Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2012, №5 (5) Май


ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО НАДЗОРУ В СФЕРЕ СВЯЗИ, ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И МАССОВЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ (РОСКОМНАДЗОР)

   РОССИЙСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ И СОЦИАЛЬНО                   ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ НАУК

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH JOURNAL





                Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences




№5(5), May 2012


ISSN 2226-1184, http://www.rjoas.com

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

         Российский журнал сельскохозяйственных и социальноэкономических наук выпуск май
Г. Раджович, Ж. Булатович Some geographical factors economic development of rural areas in the municipality of example Andrijevica (Montenegro)

Р. Хок, И. Райхан
    Data envelopment analysis of banking sector in Bangladesh

О. Оякхиломен, Ю.Д. Эммануэл
Empirical assessment of the growth rate of maize production in the pre - sap, sap and post - sap periods in Nigeria

С. Гоял, Г.К. Гоял
     Soft computing single hidden layer models for shelf life prediction of burfi

Т.А. Козлова
К вопросу безопасности и контроля качества мясного сырья и мясных продуктов в России


5(5)
2012

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17


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CONTENT

Russian Journal
of Agricultural and Socio-Economic
Sciences

issue
May

G. Rajovic, J. Bulatovic
Some geographical factors economic development of rural areas in the municipality of example Andrijevica (Montenegro)

R.  Hoque, I. Rayhan
Data envelopment analysis of banking sector in Bangladesh

O. Oyakhilomen, Y.D. Emmanuel
Empirical assessment of the growth rate of maize production in the pre - sap, sap and post - sap periods in Nigeria

S. Goyal, G.K. Goyal
Soft computing single hidden layer models for shelf life prediction of burfi

T. Kozlova
Safety and quality control raw meat and meat products in Russia

G. RAJOVIC, J. BULATOVIC, College of Textile Design, Technology and Management

SOME GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF EXAMPLE ANDRIJEVICA (MONTENEGRO)

Goran Rajovic, Jelisavka Bulatovic, Ph.D


College of Textile Design, Technology and Management, Belgrade, Serbia
Phone: (0038161) 19-24-850, 30-82-651
E-mail: dkgoran.rajovic@gmail.com, jelisavka.bulatovic@gmail.com

Received May 17, 2012


ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the economic and geographical factors of rural settlements of Andrijevica. Isolated traffic and geographical position adversely affect the economic and social development of rural settlements. Natural features indicate that rural areas of Andrijevica economy do not comply with all the natural conditions. Incompatibility between the available natural and current conditions of the rural economy determine by the overall socio-economic factors of development. The percentage decrease in rural population in the municipality Andrijevica period 1948-2003 amounted to - 49.44%. The main characteristic of the modern development of rural settlements are give industrialization and urbanization processes. Age groups, due to migration and the reduction of fertility change and take on unfavorable characteristics, reduces the proportion of younger and older increases the proportion of the population. In both cases, the disturbed age structure has a reverse effect on the movement of the population (the size of reproductive contingent), but also to all other structures of the population (the size of contingent employment, population, compulsory school contingent, contingent dependent population ratio). Rating natural conditions aimed at separation of homogenous territorial units with some degree of benefits and limitations types of economic development.


KEY WORDS
Andrijevica; Rural settlements; Population; Genetic soil types; Rural development; Participation;
Reclamation; Temperature; Relative humidity; Activities.

     The case studies in this paper feature the modern development of the rural population of Andrijevica. Natural indigenous strengths and very favorable conditions for colonization (relief and hydrographic openness and permeability, fertile land, abundant water, temperate-continental climate, diverse plant life) have long attracted to the population in these areas. Fundamental changes occur in the second half of the twentieth century and in accordance with the changed policy of socio-economic development, which is opposite the orientation of the population in the traditional agricultural activities, stimulated the economy industrialization and urbanization of society. The process of land reclamation and transfer of the workforce in non-agricultural activities accelerated the depopulation of rural areas, demographic aging and feminization of the village. Negative selection has led to a very unfavorable economic structure of the population, from the standpoint of labor and productive capacity. In addition, these uncontrolled demographic processes are not adequate

measures followed by other necessary changes in the rural economy, which has been proven that the qualitative properties of optimal population and favorable economic structure, now a component in guiding the transformation of space, the decisive factor in the differentiation and polarization of the environment.
      The aim is to show fundamental changes in the total number and spatial distribution of the rural population of Andrijevica in the period 1948 to 2003, and to analyze the tendencies of social and economic factors of development in 2003. The purpose of the research is to determine the extent analyzed and displayed differentiated processes of social and economic development in rural areas are a factor of Andrijevica total disruption of social and economic development of the area. Rating natural conditions showed that the rural economy of Andrijevica does not comply with all the natural conditions.

