Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2013, №4 (16) Апрель
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Ф ФЕЕДДЕЕРРААЛЛЬЬННААЯЯ ССЛЛУУЖ ЖББАА ППО О ННААДДЗЗО ОРРУУ ВВ ССФ ФЕЕРРЕЕ ССВВЯЯЗЗИИ,, ИИННФ ФО ОРРМ МААЦЦИИО ОННННЫ ЫХХ ТТЕЕХХННО ОЛЛО ОГГИИЙЙ ИИ М МААССССО ОВВЫ ЫХХ ККО ОМ ММ МУУННИИККААЦЦИИЙЙ ((РРО ОССККО ОМ МННААДДЗЗО ОРР)) РРО ОССССИИЙЙССККИИЙЙ Ж ЖУУРРННААЛЛ ССЕЕЛЛЬЬССККО ОХХО ОЗЗЯЯЙЙССТТВВЕЕННННЫ ЫХХ ИИ ССО ОЦЦИИААЛЛЬЬННО О- ЭЭККО ОННО ОМ МИИЧЧЕЕССККИИХХ ННААУУКК RUSSIAN-ENGLISH JOURNAL RRuussssiiaann JJoouurrnnaall ooff AAggrriiccuullttuurraall aanndd SSoocciioo--EEccoonnoom miicc SScciieenncceess № №44((1166)),, AApprriill 22001133 ISSN 2226-1184, http://www.rjoas.com
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The AGRIS – International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology (http://agris.fao.org) initiative was set up by the FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org) in the 70s and created a worldwide cooperation for sharing access to agricultural science and technology information. Based on available technologies, AGRIS was initially collecting bibliographic references for a central database. However, since the advent of the Internet in the late 90s AGRIS has become the brand name for a network of centres, which are promoting the exchange of agricultural science and technology information through the use of common standards and methodologies. The AGRIS open archives and bibliographical databases cover the many aspects of agriculture, including forestry, animal husbandry, aquatic sciences and fisheries, and human nutrition, extension literature from over 100 participating countries. Material includes unique grey literature such as unpublished scientific and technical reports, theses, conference papers, government publications, and more. AGRIS today is part of the CIARD (Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development) initiative, in which the CGIAR (http://www.cgiar.org), Global Forum on Agricultural Research (http://www.egfar.org and FAO collaborate to create a community for efficient knowledge sharing in agricultural research and development. CIARD RING – Routemap to Information Nodes and Gateways (http://ring.ciard.net) is a global registry of web-based services that give access to any kind of information pertaining to agricultural research for development (ARD). It is the principal tool created through the CIARD initiative to allow information providers to register their services in various categories and so facilitate the discovery of sources of agriculture-related information across the world. The RING aims to provide an infrastructure to improve the accessibility of the outputs of agricultural research and of information relevant to ARD management. AIMS – Agricultural Information Management Standards (http://aims.fao.org) is a web portal managed by the FAO. It disseminates standards and good practices in information management for the support of the right to food, sustainable agriculture and rural development. AIMS underpins CIARD the international initiative which seeks to improve information access and coherence in and between organizations. AIMS supports the implementation of structured and linked information and knowledge by fostering a community of practice centered on the themes of interoperability, reusability and cooperation. It shares vocabularies, methodologies, tools and services in order to promote coherence in agricultural information. The aim of the DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org) is to increase the visibility and ease of use of open access scientific and scholarly journals, thereby promoting their increased usage and impact. The DOAJ aims to be comprehensive and cover all open access scientific and scholarly journals that use a quality control system to guarantee the content. EPPO – European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (http://www.eppo.int) is an intergovernmental organization responsible for European cooperation in plant health. Founded in 1951 by 15 European countries, EPPO now has 50 members, covering almost all countries of the European and Mediterranean region. Its objectives are to protect plants, to develop international strategies against the introduction and spread of dangerous pests and to promote safe and effective control methods. As a Regional Plant Protection Organization, EPPO also participates in global discussions on plant health organized by F.A.O. and the International Plant Protection Convention Secretariat. Finally, EPPO has produced a large number of standards and publications on plant pests, phytosanitary regulations, and plant protection products.
