Petroleum Engineering. Course book = Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для студентов

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ  
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования 
«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ 
ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» 

 
 
 
 
 
 
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 
COURSE BOOK 
 
 
НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЕ ДЕЛО 
КНИГА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 
 
 
 
4-е издание, исправленное и дополненное 
 
 
 
Под редакцией 
Л.М. Болсуновской, Р.Н. Абрамовой, И.А. Матвеенко 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Издательство  
Томского политехнического университета 
2016 

УДК 622.323(075.8) 
ББК  33.36я73 
H58 
Авторы 
Л.М. Болсуновская, Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко,  
Д.А. Терре, Т.Ф. Долгая, Т.В. Коротченко, О.С. Ульянова,  
Ю.А. Зеремская, И.В. Шендерова, Е.М. Вершкова, Д.С. Найдина, 
Н.В. Сухорукова 
 
 
 
Petroleum Engineering. Course book = Нефтегазовое дело. 
Книга для студентов : учебное пособие / Л.М. Болсуновская,  
Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко, и др. ; под. ред. Л.М. Болсуновской, Р.Н. Абрамовой, И.А. Матвеенко ; Томский политехнический университет. – 4-е изд., испр. и доп. – Томск : Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2016. – 768 с. 

ISBN 978-5-4387-0683-0 

 
Цель пособия – подготовить студентов к профессиональному общению 
на английском языке в соответствии с рабочей программой дисциплины 
«Профессиональный иностранный язык». Тексты составлены на основе аутентичной учебной и научной литературы.  
Предназначено для студентов старших курсов и магистрантов, прослушавших 
курсы профессиональных дисциплин на русском языке и изучающих вопросы нефтегазового дела в рамках профессионального иностранного языка. Может использоваться 
как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы. 
УДК 622.323(075.8) 
ББК  33.36я73 
 
Рецензенты 
Кандидат педагогических наук 
заведующая кафедрой лингвистики и лингводидактики ТГПУ 
О.Н. Игна  

Кандидат филологических наук, 
доцент кафедры лингвистики и лингводидактики ТГПУ 
Н.В. Дубровская 
 
 
ISBN 978-5-4387-0683-0 
© ФГБОУ ВПО НИ ТПУ, 2011 
© Авторы, 2011 
© Оформление. Издательство Томского
политехнического университета, 2016 

Н58 

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 6 

PART I. INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 
Л.М. Болсуновская, Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко, Д.А. Терре
Unit 1. Petroleum Engineering .................................................................... 10 
Unit 2. Oil Companies ................................................................................. 25 
Unit 3. Oil Formation .................................................................................. 51 
Unit 4. Health, Safety, Environment (HSE) ................................................ 67 
References .................................................................................................... 80 
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................... 82 
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................... 83 
Appendix 3 ................................................................................................... 85 

PART II. UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS .............................. 87 
Д.А. Терре
Unit 1. Geophysics. General Information .................................................... 87 
Unit 2. Geophysical Methods in Petroleum Exploration .......................... 105 
Unit 3. Seismology and Seismic Survey ................................................... 150 
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 203 
APPENDIX ................................................................................................ 204 

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION TO OIL EXPLORATION ................ 205 
Т.Ф. Долгая
Unit 1. Oil Exploration .............................................................................. 205 
Unit 2. Oil Extraction ................................................................................ 224 
Unit 3. Reservoir Rock Properties ............................................................. 231 
Unit 4. Formation Evaluation .................................................................... 262 
References .................................................................................................. 280 
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................. 281 
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................. 284 
Appendix 3 ................................................................................................. 291 
Appendix 4 ................................................................................................. 293 

CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING .................................. 297 
Т.В. Коротченко, О.С. Ульянова, Ю.А. Зеремская
Unit 1. Oil drilling process ........................................................................ 297 
Unit 2. Life of a Well ................................................................................. 315 
Unit 3. Types of wells ................................................................................ 330 
Unit 4. Drilling rig system ......................................................................... 342 
Unit 5. Casing. Cementing......................................................................... 366 

Unit 6. Companies and people ................................................................... 380 
References .................................................................................................. 394 
Appendix .................................................................................................... 395 

CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO PIPELINE ENGINEERING ..... 396 
Т.В. Коротченко
Unit 1. Pipeline Construction .................................................................... 396 
Unit 2. Fluid Mechanics ............................................................................ 422 
Unit 3. Joining Pipes .................................................................................. 431 
Unit 4. Pipeline Corrosion ......................................................................... 443 
Unit 5. Oil Storage ..................................................................................... 458 
References .................................................................................................. 474 
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................. 475 
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................. 476 
Appendix 3 ................................................................................................. 477 
Appendix 4 ................................................................................................. 486 
Appendix 5 ................................................................................................. 487 
Appendix 6 ................................................................................................. 491 

CHAPTER 5. INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS  
AND MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 499 
И.В. Шендерова, Е.М. Вершкова, Д.С. Найдина
Unit 1. Introduction to Economics and Management ................................ 499 
Unit 2. Finance ........................................................................................... 511 
Unit 3. Stock .............................................................................................. 528 
Unit 4. The Economy of Petroleum Industry ............................................ 542 
Unit 5. Taxation and Audit ........................................................................ 567 
Unit 6. Production and Costs ..................................................................... 583 
Unit 7.International Business Etiquette and Ethics ................................... 595 
References .................................................................................................. 607 

PART III.  