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METHODOLOGY

    The core of the methodological procedure used in this study makes geographic (spatial) method and included the rural village of Andrijevi-ca. for collection of data related to basic demographic and socio-geographic factors of development, we used a statistical method. Comparative method allowed us to social and economic development factors we look at the comparison of the population of rural settlements of Andrije-vica. Permeated through the entire text of the method and integrity, thanks to which we were able to identify, define and assess possible limitations of economic development. The scientific explanation of terms, two methods applied as follows: analytical and synthetic. Analytical methods considered some of the dimensions of research subjects, a synthetic whole, the relations between the subject and proposed measures that derive there from.

GEOGRAPHY POSITION

    Andrijevica is municipality located in the northeastern part of Montenegro. It covers an area of 340 km². In this area according to the census in 2003, lived in rural areas were 4,592 residents, or 14.1 inhabitants in/km2. Otherwise, the total population in the municipality is 5785 or 20, 4 in/km2. Andrijevica municipality bordered on the north and east with the municipality of Berane, in the southeast of Plav municipality, in the west with the municipality of Podgorica and Kolapsin and in the south with the Republic of Albania.
    The municipality has Andrijevica peripheral geographical position, since in this region do not cross the road, with bond functions in the organization of space in the Republic of Montenegro. The backbone network consists of two travel routes. The first is a section of the highway M-9: Kolasin - Matesevo - Andrijevica-Murino - Pec. The second route is a section of the regional road R-2: Berane - Andrijevica. Highway M-9 extends a distance of 31 km and passes through five rural settlements of the Municipality: Gnjili Potok, Sjenozeta, Kralje, Gornje Luge and Ulotina. The regional road R-2 provided through the valley of the River Lim in length of 7.9 km and Berane passes through or near a rural village: Prisoje, Slatina, Tresnjevo and Marsenic Rijeka.
    Categorized road network in the municipality Andrijevica has a total length of about 113 km, which represents approximately 1.5% of catego

rized road network of Montenegro (7368 km). One indicator of development of road network of Andrijevica is the density of road network, which is 39.8 km/100km2 and is significantly below average compared to the density of road network in Montenegro (53.3 km/km2). Isolated traffic and geographical position of Andrijevica adversely affect its economic and social development.
     Beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century was a decisive moment. That in this period begin with the construction of roads and infrastructure that is all that life in rural areas makes it not only worthy of a modern man, but also attractive, rural village today of Andrijevica would not provide such depopulation space.

     NATURAL FEATURES OF COURT

     Natural terrain features are the basis of existence and progress of each geospatial unit. The distribution of natural resources is a measure of opportunity to develop a specific territory. The natural resources of rural settlements of Andrije-vica challenge for understanding the possibilities of development of certain economic activities, particularly agriculture, tourism and construction.
     The geo-morphological territory of Andrije-vica is the mountainous character. Height difference between the highest (Kom Vasojevicki 2461 m) and lowest (at Navotine 700 m) is 1761 m. Thus, forms of relief in height and configuration, exposed slopes, and under the influence of different features of the surface (forests, meadows, litisoli, fields, and orchards), based on diverse natural, and which may be of importance for the development of agriculture and tourism. The most widespread and most important geomorphological travel motif of Andrijevica represents Bjelasica and Komovi. Namely, the municipality Andrijevica, covers parts of Southeast Bjelasica mountain ranges where peaks stand out: Troglav (2072), Jelenak (1887 m), Lisa (1878 m), Pobodenjak (1839 m.), Zminja glava (1733 m), Rudo Brdo (1649 m) and Zoljevica (1510 m). The massif is Bjelasica Tresnjevik over the saddle (1573 m), associated with massive Komovi, where in addition to the municipality Andrijevica Vasojevickog Coma, are Ba-vani (2252 m), Stavna (1828 m), Carine (1987 m) and Ogorela glava (1561 m). In the south of the border with the Republic of Albania are Klaja Zabeljit (2130 m), Mojan (2157), Lijina glava (2165 m), Zijova glava (2129 m) and Biograd (2123 m). In the southeastern part of the south

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western municipality of intervention, western and northwestern parts: Visitora with Lipovicom (1882 m), Grebenom (2196 m) and Zeletinom (2126m). To the east of the Municipality is tipped Balj Teferic (1557 m). Mountain ranges split and cut the number of river valleys that

deeply cut into their beds, in places, and building a real cliff. The most important is certainly the Lima valley, which has a significant expansion, in places where the Lim its tributaries flow (www.andrijevica.me).

