Electrical Power : Обучение профессионально-ориентированному чтению

 
 
 
 
Г.К. Кушникова 
 
 
ELECTRICAL POWER 
 
Обучение 
профессионально-ориентированному чтению 
 
Учебное пособие 
 
 
3-е издание, стереотипное 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Москва 
Издательство «Флинта» 
2012 

УДК 811.111(075) 
ББК  81.2Англ-923 
          К96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Кушникова Г.К. 
К96    Electrical Power : Обучение профессионально-ориентированному чтению [Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие / 
Г.К. Кушникова. – 3-е изд., стер. – М. : Флинта, 2012. –  
104 с.  
     ISBN 978-5-89349-651-2 
 
 Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для развития навыков чтения оригинальной литературы, получения нужной информации, умения побеседовать по прочитанному тексту и делать сообщения на английском языке. 
 Для студентов электромеханических и электроэнергетических 
специальностей технических вузов. 
УДК 811.111(075) 
ББК  81.2Англ-923 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ISBN 978-5-89349-651-2                © Издательство «Флинта», 2012 

Contents
Предисловие ........................................................................................... 5
Раздел I
Text One.
Generation of Electricity ......................................... 7
Text Two.
Resistance ................................................................... 8
Text Three.
Electromagnetism .................................................... 10
Text Four.
Electromagnetic 
Induction .................................... 12
Text Five.
Alternating 
Current 
Generator ............................. 14
Text Six.
Three-Phase 
Generator .......................................... 16
Text Seven.
Transmitting 
Alternating 
Current......................... 17
Text Eight.
Alternating Current Motors .................................. 19
Text Nine.
Induction 
Motor...................................................... 20
Text Ten.
Single-Phase 
Motors............................................... 22
Text Eleven.
Induction 
Motors .................................................... 23
Text Twelve.
Direct-Current 
Generators.................................... 24
Text 
Thirteen.
Difference between Alternating- and
Direct-Current 
Generators.................................... 26
Text Fourteen.
Types of Direct-Current Generators ................... 27
Text Fifteen.
Compound 
Generators........................................... 29
Text Sixteen.
Direct-Current 
Motors........................................... 31
Text 
Seventeen. Types of Direct-Current Motors .......................... 32
Text Eighteen.
Uses of DC Machines ............................................ 33
Text 
Nineteen. Compound 
Motors.................................................. 35
Раздел II
Supplementary Texts
Dry-Type 
Transformers........................................................................ 37
In Coal Mines ........................................................................................ 39
Practical Tests ........................................................................................ 40
Lightning ................................................................................................. 41
3

Types of Armature Windings .............................................................. 42
AC Generators in Parallel ................................................................... 43
Future Power Sources
Introducion ............................................................................................. 49
Thermoelectric 
Generators.................................................................. 49
The Basic Phenomenon ....................................................................... 50
Materials and Their Parameters......................................................... 50
Devices and Design .............................................................................. 52
Thermionic 
Generators ........................................................................ 54
Principle of Operation ......................................................................... 55
Magnetohydrodynamic Generators
Power from High-Temperature Gas ................................................. 58
The MHD Generator ........................................................................... 58
MHD Generator Cycles...................................................................... 60
Research in MHD ................................................................................. 62
Fuel Cells ... Electrical Energy from Electrochemical Process....... 62
Operating Characteristics and Properties ......................................... 63
Раздел III
Словарь-минимум для чтения научной литературы
на английском языке ......................................................................... 65

Предисловие
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов электромеханических и электроэнергетических специальностей и рассчитано на второй этап обучения английскому языку в техническом
вузе.
Основной задачей пособия является научить студентов читать
оригинальную литературу по специальности с целью получения
нужной информации, вести беседу по прочитанному тексту и
делать сообщения на английском языке. Пособие также помогает студентам овладеть рядом технических терминов электромеханических 
и 
электроэнергетических 
специальностей.
Пособие состоит из трех разделов. Первый раздел содержит
19 текстов и упражнений к ним. Каждый текст охватывает приблизительно 1500–2000 печатных знаков. Тексты подобраны из
оригинальной 
технической 
литературы. 
Для 
большей 
наглядности тексты снабжены рисунками и чертежами.
Во втором разделе даны тексты для внеаудиторного чтения.
В 
третьем 
разделе 
дан 
словарь-минимум. 
Словарь 
имеет
цель облегчить и унифицировать процесс обучения чтению, переводу и реферированию научных текстов по специальности. Он
может быть использован и как справочник при самостоятельной
работе.
Язык, с помощью которого излагаются научные и технические факты, ставит перед студентами ряд проблем, и одной из
самых 
важных 
является 
«вокабуляр». 
Научные 
и 
технические
тексты 
содержат 
большое 
количество 
терминов. 
Эта 
проблема
решается с помощью существующих различного рода отраслевых
словарей, кроме того, большое количество слов являются международными.
Наибольшую же трудность представляют полунаучные, полутехнические слова (некоторые методисты называют их общенаучными словами), которые характерны для всех отраслей науки, имеют ряд значений и часто используются идиоматически.
Существует 
также 
ряд 
глаголов, 
прилагательных, 
наречий, 
ко5

торые, по существу, не являются научными, но принадлежат к
научной 
фразеологии. 
Максимальное 
количество 
таких 
слов 
и
вошло в данный лексический минимум.
Все слова расположены в алфавитном порядке. Каждое отдельное слово, будь то основное или производное, даётся как
самостоятельная 
лексическая 
единица. 
Слова, 
одинаковые 
по
написанию и произношению, например существительное и глагол, 
даются 
один 
раз. 
Слово, 
одинаковое 
по 
написанию, 
но
имеющее 
другое 
произношение, 
выделяется 
в 
отдельную 
словарную 
статью. 
Предлог, 
характерный 
для 
данного 
глагола,
ставится в скобках после перевода этого глагола. Неправильно
образующиеся формы глаголов приводятся в скобках. Если в
скобках дана одна форма глагола, значит Past и Participle II совпадают. 
В 
словарных 
статьях 
приводятся 
некоторые 
фразеологические 
сочетания, 
которые 
часто 
встречаются 
в 
английской
научной 
литературе.

