELECTRONS 
IN MOTION 

1. The development of a scientific atomic theory started with Dalton 
in 1803. Since then through important discoveries scientists have been 
able to present a true picture of an atomic structure of matter. All matter is 
composed of atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of matter 
into which an element can be subdivided and still retain the properties of 
that element. A modern theory considers that at extremely high temperatures all molecules break up to form atoms or portions of molecules. The 
atoms or molecules making up a crystalline structure are arranged according to a definite geometrical pattern. This patterns is known to be a space 
lattice. 
2. Atoms consist of a massive nuclei and small negatively charged 
particles called “electrons”. The mass of an electron was found to be 
about 2.000 times as small as the mass of the lightest atom, the hydrogen 
atom. The positive electricity is concentrated within the nucleus of dimensions very small compared with the total space occupied by an atom. This 
nucleus is responsible for practically the whole of the atomic mass. 
3. An atom is a loose structure of electrons surrounding a heavy central core, the atomic nucleus, which is about one tenthousandth the size of 
the atom. It was later discovered that the nucleus consists of positively 
charged particles called “protons” and other particles of about the same 
weight without any charge, called “neutrons”. 
4. The negative electron charge equals the positive nucleus charge: 
hence the atom has no charge. However, sometimes an atom may gain an 
electron, and then it has a negative charge. If an atom loses an electron, 
the nucleus protons are more numerous than the negative electrons, so the 
atom has a positive charge. 
5. A body with a considerable excess of electrons has a strong negative charge; one with few electrons has a strong positive charge. Thus 
there is a difference of potential. 
If something allowing a free movement of electrons is placed between 
the negative and the positive charges, electrons move along this conduc