Figure 1- The geographical position of Andrijevica on the map of Montenegro (Source: available from: http://www.nasme.me)

     Thanks to the geological structure in the municipality are Andrijevica ore metals: lead, zinc, copper, iron and pyrite (Dulipolje, Zabrde, Sjekirica ...). Of non-metallic mineral deposits, occur in building materials: gravel, sand and decorative stones. Numerous deposits of gravel and sand found in the bed are of the river Lim. Only in Bandovic Bridge, the amount of gravel and sand, available for the annual extraction estimated at about 100 to 120,000 m³. On the hill Zoljevica, there is slot architecture - building stone. The estimated reserves of gray marble B + C1 category, amount to 2,223,000 m3, a reserve

of white and gray-white marble belonging to the C1 category is 60,000 m3. When it comes to the exploitation and processing of marble and ornamental stone, it should noted that there are multiple sites of different architectural building stone and marble, of which the most significant site Trebacka River, Seoce, Pisevska River, stream Babovo, Pcelinjak, Zoljevica.
     Municipality Andrijevica have moderate continental climate, with some elements of sub-mountainous and mountainous. As the measurement of meteorological elements performed only in Berane and provides a basis for conclusions

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about the state of is running climate in the municipality Andrijevica. The mean annual air temperature is 8.0 ° C. According to a vertical gradient with the increase of altitude, mean annual air temperature is lower and amounts to 1000 m above 7.0 ° C at 1200 m above 6.4 ° C at 1400 m above 5.8 ° C, at 1600 m n.v. 5.2 ° C at 1800 m above sea level is 4.6 ° C at 2000 m above 4.0 ° C. Absolute maximum temperature in July and is 32.6 ° C and an absolute minimum in January is -19.4 ° C. The mean annual relative humidity is 67%. In summer, (July and August) monthly mean relative humidity in the afternoon (14h) is below 45%, and in April below 63%. Cloudiness has an average annual value of 9.0 / 10. The minimum average coverage of the sky in July and is 4.4 / 10. Average annual rainfall is around 1152 mm. The least amount of rainfall in September (47 mm) and August (54 mm), while the highest rainfall related to the period from October to December (96 mm to 107 mm). Prevailing winds in the winter months the north-west and north, and in other months of the south wind. North and northwest winds, bringing dry and stable time, perfect for tourism are during the summer and winter. Winds from the south direction diversified in the winter, when making a significant amount of snowfall (Rajovic, 2005).
     Hydrographic features and profiles a variety of important water resources, as well as natural wealth. In terms of hydrographic municipality Andrijevica, belongs to a highly developed hydrographic network. In this sense, in the municipality, there are obvious power potential of the Lim River and its tributaries (Pisevskom, Sekularska river, which originates from Zlorecica Perucica and Kutski River, which originates from Krastica Rajovi river, Trebacka ...). Besides these, there are numerous smaller streams, especially in rural settlements: Gnjili Potok, Kralje, Ulotina, Gornje Luge, Zabrdje, and Tresnjevo. It is height position of rural settlements, with emphasis on the aspect valorization importance of water management and groundwater. In other words, the use of groundwater for water supply of rural heritage is of crucial importance. Thus, from the source "Krkori" located in the area of rural settlements Kuti, water supplies in addition to urban and rural settlements Andrijevica: Dulice, Bojovice, Seoce, Bozice, Prisoja, Slatina, Zabrde and Tresnjevo. Water as natural resources, have a range of options from the standpoint of - of hydro potential, market valuation and ecology. The economic use, protection and rational approach to water resources, can have

