BRITAIN
Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование»
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Издательство:
Прометей
Год издания: 2012
Кол-во страниц: 78
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Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN: 978-5-4263-0117-7
Артикул: 636339.01.99
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«Britain» - учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» авторов проф. О. А. Колыхаловой; проф. К. С. Махмурян - состоит из 12 разделов, посвященных географии, истории и культуре, политической системе, образованию, международным отношениям. Целью данного пособия является развитие у студентов лингвострановедческой компетенции как неотъемлемой части социокультурной компетенции. Учебное пособие адресуется студентам гуманитарных факультетов педвузов, а
также школьникам 10-11 классов гимназий, лицеев, образовательных учреждений с углубленным изучением иностранного языка.
Тематика:
ББК:
УДК:
ОКСО:
- ВО - Бакалавриат
- 44.03.01: Педагогическое образование
- 44.03.02: Психолого-педагогическое образование
- 44.03.03: Специальное (дефектологическое) образование
- 44.03.04: Профессиональное обучение (по отраслям)
- 44.03.05: Педагогическое образование (с двумя профилями подготовки)
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О. А. Колыхалова, К. С. Махмурян BRITAIN Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» Москва-2012
УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.432.1-923 К619 К619 Колыхалова О. А. , Махмурян К. С. BRITAIN: Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование». – М.: МПГУ, 2012. – 78 с. «Britain» – учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» авторов проф. О. А. Колыхаловой; проф. К. С. Махмурян – состоит из 12 разделов, посвященных географии, истории и культуре, политической системе, образованию, международным отношениям. Целью данного пособия является развитие у студентов лингвострановедческой компетенции как неотъемлемой части социокультурной компетенции. Учебное пособие адресуется студентам гуманитарных факультетов педвузов, а также школьникам 10–11 классов гимназий, лицеев, образовательных учреждений с углубленным изучением иностранного языка. Рекомендовано УМО по образованию в области подготовки педагогических кадров в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 Педагогическое образование. ISBN 978-5-4263-0117-7 © О. А. Колыхалова, К. С. Махмурян, 2012 © МПГУ, 2012 © Оформление. Издательство «Прометей», 2012
Оглавление Chapter 1. GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE………………………. 5 Text 1. England Is a Small Place……………………………… 5 Text 2. Britain…………………………………………………….. 6 Text 3. The Union Flag………………………………………….. 7 Text 4. British Economy………………………………………… 7 Text 5. Scotland………………………………………………….. 8 Text 6. Wales……………………………………………………… 8 Text 7. The English Language…………………………………. 9 Chapter 2. CONQUEST AND CONFLICT…………………….. 12 Text 1. Roman Conquest……………………………………….. 12 Text 2. Anglo-Saxons and Vikings……………………………. 12 Text 3. The Norman Conquest…………………………………. 13 Text 4. The Battle of Hastings…………………………………. 14 Text 5. The Bayeux Tapestry………………………………….. 14 Text 6. Old English………………………………………………. 15 Text 7. Different Languages……………………………………. 16 Chapter 3. LITERATURE AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY……. 18 Text 1. Monasteries and myths……………………………….. 18 Text 2. Shakespeare's kings…………………………………… 19 Text 3. Middle and Modern English………………………….. 20 Chapter 4. HISTORICAL EVENTS OF MEDIEVAL PERIOD…………………………… 21 Text 1. Magna Carta…………………………………………….. 21 Text 2. Plague and Poll Tax……………………………………. 21 Text 3. The Wars of the Roses………………………………… 21 Text 4. The Break from Rome………………………………….. 22 Chapter 5. FROM ELIZABETH TO EMPIRE………………… 24 Text 1. The Elizabethan Age…………………………………… 24 Text 2. Civil War………………………………………………….. 25 Text 3. Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) ……………………….. 26 Text 4. Whigs and Tories……………………………………….. 26 Text 5. The Bill of Rights……………………………………….. 28 Text 6. The Great Pretenders……………………………..…… 28 Text 7. Hanoverian Britain…………………………………….. 28 Text 8. The Growth of London…………………………………. 28 Chapter 6. BRITISH COLONIES……………………………….. 32 Text 1. Colonial Power………………………………………….. 32 Text 2. Agriculture and Industry……………………………… 32 Text 3. The Fear of Revolution………………………………… 34