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY  
AND HYDROGEOLOGY ......................................................................... 609 
И.А. Матвеенко, Н.В. Сухорукова
Unit 1. Water – Nature’s Treasure or…? .................................................. 609 
Unit 2. Importance of water ....................................................................... 616 
Unit 3. Water pollution: classification and effects .................................... 628 
Unit 4. Hydrogeology ................................................................................ 643 
Unit 5. The Circulation of Water in the Interior of the Earth .................... 666 
References .................................................................................................. 685 

CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION TO GEOECOLOGY ........................ 686 
И.А. Матвеенко
Unit 1. Geoecology .................................................................................... 686 
Unit 2. The Impact of Mining and Oil Extraction on the Environment .... 693 
Unit 3. The Problems of Power Generation .............................................. 710 
Unit 4. The Greenhouse Effect .................................................................. 726 
Unit 5. The Impact of Chemical Elements on Human Organism ............. 738 
References .................................................................................................. 752 
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................. 753 
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................. 758 
 

INTRODUCTION 

Petroleum Engineering (Part I, II, and III), content-based instruction, is 
suitable for engineers and technicians who need English in developing 
academic content knowledge and foreign language proficiency. Content- 
based instruction (CBI) is by no means a new concept to language education. 
Since the 1960s, interest in teaching language for specific purposes has led 
educators to explore the inclusion of meaningful content in language 
classrooms abroad. Many foreign universities have increasingly focused on 
developing content proficiency in second-language learners (Eastern 
Michigan University, Georgetown University, Monterey Institute of 
International Studies, etc.). Key Russian education institutes have 
accumulated concrete experience in English language teaching method 
approaches for engineer-students, one of which is Tomsk Polytechnic 
University (TPU). In the walls of this University the above-mentioned 
problem – language competence formation of future engineers- was 
discussed and a multi-level up-dated language-training program was designed 

As it has been noted, CGI in Russian engineering education system still 
remains an unexplored research area. Tomsk Polytechnic University (namely, 
Geology & Petroleum Engineering Institute) has become a resource center in 
the field of developing new CBI courses. The results from this piloting 
course could serve as a model course for university engineering curriculum 
reform as a communicative aspect in the professional area of a future 
engineering specialist (in our case, Petroleum Engineering).  

The Approach and Principles 

Petroleum Engineering has been designed to meet the needs of both learners 
and teachers. Our course is based on such defining characteristics in CBI as: 
 
learners are exposed to language while learning about other content 
areas; 
 
content areas are relevant to the learner’s academic\ professional needs; 
 
language is contextualized through these relevant areas; 
 
support is provided for learner’s linguistic development; 
 
focus is placed on developing academic\ professional language 
proficiency; 
 
authentic materials are used to present content matter;  

 
use of authentic materials lends itself to the integration of skills, to 
increased motivation and to increased cognitive and linguistic 
complexity. 

(Content, Tasks and Projects in the Language Classroom, Monterey 
Institute, 2004, pg. 28–29) 

Several elements in particular have shaped this course approach: 
1) no explicit grammar instruction – in our case, we considered the 
approach focus on form S. The grammatical forms themselves become 
the focus of the lesson, rather than the meaning being conveyed; 
2) only authentic materials are used – this enables learners to interact with 
the language of native speakers, including grammatical features, discourse 
structures, sociolinguistic features and cultural referents. Selected 
materials are in various formats, but audio and visual materials are 
limited, so the course materials are mostly in written form; 
3) material resources – Internet, articles from journals, books on a particular 
theme topic for native speakers of English, content-based ESL 
textbooks, encyclopedias; 
4) reading and writing tasks – mostly done outside the classroom as 
assignments and then used for interaction activities in class.  

Thus, this new CBI course in Petroleum Engineering is organized around  
a subject-matter core and is appropriate to the needs of specific groups of 
students. The main purpose is language proficiency development for 4th–5th 
year students of Geology & Petroleum Engineering Institute. This is the first 
attempt to develop a technology of interaction between linguistic teachers 
and engineering departments. The integration between specialist studies / 
activities and the language is that factor which makes it possible to transfer 
from professional-orientated teaching to professional communicative 
teaching, adapting to the international requirements in engineering education 
and to meet the challenges of the international academic and professional 
workplaces. 