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 3 EFFECT OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GROWTH REGULATING HORMONE ON THE FLOWER HEAD DEVELOPMENT OF COCKSCOMB UNDER THE TROPICAL ARID ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Arslan Asim, Researcher Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Maqbool, Syed Amir Manzoor, Researchers Department of Forestry and Range Management, Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife, PMAS – Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Seema Mahmood, Researcher Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Ahsan Irshad, Ali Ammar, Researchers Regional Agriculture Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Phone: +92-31-36099702, Fax: +92-61-6564100 E-mail: arslanasim92@gmail.com ABSTRACT This investigation was carried out at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan). The objective of this study was to produce high quality Celosia flower head as cut flower under the harsh environmental conditions of southern Punjab by using different plant spacing and different concentrations of Gibberellin (GA3). The seedlings were grown by seed and then transplanted in the field in the first week of August. Seedlings were irrigated daily and fertilized with 100 ppm NPK solution with alternate irrigation before transplanting. Field was well prepared by irrigation and spading twice and adding about 1.5 kg Diammonium phosphate (DAP) at the rate of 150 kg/hectare as phosphorus source, about 2 kg Muriate of Potash (MOP) at the rate of 200 kg/hectare as potash source and about 1kg urea at the rate of 100 kg/hectare as nitrogen source prior to transplanting. Then, seedlings were transplanted in randomized complete block design. There were three levels/concentrations of GA3 (0, 25 and 50 mg/l) and three levels of plant spacing (22.50, 30.00 and 37.50 cm) making overall 9 treatments and these treatments were tested in 3 replications. The analysis of variance indicated that best results were achieved when plant spacing of 37.5cm was used in combination with GA3 application (at the rate of 50 mg/l) where significant increase in chlorophyll contents, leaf area and number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of stem, flower diameter and fresh and dry weight of flower of Celosia cristata were found compared to all other treatments tested. KEYWORDS Celosia cristata; Cockscomb; Flower head; Gibberellin. Celosia cristata, a member of amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) is an annual crop grown usually for landscape purpose. Some of its hybrid cultivars are commercially used as cut flowers as well. Celosia is commonly known as “Cockscomb” or "Kalgha" because of its resemblance to roosterhead (Wilkinson et al., 2006).C. cristata is known to have a great potential being cut flower. Over the years, the demand of high quality celosia cut flower has increased manifolds owing to its unique appearance and longer shelf life. Thus, to meet such demand, there must be availability of variety of high quality cut flower throughout the year. The production of high quality C. cristata flower head in tropical arid regions like those of Southern Punjab (Pakistan) has been a considerable problem since the harsh environmental conditions pose a significant threat to the appropriate growth and flower head
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 4 development in cockscomb (Edward et al., 1934). In the current study we did experiment with a range of plant spacing treatments in combination with foliar application of different concentrations of growth regulating hormone to achieve the desired flower head. In fact, plant to plant spacing has been recognized as a pivotal factor to the quality of end product in all agronomic and horticultural crops. It is possible only through optimum plant to plant spacing that maximum and unchecked growth of plants can be achieved. Moreover, it is proved that plant growth regulators including gibberellins contribute in different ways towards better plant growth. Out of many types of gibberellins, gibberellic acid (GA3) is in active form and is extensively used in agriculture. Mainly, it helps in plant growth by cell elongation (Brian, 2008). Stem length and flower size are known quality factors for better acceptance by the consumers and fetch better price in the market. Hence gibberellic acid is used to achieve these parameters. Since no significant study has been carried out in the past on cockscomb regarding improvement of its production in less favorable climatic conditions, the current study was aimed at finding out the most appropriate plant spacing as well as dosage of GA3 application on Cockscomb to improve its quality under the harsh tropical arid environment of outher Punjab, Pakistan. The study therefore aimed at investigating following target areas of Cockscomb field production as cut flower: – Effect of growth promoter (GA3) on plant growth and flower head quality of Celosia cristata in agro-climatic field conditions of Multan; – Effect of different plant spacing on plant growth and flower head quality of Celosia cristata in agro-climatic field conditions of Multan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Site. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan during the summer 2011. Collection of Seed and Raising Seedlings. Hybrid seed (F1) of cockscomb (Celosia cristata) was purchased from Pak Seed Co. Lahore, Pakistan. Seeds were sown in pots in the first week of July for raising seedlings. Media in pots comprised of well homogenized soil, silt and well rotten farm yard manure in ratio 1:1:1. After one week’s time, seedlings were shifted from pots to plastic bags which were 3 inches in diameter and 8 inches in length. Seedlings were irrigated on daily basis till these were transplanted in the field. Field Preparation and Transplanting Seedlings. After three weeks’ time, seedlings were transplanted to field when seedlings showed two true leaves. Prior to transplanting, field was prepared by irrigation and spading twice and adding about 1.5kg DAP (at the rate of 150kg/hectare), about 2kg MOP (at the rate of 200kg/hectare) and about 1kg urea (at the rate of 100kg/ hectare). Experimental Design and Treatments. GA3 and Plant spacing were the two factors in this study. There were three levels of GA3 (0, 25, 50 mg/l) and three plant spacing (22.50, 30.00, 37.50 cm) making overall 9 treatments (T1= 0 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T2= 0 mg/L × 30 cm, T3= 0 mg/L × 37.5 cm, T4= 25 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T5= 25 mg/L × 30 cm, T6= 25 mg/L × 37.5 cm. T7= 50 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T8= 50 mg/L × 30 cm, T9= 50 mg/L × 37.5 cm). All treatments were tested in 3 replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 25 seedlings for each treatment unit. DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS After 90 days, plant responses from all treatments were recorded in terms of leaf chlorophyll content, number of leaves per stem, leaf area, stem length, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, flower head area, flower head fresh weight and flower head dry weight. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level of significance as given by Steel et al. (1997) using MSTAT-C, computer software (Bricker, 1991).