Chapter 7. BRITISH POLITICAL LIFE AND CULTURE IN THE 18TH CENTURY…………………………… 36 Text 1. The Age of Dickens…………………………………….. 36 Text 2. Shaw and Wilde………………………………………… 37 Text 3. The Pre-Raphaelites……………………………………. 38 Chapter 8. MODERN TIMES……………………………………. 42 Text 1. The Results of World War I…………………………… 42 Text 2. The Roaring Twenties…………………………………. 43 Text 3. The Abdication………………………………………….. 43 Text 4. World War II……………………………………………... 44 Chapter 9. BRITAIN AFTER WORLD WAR II………………. 46 Text 1. The End of Empire……………………………………… 46 Text 2. A New Elizabethan Age……………………………….. 47 Text 3. The Pendulum Swings…………………………………. 47 Text 4. The Thatcher Era……………………………………….. 48 Text 5. The Nervous ' 1990s…………………………………… 49 Text 6. That Fin de Siècle Feeling…………………………….. 49 Text 7.The American Connection……………………………… 50 Chapter 10. BRITAIN IN THE 21 CENTURY……………….. 51 Text 1. London is Targeted…………………………………….. 51 Text 2. The Insecure Society…………………………………… 52 Text 3. British Heritage…………………………………………. 52 Text 4. Theatre……………………………………………………. 52 Text 5. Painting the Landscape……………………………….. 55 Chapter 11. POLITICAL SET-UP OF THE UK………………. 61 Text 1. British Monarchy……………………………………….. 61 Text 2. How Parliament Works………………………………... 62 Text 3. Parliament……………………………………………….. 64 Text 4. Her Majesty’s Government……………………………. 65 Text 5. The Political Party System……………………………. 65 Text 6. Elections………………………………………………….. 66 Text 7. Justice and the Law…………………………………… 66 Chapter 12. EDUCATION IN BRITAIN……………………….. 69 Text 1. Schooling: State-maintained Schools……………….. 69 Text 2. Schooling: Independent Schools…………………….. 70 Text 3. Higher Education……………………………………….. 70 Text 4. Young People……………………………………………. 72 Chapter 13. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS………………… 74 Text 1. International Organizations………………………….. 74 Text 2. The Commonwealth……………………………………. 74 Text 3. History of British-Russian Relations……………….. 75
Chapter 1. GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE Text 1. England Is a Small Place For all the fuss it has made in history, for all the language it has dis tributed about the world, England is a rather small place. The largest of the four constituent elements that make up the United Kingdom, it covers 50,331 sq miles (130,357 sq km), about the same size as New York State or one of New Zealand's islands. But its population of over 62 million is over two and a half times New York State's, and over 15 times both New Zealand's islands. By far the greater portion of the population lives in the south. The large northern towns, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle, which grew vast on the Industrial Revolution, have struggled to catch up with the post-industrial age, while Birmingham, Britain's second city, has benefited from its more central location. The country is divided into counties, the old English shires, where sheriffs transacted local business. They have provided titles for the nation's nobility and though their names and boundaries have been tinkered with twice in post-war years, they are redolent of the country's past and continue to inspire local pride. At the start of the third millennium, England, due to post-war migra tions, is a less homogenised nation than ever before – all nations of the world can be found in London. Local accents and dialects that not long ago were thick on the ground, are now waning, but new cultures, traditions and accents have been added by incoming populations. England's ever-changing landscape provides incomparable scenery, in the Peak District, in the Pennines, on the South Downs, among the Yorkshire and West Country moors and around the Lake District. The variety of architecture characterises every part of the country, from West Country thatch to Cotswold stone, weather boarded Kent to half-timbered East Anglia. It doesn't take much effort in England, and not many miles, to feel that you have travelled a long way.
Text 2. Britain People often refer to Britain by another name. They call it «England». But this is not strictly correct. Britain comprises Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland and is one of the member states of the European Union. Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland. Britain constitutes the greater part of the British Isles. The largest of the islands is Great Britain. The next largest comprises Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. These two islands are separated from the Continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The west coast of the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The east coast is washed by the North Sea. Geographically Britain is divided into Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain comprises Southern and Eastern England. Highland Britain includes Scotland, Wales, the Pennines and the Lake District. The mountains in Britain are not very high, the highest mountain is Ben Nevis in Scotland. The main rivers in Britain are the Thames, the Mersey, the Severn and others but none of them are very long. The climate of Britain is mild. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather on the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy; the winters are not very cold.