very positive effects in the future development of rural settlements of Andrijevica.
     In the area of Andrijevica represented between the two types of two types of land cover lines and automorphic to hydromorphic soil and its variations. The first class includes land automorphic undeveloped and underdeveloped land (A - S profiles): litisoli, regosols and colluvial deposits. For the second class (A - S profile) automorphic soil characteristic is continuously developed and conspicuous morphological humus horizon. This class consists of four types: mountain soil, land on marl, limestone and dolomite, rankers and vertisols. The third class consists of land automorphic land (A - (V) - S) and (A - (V) - R) profile is characterized by the appearance of the horizon (V), which sits on the loose substrate or on a compact system. Within this class is representing by three types of land: eutric camisoles, district cambisol and calc-camisoles. The fourth class consists of eluvia soil - soil illuvials (A - E - V - S, or A-E - V - R) profile: luvisol, podsol and brown podsol soil. As a special class of automorphic anthropogenic land set aside the land that, the treatment has changed its original status. Second row (row B) is hydromorphic soil: epigley, hypogley, alluvial soil and peat. The first category consists of land epigley hydromorphic soil, represented pseudogley and stagnogley. The second class of hydromorphic soils are represented by land: hipogley, enegley, semigley and amfigley land. The third class consists of hydromorphic soil fluvisol, hums fluvisol. Fluvi-sol is the most important agricultural production value and type of soil is mostly prevalent along the river valleys. Hums fluvisol as independent genetic type of soil has a profile (A-S-G). The fourth class of hydromorphic soil makes one type of land - lowland required. Relief formed in depressions in which water constantly stagnates above the ground. It is located about Bukumirs-kog lakes (Rajovic, 2011).
     For the appearance of the landscape of An-drijevica, is of particular importance biogeography characteristics. Flora consists of forest and grass vegetation. In the lower parts of trees are represented hydrophilic willow, poplar, alder, hornbeam, oak, oak, beech, birch, maple. The belt of beech is most common in the form of four regions: mountain beech (at lower altitudes), mountain beech forest at height 1000 - 1300 m above sea level, sub alpine beech forest at altitudes greater than 1800 m spruce dominated by forests. With some of the mountain, high mountain forests stretch, molike and white bark pine.

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Above this band is representing by white space and black pine. Some forest stands and makes the dwarf pine, whose propagation exceeds 2000 m, and juniper pine, which ends above 2200 m. The share of forests in total area of Andrijevica is 13912.80 ha. Regarding the breeding categories, dominated by commercial forests. Of the total area, the forest industry are waste 7687.02 ha, and 258.05 ha of forest low. Forests for other purposes and barren forestland are covering an area of 5806.23 ha. The total density is 3,284,660 m³. Annual growth forests estimated to be 44,817 m³. Taking into account the habitat conditions and photos sociological composition, grass cover of Andrijevica can be divide into the damp valley meadows habitats, mountain (mountain) meadows and pastures mainly related to the belt of oak forests and mountain pastures that reach the highest peaks of the mountains. Flora of forests and pastures enriched with various kinds of herbs and edible fungi. Most of them occupy a high place in folk medicine, pharmaceutical production, which is very important for the tourism development. Herbs rich in its diversity, physiological and pharmacological action, and a healthy quantity of raw materials, offers unimagined possibilities in the development of health and educational tourism. The most important species of medicinal plants from the commercial aspects are yarrow, thistle, birch, hawthorn, horsetail, cranberry, gentian, wild thyme, omen, blueberries, mint, blackberry, raspberry, dandelion, thyme, and nettle. Of forest products: hawthorn, juniper, strawberry, cornelian cherries, blackberries, raspberries, blueberries, saffron, rose hip, and mushrooms: porcini, black trumpet mushrooms and Blagva. However, the most important product makes blueberries, which reaches its annual purchase of about 100 tons. Thanks to the widespread forests, pastures and meadows are diverse landscapes and picturesque, which provides significant environmental and tourism values and makes an attractive area of Andrijevica. Meadows and pastures covered with succulent grass and mountain meadow flowers, so that together with forests, providing a unique landscape-decorative value. The belt of forests is particularly interesting as living space varied wildlife, birds, fish and insects that are. Is the pearl of the unique natural beauty and a spoilt nature? From the aspect of tourism resources and has considerable potential for developing different types of tourism such as hunting, fishing, adventure, adrenaline (Rajovic, 2010).