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio Effect On Chlorophyll Content content of 83.54 was achieved treated with 50mg/L GA3 and this treatment treatments. Minimum chlorophyll content was reported to be 53.96 GA3 application. In fact, Gibberellins growth and increased leaf area which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of 50mg/L GA3. Similar results were obtained Figure 1 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Leaf Area (cm2). Maximum leaf area of 154.34 cm spaced 37.5 cm apart and treated with 50mg/L of GA from all other treatments. The minimum leaf area of 134.85 cm plant spacing when no GA3 was applied (T light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in combination with GA3 (50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of Cockscomb and ultimately co are in accordance with the findings of Akinfasoye (2011) in Amaranthus; Chandrappa gladiolus and Khan et al. (2003) in Dahlia. Figure 2 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect On Chlorophyll Content. Statistical analysis indicates that maximum chlorophyll content of 83.54 was achieved in treatment T9when plants were spaced at 37.5cm apart and and this treatment was significantly different from all other inimum chlorophyll content was reported to be 53.96 in treatment T Gibberellins plays a crucial role in cell elongation of rea which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of imilar results were obtained in Lily (Emami et al., 2011). different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on chlorophyll content Maximum leaf area of 154.34 cm2 was achieved when plants were spaced 37.5 cm apart and treated with 50mg/L of GA3 (T9) and it was significantly different The minimum leaf area of 134.85 cm2 was produced with 22.5 cm was applied (T1). Greater leaf area allows maximum exposure to light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in (50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of Cockscomb and ultimately contributes to quality production of flower heads. These findings are in accordance with the findings of Akinfasoye et al., (2008) in Celosia; Yarnia (2011) in Amaranthus; Chandrappa et al. (2006) in Anthurium; Peanav (2003) in Dahlia. Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on leaf area Standard Error=2.83 4(16) Statistical analysis indicates that maximum chlorophyll when plants were spaced at 37.5cm apart and was significantly different from all other in treatment T9with no crucial role in cell elongation of plants. Better rea which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of concentrations on chlorophyll content was achieved when plants were ) and it was significantly different was produced with 22.5 cm Greater leaf area allows maximum exposure to light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in (50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of ntributes to quality production of flower heads. These findings ., (2008) in Celosia; Yarniaet al., (2006) in Anthurium; Peanav et al., (2005) in concentrations on leaf area
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio Stem Length (cm). Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and 65.5 cm was achieved with the application of 50mg/L GA 30.0 cm (T9 andT8 respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not receive any GA3 treatment and were planted at a from the data that plant spacing and cristataas cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where these plants grow without any competition with neighboring plants. cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were done on Marigold by Kishan gladiolus (Bhattacharjee, 1984; 2005), tuberose (Khalajet al., 2012 ; Mane al.,(2005). Figure 3 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Fresh weight of Stem (g) (742.99g) was achieved when plant spacing 37.5cm was used GA3 (T9). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application of 50mg/L GA3 (T8) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh weight was produced when plant spacing of 22.5cm and respectively) without any GA3 plants during development. It seems that this treatment combination (T to establish more number of roots which ultim content. These findings are comparable to the results of Yarnia kazaz et al., (2011) in Carnation and Emami Figure 4 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4 6 Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and 65.5 cm was achieved with the application of 50mg/L GA3 with plant spacing of 37.5 cm and respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not treatment and were planted at a distance of 22.5cm apart (T from the data that plant spacing and GA3 play a vital role in quality production of as cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where ny competition with neighboring plants. GA3 is also well known for cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were et la., (2007); on Anthurium by Chandrappa olus (Bhattacharjee, 1984; Bhushan et al.,2006 ;Roychowdhury., 1987 ; ., 2012 ; Mane et al., 2006) and on Black Iris Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on stem length Fresh weight of Stem (g). This study shows that the maximum fresh weight of stem (742.99g) was achieved when plant spacing 37.5cm was used with application of 50mg/L ). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application ) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh weight was produced when plant spacing of 22.5cm and 30cm was used (T 3 application. Fresh weight basically is due to water uptake of plants during development. It seems that this treatment combination (T9) has helped the plant to establish more number of roots which ultimately helped the plant in updating greater water content. These findings are comparable to the results of Yarnia et al., (2011) in Amaranth; , (2011) in Carnation and Emami et al., (2011) in Lilium longiflorium different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of stem 4(16) Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and plant spacing of 37.5 cm and respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not distance of 22.5cm apart (T1). It is evident play a vital role in quality production of celosia as cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where is also well known for cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were on Anthurium by Chandrappa et al., (2006); on Roychowdhury., 1987 ; Peanavet al., (Al-Khassawneh et concentrations on stem length This study shows that the maximum fresh weight of stem with application of 50mg/L ). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application ) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh 30cm was used (T1 andT2 application. Fresh weight basically is due to water uptake of ) has helped the plant ately helped the plant in updating greater water ., (2011) in Amaranth; longiflorium. concentrations on fresh weight of stem
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio Dry Weight of Stem (g) (56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA applied (T9). Minimum stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was used without GA3 application (T on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter i cristata stem. Kazaz et al., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different cultivars of Carnation. Ali et al corm dry weight in Gladiolus with nitrogen and GA Figure 5 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Flower size (cm2). It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically insignificant flower sizes of 38.21cm spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with 50mg/L GA3 (T9, T8 and T7 respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used without any GA that GA3 application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are well known for cell enlargement of plants growth and development. stem length and total yield/m diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations (Kazaz et al., 2011). The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due to the different growth requiremen Figure 6 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4 7 Dry Weight of Stem (g). It is evident from the data that maximum dry weight of stem (56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 application (T1). In fact, dry weight of plants is always dependent on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter i ., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different et al., (2006) found significant increase in shoot dry weight and corm dry weight in Gladiolus with nitrogen and GA3 treatment. Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on dry weight of stem It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically insignificant flower sizes of 38.21cm2, 36.20 cm2 and 34.57cm2 were achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used without any GA3 application (T application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are well known for cell enlargement of plants growth and development. It is also stem length and total yield/m2 increased by increasing plant densities, whereas stem diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations . The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due to the different growth requirement of Celosia cristata and Carnation for spacing. Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on flower size 4(16) It is evident from the data that maximum dry weight of stem (56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA3 was stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 ). In fact, dry weight of plants is always dependent on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter in the Celosia ., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different crease in shoot dry weight and concentrations on dry weight of stem It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically were achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved ation (T1). This result tells application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are It is also reported that by increasing plant densities, whereas stem diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations . The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due and Carnation for spacing. concentrations on flower size
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio Flower Fresh Weight (g) seedling were planted 37.5cm apart and flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used without GA3 application (T1). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination with GA3 at the rate of 50mg/l ma may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the roots may be responsible for better fresh flower weight in comparable to the findings of single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the application of GA3 at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the application of GA3 has already been reported in carnation (Verma Khassawneh et al., 2006). Figure 7 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Flower Dry Weight (g). 2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with 50mg/L GA3 (T9) and was statistically highly The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was used with no GA3 application (T growth and plant may have better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. On the other hand, GA3 also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates which may have translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter. Figure 7 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4 8 Flower Fresh Weight (g). Maximum flower fresh weight of 21.74g was achieved when seedling were planted 37.5cm apart and 50mg/L GA3 was applied (T9) against minimum flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used ). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination at the rate of 50mg/l may help to develop more number of plant roots and these may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the roots may be responsible for better fresh flower weight in Celosia cristata indings of Kishan et al. (2007) who reported maximum fresh weight of single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the has already been reported in carnation (Verma et al., 2000) and iris (Al Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of flower It is evident from results that maximum flower dry weight of 2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with ) and was statistically highly significant than all other treatments and control. The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was application (T1). Plant spacing may provide optimum space for better plant better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter. Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of flower 4(16) Maximum flower fresh weight of 21.74g was achieved when ) against minimum flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used ). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination y help to develop more number of plant roots and these may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the Celosia cristata. The results are (2007) who reported maximum fresh weight of single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the ., 2000) and iris (Al concentrations on fresh weight of flower It is evident from results that maximum flower dry weight of 2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with significant than all other treatments and control. The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was ). Plant spacing may provide optimum space for better plant better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter. concentrations on fresh weight of flower
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge the technical assistance and guidance received from Dr. Akbar Anjum and Dr. Shakeel Ahmad, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Bahaudin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The staff at the department of horticulture, FAST, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan is also appreciated for its cooperation during the laboratory analyses. REFERENCES [1] Akinfasoye, J.A., D.J. Ogunniyan, W.B. Akanbi and A.O. Olufolaji, 2008.Effects of organic fertilizer and spacing on growth and yield of Lagos spinach (Celosia Argentea L.). Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR), 8(1): 70-77. [2] Ali, Y.S.S. and M.S. Al-safar, 2006.Effect of GA3 treatment and nitrogen on growth and development of Gladiolus corms. Pakistan journal of biological sciences 9(13): 25162519. [3] Al-Khassawneh, N.M., N.S. Karam and R.A.Shibli, 2006.Growth and flowering of black Iris (Iris nigricansDinsm.) following treatment with plant growth regulators.ScientiaHorticulturae, 107: 187-193. [4] Bhattacharjee, S. K., 1984, Effect of growth regulating chemicals on growth and flowering and tuberous root formation of dahlia variablis. Punjab Horticultural Journal, 24 (1/4): 138-144. [5] Bhushan, B., S. Mishra and M.A. Hussain, 2006. Effect of planting time and spacing on sprouting and growth attributes in Gladiolus (cv. red beauty) in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Progressive Agriculture, 6(1): 63-65. [6] Bonarriva, J., 2003. Industry and Trade summary cut flowers, USITC publication, 3580 office of industries, Washington D.C. 20436. [7] Brian, P. W. Effects of Gibberellins on Plant Growth and DevelopmentIssue. Biological reviews, 30 (1),37–77. [8] Bricker, B.1991. MSTATC: A computer program for design management and analysis of agronomic research experiments. Crop and soil science Deptt. MSU East Lancing, MI 48824, USA. [9] Chandarapa, J. V., N. Gowda, M.C. Gowda and M. Gowda and A. P.M., 2006. Influence of growth regulators and their combination on growth and flower production in Anthurium cv. Royal red. Research on Crops, 7(1): 279-281. [10] Edwards Thomas I, R. Pearl, and Gould S. A. 1934.The growth and duration of life of celosia cristata seedlings at different temperatures. Journal of General Physiology, 20; 17(6): 763–781. [11] Emami H., M. saeidnia, J.A. Olfati and M. Hasani, 2011. Study on lily longevity treated with growth regulator (GA3 and BA) by path analysis. American–Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 10(5): 814-820. [12] Emami, H., M. Saeidnia, A. Hatamzadeh, D. Bakhshi, and E. Ghorbani, 2011.The effect of gibberellic acid and benzyladenine in growth and flowering of Lily (Liliumlongiflorum). Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(7): 1606-1611. [13] Kazaz, S., F.E. Tekintas and M.A. Askin, 2011. Effects of different planting systems and densities on yield and quality in standard Carnations.Cell& Plant Sciences, 2(1): 19-23. [14] Khalaj, M.A. and B. Edrisi, 2012.Effect of plant spacing and nitrogen levels on quantity and quality characteristics of Tuberose (polianthestuberosa L.) under field experiment. International Journal of Agriculture Science, 2(3): 244-255. [15] Khan, F. U. and G. N. Tewari, 2003.Effect of growth regulators on growth and flowering of Dahlia (Dahlia varialibis L.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 60(2): 192-194. [16] Kishan, S., K. P. Singh and D. V. S. Raju, 2007. Vegetative growth, flowering and seed characters of african marigold (Tageteserecta Linn.) as influenced by different growth