Text 3. The Union Flag The flag of Britain is officially called the Union Flag because it embodies the emblems of three countries united under one Sovereign. It is commonly known as the Union Jack: while the origin of the term is uncertain, the following explanation is the most probable. The original Union Flag was designed for use at sea and the term «jack» was first used in the Royal Navy during the 17th century to describe the Union Flag, which was flown from the jack staff of naval vessels. The emblems that appear on the Union Flag are the crosses of three pa tron saints: the red cross of St. George, for England, on a white ground; the white diagonal cross, of St. Andrew, for Scotland, on a blue ground; the red diagonal cross, attributed to St. Patrick, for Ireland, on a white ground. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag because when the first ver sion of the flag appeared, Wales was already united to England. The first Union Flag was created in April 1606 by combining the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, the national flags of England and Scotland. The final version of the Union Flag appeared in 1801, following the union of Great Britain with Ireland, with the inclusion of the cross of St. Patrick. Text 4. British Economy In every country the first resource is land, and densely populated Brit ain has not much of it. About 2% of the population work on farms, many of them tenants of big estates. After 1945 governments encouraged them by advice and financial inducements, to use their land effectively, and when Britain joined the European Community in 1972 most farms were wellequipped and mechanised. Now their efficiency is embarrassing. Environmentalists complain that insecticides and fertilisers have polluted air and water. Almost each year much good farmland is sold for building, farmers are encouraged to put some land to other uses, such as facilities for recreation. But agriculture is a small part of the whole economy. For 200 years manufacturing has been more important, but by 1970s it was clear that British old manufacturing industries were less progressive than the same industries in other Western European countries. Newer industries, such as car manufacture, were no better than the older ones like textiles. Many steel plants were closed. But no industry has suffered so much as shipbuilding. In 1979 many of the old industries were owned by the state. Nationalisation in 1976 failed to stop the industries decline. New «high-tech» industries developed, manufacturing output rose sub stantially in the 1980s. Two parallel developments have affected Britain slightly more than most other European states. One is the increase in the service industries, as distinct from the productive ones. The other is the increase in the proportion of people in white collar as distinct from manual jobs. More than half of the working people, whether employees or selfemployed, are now providing services. There has been some growth in the number of people who work for schools and hospitals, social services, the police and in public administration. But the biggest growth has been in finance, banking and insurance, along with «other services», including the law, advertising, catering, tourism and entertainment.
Text 5. Scotland England and Wales, as two of three parts that make up Great Britain, have much in common legally and politically. Scotland, the third, differs in many respects. It differs first in its separate history. In 1314 the Scottish King Robert I (known as Robert the Bruce) defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. Fourteen years later, in 1328, he achieved his goal of independence for Scotland. Scotland continued as an independent kingdom until 1603. Scotland’s natural landscape also distinguishes it from much of Eng land. The Highlands, in particular, are regarded as typically «Scottish», with their mountains, locks, moors, rugged coastline and many coastal islands. Equally distinctive is the Scottish educational system. The state schools, especially the secondary schools, are known as «public schools» (not to be confused with English public schools). Many Scottish schools are named «Academy», for example, Edinburgh Academy and Glasgow Academy. Scotland has a number of popular national foods and dishes. Among the best known are porridge, eaten for breakfast with milk and sugar (or salt), haggis, made from sheep’s or calf’s offal with oatmeal, suet and seasonings boiled in a skin from the animal’s stomach, and shortbread, a sweet biscuit made with butter. Text 6. Wales In some ways, Wales is the most «foreign» of the four lands that make up the United Kingdom. The word «Welsh» itself is derived from Old English «wealh», the term used by the Anglo-Saxon invaders for the original Britons or Celts. The Welsh language is spoken by about two of ten people in Wales. English people find it very difficult to spell and pronounce Welsh words, especially place names such as Llwchwr or Pwllheli. The Welsh name for Wales is «Cymru», and that of the Welsh themselves is «Cymry», meaning «compatriot». Wales, although a small land, has considerable diversity. Its largest cit ies and main industrial centres are in the south, while the much more sparsely inhabited north is famous for its mountain landscapes, including Snowdonia. The chief industries of south Wales were for many years coal-mining and iron and steel production. In recent years, however, these have declined, and many coal-mines and steel mills have been closed. Even so, Wales still produces about a third of Britain’s steel, and its former narrowly-based economy has been widened to include electronics and high technology industries. Wales is often referred to as «principality», since the heir to the British throne, Charles, has the title of Prince of Wales.
Text 7. The English Language There are over 2,700 languages in the world, but English today is the most important international language. Four hundred million people speak English as their first language. Six hundred million people speak it either as a second or as a foreign language. That is 20% of the world’s population. 80% of all information on the Internet is in English. English is the language of England used in Britain, most countries in the British Commonwealth, the USA and some other countries. The ancestor of modern English was Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. This developed into Middle English, which was influenced by French in the period after the Norman Conquest. By the 16th century it was recognizable as essentially the language used today. English is now spoken by over 350 million people and used by many more as a second language for international communication. The first significant step in the progress of English towards its status as a world language took place in the last decades of the 18th century. At that time, the number of mother-tongue English speakers in the world is thought to have been between five and seven million, almost all of them living within the British Isles. Between the end of the reign of Elizabeth I (1603) and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II (1952), this figure increased almost fiftyfold, to around 250 million, the majority (around four-fifth) living outside the British Isles. Most of these people were, and continue to be, Americans.