The Course 

The main emphasis throughout Petroleum Engineering is on developing the 
following communicative language principles: 

 
student-centered classroom; 

 
focus on meaning and use rather than form and usage; 

 
extensive use of pair and group work; 

 
cooperative learning; 

 
integration of four language skills; 

 
teacher’s role as a facilitator. 

(Content, Tasks and Projects in the Language Classroom, Monterey 
Institute, 2004, pg. 1–2) 

This course is designed for those learners who have achieved preintermediate /intermediate level and can be used in the following way: 
1) from start to finish, i.e. it takes about 76 hours (+72 hours of selfassessment) to complete this course;  
2) as a dip-in resource, i.e. each unit and each section of this course is 
free-standing, so sections can be selected and used out of sequence 
according to the needs of particular students;  
3) as a revision course, i.e. for those students who have already taken such 
a course, and want to add a new practical dimension to their 
professional English.  

Course Components 

As this innovative course Petroleum Engineering is an implementation of  
a content-based EFL curriculum, it includes the following components: 

Course Book – Introduction to Petroleum Engineering is the core book that 
students will need for class work. Special focus is placed on the development of 
learner autonomy, where three principles: individualization, interdependence 
and interaction are integrated. It has two parts: 

Part I – Introduction which includes 4 common topics: Petroleum 
Engineering, Oil Companies, Petroleum Geology and HSE (Health, Safety 
and Environment). 

Part II – includes 5 sustained content courses, organized around specific 
themes and topics. In these course materials conveyed content information is 
on such topics as Geophysics, Oil Exploration, Pipeline Engineering, 
Drilling, Hydroecology and Geoecology. These courses are free-standing 
sections. There are Appendixes for additional information, which can be used 
for pairwork activities and self-assignments.  

Part III – Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering is intended for the 
students of all Petroleum Engineering Specialities who are interested in 
solution of ecological problem as well as in decrease of risk resulted from oil 
and gas exploration and production activities. 

Guideline – Guide to Effective Technical Writing & Professional Communication 
is a course where academic subjects are taught in English. It is tailored to the 

specific needs of students in their technically oriented majors. It will aid 
those who plan to continue technical careers that require sufficient 
knowledge of technical writing and professional communication. A CD is 
available which includes presentations on all discussed topics. 

Teacher’s Book – gives recommendations of advisory character. It offers 
keys for every unit in both parts and introduces a framework for structuring 
and shaping the whole course material and references for the teacher’s 
convenience.  

Test Booklet – includes review sections for each part and unit. These tests 
take around an hour to complete and they revisit and consolidate key 
language from earlier studied sections and units.  

Recordings – includes all listening material for three parts, available in CD 
form.  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This course would not have been possible without the knowledge we 
acquired during the past 10 years through consulting, teaching and 
conducting workshops at Tomsk Polytechnic University. Many people have 
contributed in a variety of ways in the preparation of this innovative course 
«Petroleum Engineering». We would like to thank the specialists of Geology 
& Petroleum Engineering Institute, TPU, all of whom brought their 
professionalism and expertise to guiding and shaping this course in its 
various stages. Our special thanks to Professor, Head of Geoecology and 
Geochemistry Department of TPU Leonid P. Rikhvanov, Associate Professor 
of Tomsk State University Olga Nagel, our indefatigable reader and Associate 
Professor, Head of English Language Department, TPU N. Kachalov,  
our editor.  

For providing a stimulating working environment, we would like to thank 
Director of Geology & Petroleum Engineering Institute, Professor 
A. Mazurov and Associate Professor V. Bernatonis. 

PART I. INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 

UNIT 1 

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 

Petroleum engineering refers to the subsurface engineering activities related 
to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or natural 
gas. 

Lead-in 

Fill in the spidergram with the words associated with Petroleum 
Engineering.  

 
Explain your associations. 

TERMS AND VOCABULARY 

upstream 
pазведка и добыча / 
Блок Разведки и Добычи  
(Апстрим) 
downstream 
переработка и сбыт / 
Блок Переработки и Сбыта  
(Даунстрим) 
supply 
поставка, снабжение 
well completion 
заканчивание скважины 