     RURAL AREAS AND TERRITORY

     The administrative territorial structure of Andrijevica comprises 24 rural settlements, and 25 cadastral municipalities (340 km²), with 23 settlements with their attar make a category Rural Geospatial, but the cadastral municipality of Sla-tina and Slatina II belongs to a village-Prisoje, while one village and cadastral municipalities-Andrijevica belongs urban environment. Within the cadastral municipality Andrijevica mentioned in addition to urban and two rural villages - And-zelati and Bozice. In addition, the latest statistical classification of settlements of 2011, changes made in the number of places in the municipality Andrijevica, so that the town received a new name Andzelati Suceska - Andzelate, and while there is a new rural settlement Navotina.
     Atari rural territory is different and is in the range of 3.45 km2 (C.M. Bojovici) to 42.25 km2 (C.M. Josanica). According to the size of the territory can be divided into three groups: up to 10 km2 (Kralje, Trepca I, Trepca II, Tresnjevo I, Sla-tina, Sjenozeta, Zabrde I, Upper Luge, Gnjili Po-tok, Bojovice), of 10 km 2 to 20 km 2 (Andrijevi-ca, Gracanica, Dulipolje, Djulici, Kosutici, Kuti, Marsenic Rijeka, Oblo Brdo, Seoca, Slatina II, Tresnjevo II, Ulotina) and more than 20 km 2 (Cecune, Josanica and Zabrde II). These groups differ in a number of relevant spatial and demographic characteristics. Therefore, in 2003, the first group of up to 10 km2 covering an area of 64.74 km2 and includes 10 rural territory (C.M.) in which he lived in 55.41% of the total rural population of Andrijevica. Another group of 10 km2 to 20 km2, comprised of 12 rural settlements (C.M.) with an area of 171.48 km2 and lived in this territory is 39.39% of the rural population. And in the third-largest with more than 20 km2 and an area of 103.78 km and the number of 3 rural settlements (C.M.) lived 5.2% of rural population in relation to the total rural population of Andrijevica (Table 1).
     «If the current negative trends in the development of the rural population continue in the future, and socio-economic facts point to this conclusion, one can expect a significant distortion of spatial and demographic balance between the groups of rural territory and population distribution of the municipal territory» (Stamenkovic and Tosic, 1998).
     General population density is one of the basic demographic characteristics that indicate the spatial distribution of the population. It ranges from 2.7 in/ km2 (C.M.Kuti) to 37.1 in / km2

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(C.M.Bojovice). We did not take into account the C.M. Andrijevica (139 in / km²) because we do not have official data - demarcation between urban and rural settlements Andrijevica-Andzelata and Bozice. The settlements belonging to a group

of geo rarely populated rural settlements (population density of the observed general geo space is 17.0 in / km2), or the territory of the observed total of 25 C.M. in 12 of them, population density ranges from 2 to 15 in / km2 (Table 2).

Table 1 - Groups of rural settlements on the surface of Andrijevica and share in total rural geo space (km2) and population in 2003

Largest settlements   Number of settlements and Area Cadastral Municipality   %   Population   %  
                       Cadastral Municipality                                                     
Up to 10 km2                     10                        64,74            19,04   2.544    55,41
From 10 km2 to 20 km2            12                       171,48            50,44   1.809    39,39
More than 20 km2                  3                       103,78            30,52    239      5,2 

Table 2 - Basic information about the rural territory (C.M.) in km2 and population density in 2003

Cadastral Municipality Number of settlements Cadastral Municipality Population Density
                                                  area in km2                         
Andrijevica                      3                   10,45            1.457      139  
Bojovici                         1                    3,45             128     37,1   
Gnjili Potok                     1                    8,83             111     12,6   
Gornje Luge                      1                    9,75             150     15,4   
Gracanica                        1                   19,03             307     16,1   
Dulipolje                        1                   15,29             134       8,8  
Dulici                           1                   12,14             130     10,5   
Zabrde I                         1                    4,15             302       8,7  
Zabrde II                        -                   30,46              -      -      
Josanica                         1                   45,25             162       3,6  
Kosutici                         1                   10,64             143     13,4   
Kuti                             1                   14,89              49       3,3  
Marsenic Rijeka                  1                   13,20             353     26,7   
Oblo Brdo                        1                   10,52              69       6,6  
Seoca                            1                   16,74             117       7,0  
Sjenozeta                        1                    6,30              95      15,1  
Slatina I                        1                    6,70             753     36,5   
Slatina II                       -                   14,29              -      -      
Tresnjevo I                      1                    7,31             539     24,6   
Tresnjevo II                     -                   14,59              -      -      
Trepca I                         1                    4,32             238      20,08 
Trepca II                        -                    7,12              -      -      
Ulotina                          1                   19,70             243     12,3   
Kralje                           1                    6,81             228     33,5   
Cecuni                           1                   28,07              77       2,7  
       In total                 24                    340             5.785    17,0   