Things to do 1. Complete the following table: Country Capital Nationality Language Person A Scot English Belfast Welsh 2. Prove that England is a small place using the text. 3. Explain the differences between these expressions: Great Britain, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the British Isles. 4. Speak about England’s geographical position using the facts from the text. Use other sources to make your answer interesting. 5. Find some geographical facts about Scotland and compare the geographical position of Scotland and England. 6. Find some geographical facts about Wales and compare the geographical position of Wales and England. 7. Say which English cities are mentioned in this text. What do you know about them? 8. Speak about the Industrial Revolution and its role in British history. 9. Complete the lines: – Geographically Britain is divided into two parts……. – The main mountain chains in Britain are……. – The main rivers of the UK are…… – The main cities in Britain are… – Scotland differs from England …. – The Welsh name for Wales is… 10. Speak about the structure of the British economy. 11. Imagine you have a British pen-friend who has never visited your country. Choose your favourite city (place) in your country and write a short letter to your pen-friend describing it. 12. Decide which place in Britain you would prefer to live in. 13. Look at the pictures and label the national emblems of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
14. Test Choose the correct answer: 1. Which of these people are British: a) аn Englishman, b) a citizen of the Irish republic, c) a Scot, d) a Welshman 2. Which of these capital cities are the capitals of independent states: a) Belfast, Dublin, Cardiff, London 3. Ben Nevis is situated in: a) England, b) Scotland, c) Wales, d) Ireland 4. The Cambrian Mountains are in: a) England, b) Scotland, c) Wales, d) Northern Ireland 5. The Lake District is situated in: a) England, b) Scotland, c) Wales, d) Northern Ireland 6. The eldest son of the king or queen of England has traditionally been given this title since 1301: a) Prince of England, b) Prince of Scotland, c) Prince of Wales, d) Prince of Ireland 7. The national flag of the United Kingdom has: a) crosses, b) stars, c) dragons, d) lions 8. What is the national emblem of England? a) Daffodil, b) Shamrock, c) Thistle, d) Rose 9. Who is the patron saint of Scotland? a) St. Andrew, b) St. Patrick, c) St. George, d) St. David 10. What does RP stand for? a) a learned London society, b) a university degree, c) a sports club, d) Standard British English. 15. Projects 1. Find some additional information about English as one of the global languages and make a report to your group-mates. 2. Compare Britain with your own country. Which are the most obvious geographical differences? 3. Make a report using the data from the table The British Isles: Population Country Area Population Density per km2 England 130,439 km2 47,112,000 361 Scotland 78,772 km2 5,137,000 65 Wales 20,768 km2 2,812,000 135 Northern Ireland 14,121km2 1,558,000 110 Republic of Ireland 70,283 km2 3,552,000 51 Discussion Points 1. Why is the English language considered to be a global language? 2. Why is the flag of the United Kingdom called Union Jack? 3. What do you think the author means when he says «For all the fuss it (England) has made in history…»? 4. What unites and divides the UK?
Chapter 2. CONQUEST AND CONFLICT The Romans made their mark, Christianity was established, the Normans conquered the country, and centuries were spent in warfare. Text 1. Roman Conquest Recorded history begins with the first Roman invasion in 55 BC. The Celtic Queen (Boudicca) Boadicea led a failed rebellion in AD 61, and succeeded in destroying their capital, Londinium. In AD 122, the emperor Hadrian had a wall built across the north of England. Much of it remains, running from Carlisle to Newcastle. Roman control lasted nearly 400 years, leaving behind a series of walled towns – London, York and Bath among them – linked by a network of roads so well constructed that they survived for centuries. The remains of Roman baths, amphitheatres and villas can still be seen today. The Romans also introduced Christianity, literacy, and the use of Latin, but when they left, their influence faded surprisingly fast. Text 2. Anglo-Saxons and Vikings The next wave of invaders – Angles and Saxons – pushed the native Celts westward into Wales and north into Scotland, and established their own kingdoms. In the mid-9th century the Danes (Vikings) gave up raiding and decided to settle. Alfred of Wessex, «Alfred the Great» agreed that they would control the north and east («the Danelaw»), while he ruled the rest. (Alfred the Great)
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