Раздел I
TEXT ONE
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
Our study of electricity will bе limited to methods of generation,
distribution and application in furnishing motive power for machinery. As this is not a highly technical study, the electron theory of
the nature of electricity will not be discussed.
Historically, knowledge of electrical manifestation goes back to
the early Greeks who noticed that amber, after being rubbed, had
the power to attract feathers or small bits of straw. Through the ages
many people have experimented with and studied the nature of this
strange power, and by their efforts it has been brought under control
and made one of man’s most useful servants.
Before studying the way in which electrical power is generated,
certain terms must be explained and certain manifestations must be
discussed in order to make the study meaningful. The explanations
given here are made as simple and nontechnical as possible.
Electromotive force (emf) is the force or pressure that causes
electric current to flow. The unit of measure of this force is the volt.
Electromotive 
force 
is 
sometimes 
called 
“potential” 
or 
“voltage”.
Electric current will flow in a wire when sufficient voltage is present.
The unit of measurement of electric current flow is the ampere. Volts
and amperes are measured by dial instruments called voltmeters and
ammeters.
The amount of electric power that is delivered bу а generator or
is consumed by a motor or other power device is the product of the
pressure and the flow. Thus, power = volts x amperes. The unit of
measure of power is the watt. Therefore, watts = volts x amperes.
Instruments for indicating or recording watts are called wattmeters.
For designating large amounts of power the term “kilowatt” or kw,
which means one thousand watts, is used.
7

EXERCISES
I. Read and translate the text.
Remember the words which are new for you.
II. Give Russian equivalents.
Electromotive force; the measure of electric power; wattmeter;
dial instrument; voltmeter; ammeter.
III. Give Russian equivalents, paying attention to the suffixes in
English words:
to 
explain-explanation; 
to 
consume-consumer-consumption; 
to
indicate-indicator-indication; 
to 
generate-generator-generation.
IV. Answer the following questions:
1. What is electromotive force?
2. What electrical units do you know?
3. What is the volt?
4. What is the ampere?
5. What is the watt?
6. What instruments are used for measuring emf and the electric
current flow?
7. What is the kilowatt and when is it used?
V. Speak on:
1) electromotive force;
2) the measure of electric power.
TEXТ TWO
RESISTANCE
Resistance is the property of any material to oppose the flow of
electricity through it. The unit of measure of this resistance is the
ohm. The resistance of a conductor varies directly to its length and
inversely to its cross-sectional area. Thus a long thin wire would
have a high resistance in ohms and a short thick wire would have a
low resistance.
The voltage required to make a current flow in a conductor depends upon the resistance. A pressure of 1 volt will make a current of
1 ampere flow through a resistance of 1 ohm. This relationship is
expressed in the formula
I = U/R,
8

where I is the current in amреres, U — pressure in volts and R – resistance in ohms. This formula may be transposed
U = IR or R = U/I,
so that when any two of the values in the formula are known the
other may be found. This formula is known as Ohm’s Law.
Electric conductors usually consist of wires or cables made of
copper. Copper is used because it is the best conductor and relatively cheap. Every substance is a conductor to some degree, but
the metals are the best.
Electric insulators are materials that allow almost no electricity
to pass through them. These materials are also called nonconductors. 
Typical 
commercial 
insulators 
are 
rubber, 
silk, 
cotton,
mica, porcelain, glass, dry paper and etc. Dry air and oils are
good insulators too. Wire conductors are usually covered with insulation.
Electric circuits. – In order to use electric currents for transmitting power they must be sent through insulated conductors arranged to form complete paths. That is, the conductor must start at
the generator, go to the motor, through it and return to the generator. If there is a break in the path, current will not flow. These
paths are called electric circuits. Circuits may be series, shunt or
compound. (For example, see diagrams shown in Figure 1.)
LAMPS
SERIES
SHUNT
COMPOUND 
OR 
SERIES 
PARALLEL
Fig. 1. Circuits
9

EXERCISES
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Give Russian equivalents:
cross-sectional area, to be directly proportional to, to be inversely 
proportional 
to, 
relationship, 
in 
order 
to, 
the 
arrangement of conductors, series circuit, shunt circuit, compound circuit.
III. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the resistance?
2. In what units is the electrical resistance measured?
3. How does the resistance of a conductor vary?
4. We have two wires. One of them is long and thin.
The other is short and thick. Which of them will have higher resistance?
5. What is Ohm’s Law?
6. What is a conductor?
7. What is an insulator?
8. What substance is widely used as a conductor?
9. What substances are used as insulators?
    10. What is an electric circuit?
    11. What kinds of electric circuits do you know?
IV. Speak on:
1. resistance; 2. electric conductors; 3. electric insulators;
4. electric circuits.
V. Look at Fig. 1 and describe three kinds of electric circuits.
TEXT THREE
ELECTROMAGNETISM
We are all familiar with permanent magnets. Permanent magnets, however, are not suitable for use in large electric generators,
and so the electromagnets must be used.
Magnetism can be produced by electric currents. In fact every
current-carrying conductor has a magnetic field about it. When a
current-carrying wire is formed into a coil the magnetic field, which
is the space occupied by magnetic lines of force, passes through the
coil and around the outside, as shown in Fig. 2.
10