     From the established density, we can conclude, that this distribution of the rural population had its causes in the economic underdevelopment of rural settlements of Andrijevica. The basis for their diversion is adequate rural policy, rural planning and special projects planned revitalization of rural settlements and territories.
     The rural village of Andrijevica differs and demographic size, i.e. Municipalities in geo space can extract following a group of place: a very small village (population 100), a small village (100 - 300 inhabitants), lower middle of the village (300 - 500 inhabitants) and medium-sized settlements (more than 500 inhabitants).

     According to statistics from the 1948 census is: a very small village (population 100) - there was; a small village (100-300 inhabitants) - 6 with 944 inhabitants; lower middle of the village (300-500 people) - 14 with 5722 inhabitants and settlements and medium (higher than 500 inhabitants) - 3 with 2321 inhabitants.
     According to statistics from the 1971 census is: a very small village (population 100) - there was; a small village (100-300 people) - 10 with 2080 inhabitants, smaller settlements medium (300-500 people) - 11 with 4437 inhabitants and settlements; medium (higher than 500 inhabitants) - 2 with 1455 inhabitants.

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     According to statistics from the 2003 census, are: a very small village (population 100) - 4 with 290 inhabitants; small villages (100-300 people) -14 with 2048 inhabitants; lower middle of the village (from 300-500 inhabitants) - 3 with 962 inhabitants and settlements; medium (higher than 500 inhabitants) - 2 with 1292 inhabitants (Table 3).
     The rural village of Andrijevica the total rural population in the analyzed period, indicate the following changes:

     -       in 1948 and in 1971 we had a very small village (population 100), while in 2003 we record - four such settlements;
     -      small town (population of 100-300) in 1948, we have 6, 1971 - 10, in 2003 - 14;
     -       the 1948 our research records recorded less high places (from 300-500 people) -14, 1971 - 11, 2003-3 and medium settlements (more than 500 people) 1948 to 3, 1971 - 2, 2003 - 2.

Table 3 - Changes in the structure of rural settlements by demographic size of the municipality Andrijevica

  Demographic size      1948         1971         2003      
of rural settlements Number   %   Number   %   Number   %  
The very small         -      -     -      -     4    6,31 
Small                  6    10,50   10   26,09   14   44,60
Less medium            14   63,67   11   55,66   3    20,95
Central                3    25,83   2    18,25   2    28,14

     The essential and characteristic changes in the structure of rural settlements of Andrijevica largest demographic groups and their participation in the total population of the rural population are:
     -      Crease the number of very small rural settlements,
     -      Increase the number of small rural settlements,
     -      Decrease in the number of secondary towns and smaller decline in the number of rural secondary settlements in relation to 1948,
     -      Increase the participation of the rural population in small rural settlements in the total rural population,
     -      Reducing participation of rural people in less secondary settlement in 1971 and a drastic decline in 2003 and
     -      Declining share of rural population with secondary settlement in the total rural population
     -      The decline in participation of the rural population with secondary settlement in the total rural population
     Beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century was a decisive moment. That in this period to start with small businesses, building roads, faster electrification of rural settlements, rural settlements today of Andrijevica, might not provide the usual picture of much of the rural settlements of our country, and we believe that we treat underdeveloped.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

     The emergence of depopulation of rural settlements of Andrijevica is consequence of the reduction in their total population. For example,

reducing the total population in 1971 compared to the 1948 had 19 rural settlements, or 82.61% in 2003 22 rural villages, or 95.65% compared to 1971. The percentage decrease in rural population in the period 1948-2003 in the municipality amounted to Andrijevica - 49.44%. Therefore, until 60 years ago in rural areas of Andrijevica there is human life in full force, but today that same space, a territory that is empty. Remain in them, almost exclusively elderly households whose life expectancy is low.
     The Society's programs of demographic and economic development are not sufficiently respected geographical conditions specific constellation of factors and territorial development in rural areas of Andrijevica. Development problems and irrational economic system, kept all technical and scientific narratives, with no possibility of any concrete action implemented. The rural economy has been blocked and moved to the logic of their powerlessness. Then, and it seems now, we were not able to rise above statement. Therefore, the conclusion that it is necessary to develop specific demographic-economic strategy for innovative regional policy of rural settlements, adapted to the hilly and mountainous areas (Grcic, 1991).
     In population, issues, in addition to the rural exodus and the concentration of population in urban settlements, came to the fore the negative natural increase. The birth rate in 2003 shows that for every 1,000 residents born children in the municipality 11.1 Andrijevica. Therefore, in terms of territorial distribution in birth rate, we can draw the following conclusions:
     1.      The birth rate would be more likely, that there is a higher standard of living, better condi

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tions of employment, housing, education, childcare and
     2.      Those rural areas are no longer an inexhaustible source of labor force and population.
     The mortality rate shows that for every 1,000 inhabitants in 2003 in the municipality An-drijevica 15.7 people died. From which it follows that the municipality Andrijevica 2003 had a negative population growth - 4.6 %o.
     Population growth is a result of the relationship of natural movement and migration processes. If the rural areas of Andrijevica would be migration of the population, then the growth rate and natural increase were the same, that there would be a territorial population balance. "However, this situation actually does not exist any-where"(Ilic, 1973). There is not in the municipality Andrijevica. Therefore, the municipality has a very complex Andrijevica demographic components related to population growth and to observe, that these components between territo

rially distributed unevenly causing demographic imbalance, unstable economic conditions. These facts, and uneven economic development, compared to other municipalities in Montenegro, causing significant migration movements. These processes are 70 of the last century were intense.
     «Therefore, their amounts in the general public are often taken as an important proof of the vitality of our socio-economic system. However, in our opinion, the right score can obtained, if the process put in objective framework, or, if you locate a time, geographical and socio-economic» (Ilic, 1973). How long and to which level of population growth Municipalities should fall very hard to say because we do not have the necessary indicators of economic development in the future. However, if the population growth rate is still declining, Andrijevica municipalities in the coming time may get into a lot of difficult economic situation, due to demographic aging and decreasing population of working contingent.

Table 4 - Basic demographic factors of development of rural settlements in Municipality Andrijevica (%), 2003*

Index of population growth in 2003/48                                                                      -49,44
Number of births per 1000 inhabitants                                                                       11,1 
Number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants                                                                       15,7 
Natural growth                                                                                              -4,6 
Participation of the rural population of 0 -19 years in the total rural                                    26,83 
Participation of the rural population of 20 -39 years in the total rural                                   26,76 
Participation of the rural population of 40 -59 years in the total rural                                   23,15 
Participation of the rural population of 60 or more years in the total rural                               23,26 
Index of aging                                                                                              0,86 
Participation of women in the total rural population rural                                                 49,65 
Participation of the male rural population in the total rural                                              50,35 
The rate of femininity                                                                                     986,2 
The rate of masculinity                                                                                    1014,0
Participation of rural people without any qualifications in the total rural aged 15 and over                6,82 
Participation of rural people with incomplete primary education in the total rural aged 15 and over        13,37 
Participation of the rural population have completed primary education in the total rural aged 15 and over 29,77 
Participation of rural population with completed secondary education in the total rural aged 15 and over   42,27 
Participation of rural population with completed higher education (at least two - three years)              4,14 
in the total rural aged 15 and over                                                                              
Participation of rural population with completed higher education in the total rural aged 15 and over       3,16 

* Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro, Census population, calculations by authors.

      Age groups, due to migration and the reduction of fertility change and take on unfavorable characteristics - reduced the proportion of younger and older increases the proportion of the population. In both cases, disturbed age structure has an impact on the return movement of the population (the size of reproductive contingent), but also to all other structures of the population (the size of contingent employment, population, mandatory school contingent, the ratio of dependent population), which are essential for the develop

ment of population and economic activity and rural settlements of Andrijevica.
     According to the age of the population can be divided into young (0-19 years), middle-younger (20-39 years), middle-elderly (40-59 years) and old (60 years and over). In the rural village of Andrijevica, there are a small proportion of young people (26.83%), the share of generation of 20-39 years is 26.76%, an older generation or a group of 40-59 years ranges from

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