Petroleum  
Engineering 

depletion 
истощение, выработка 
implement 
внедрять, вводить в действие 
artificial lift 
механизированная добыча 
downhole flow control 
регулирование дебита скважины 
workover 
капитальный ремонт (КРС) 
waterflooding 
заводнение 
vendor 
поставщик 
reserves  
экономические запасы 
lease 
контракт на аренду нефтеносного участка 
bit program 
программа использования буровых долот 
probability analysis 
анализ вероятности 
enhanced oil recovery 
добыча нефти с искусственным  
поддержанием энергии пласта 
(well) placement 
размещение (скважин) 
interface  
поверхность раздела (двух фаз или слоёв 
жидкости) 
regulatory body 
контролирующий орган 
hydrocarbon recovery 
добыча, отбор (нефти, газа из коллектора); 
отдача (коллектора) 
surveillance  
осмотр; обследование; технический надзор; 
контроль 
material balance (modeling) материальный баланс 
inflow\outflow  
приток \ выход 
simulation modeling 
(имитационное) моделирование 
offset (v) 
уравновешивать, нивелировать, сводить  
на нет 
layout 
план, схема  
(hydrocarbon) release 
выделение, высвобождение 
formation breakdown 
via 
toolbox 
layoff 
be savvy in 

разрыв пласта 
посредством чего-л. 
инструментарий 
приостановка 
быть осведомленным, разбираться  
(в к.-л. вопросах) 
involve 
вовлекать, быть связанным  
refer to 
относиться, отсылать; обращаться 
hоld (held) to a high 
standard 
предъявлять высокие требования 

compare to 
сравнивать; сопоставлять 
contend with 
бороться; справляться, противостоять 
become commonplace in 
стать привычным делом, обычным явлениям 

be concerned with 
иметь дело, рассматривать, иметь отношение
be of particular interest to 
представлять особый интерес для к.-л. 
play a (central) role in 
играть, выполнять роль 
specialize in 
специализироваться 
be in charge of (N) 
быть ответственным за, отвечать 
measure (v) 
измерять, замерять 
in conjunction with 
в соединении; в связи; вместе 
cover a wide range of 
охватывать широкий диапазон (круг) 

1. Read and learn the pronunciation. 

[i:] 
complete, completion, deplete, depletion, increasingly, recent, 
scheme, machine, upstream, downstream, continuous 
[e] 
bury, estimate, vendor  
[o:] wellbore, forecast, audit, hydraulics, support  
[ə:] survey, reserves, concerned, refer, subsurface, curve, thermodynamics 
[ju:] consumer, computer, accurate, numerical, value  
[ai] provide, supply, decline, design, divide, specify, high, type, 
optimize, maximize 
[aiə] require, acquire, environment, via 
[k] 
mechanics, chemistry, scheme, technique 

2. Pay attention to the stress in the following words. 

′reservoir 
tech′nique 
proba′bility 
′regulatory 
en′hanced 
sur′veillance 
′drastically 
′discipline 

3. Read the following word formations and learn their pronunciation. 
Pay special attention to the stress. 

inject-injection 
equip- equipment 
simulate-simulation 
develop-development 
form-formation 
improve-improvement 
 
 
direction-directional 
probable-probability 
finance-financial 
responsible-responsibility 
numeral-numerical 
 
 
typical-typically 
effect-effective-cost effective 
drastical-drastically 
optimize-optimization-optimal 
 
analyze-analysis-analytical 
to conduct –the conduct 

to present- the present 
 
to control-the control 

4. Read the given word combinations and give their Russian 
equivalents.  

For use in financial reporting, typically concerned with maximizing the 
economic recovery of the hydrocarbons from the subsurface, other job 
responsibilities, to generate accurate reserves estimates, to include numerical 
reservoir modeling, to perform cost estimates and analysis, the conduct  
of reservoir simulation studies, to determine optimal development plans for 
oil and gas reservoirs, to involve estimating of the value of sought reserves, 
to acquire a property, surveillance engineers use analytical techniques, layout 
of the type of equipment. 

5. Read the text, do the exercises. 

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 

Petroleum Engineering is involved in the exploration and production 
activities of petroleum as an upstream end of the energy sector. Upstream 
refers to the process of finding and extracting oil, which is usually buried 
deep beneath the earthэs surface, to provide a continuous supply to consumers 
«downstream». Petroleum engineering covers a wide range of topics, including 
economics, geology, geochemistry, geomechanics, geophysics, oil drilling, 
geopolitics, knowledge management, seismology, tectonics, thermodynamics, 
well logging, well completion, oil and gas production, reservoir development, 
and pipelines. 

Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession that involves 
extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as the «low hanging fruit» of 
the world’s oil fields are found and depleted. Improvements in computer 
modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and 
new technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery, have 
drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. 

As mistakes may be measured in millions of dollars, petroleum engineers are 
held to a high standard. Deepwater operations can be compared to space 
travel in terms of technical challenges. Arctic conditions and conditions of 
extreme heat have to be contended with. High Temperature and High 
Pressure (HTHP) environments that have become increasingly commonplace 
in today’s operations require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as 
wide ranging as thermohydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems.